


         5                  

       뢠  ,  筮 뢠 ꥪ⠬ .  
⭮ ꥪ, ᮧ 짮⥫, 室騥    ⠡
࠭⢠  ᮤঠ騥 䠪᪨ .   騥 ꥪ,
騥 ᭮묨  ⠬   , 뢠 ⠡栬.
 ࠧ ⮩  뢠:
    * ꥪ , ⠪  ⠡, ,   
    * ଠ , ᮤঠ 
    * ଠ ப 
    * ᯮ짮 ஢    ⠡
    * ᮧ  ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ᥫ

 DBA,  짮⥫  ORACLE   ଠ .
騥 ࠧ ᮤঠ  ଠ,  ⭮   ᮤন ⮩ :
    *   3     ORACLE RDBMS -  㦤 ᥣ⮢
        ᮢ
    *  4   ࠭⢠  ᥣ
    *  16 ࠢ 
    *  19 ⨬ ࠡ⪨ ਫ

    

 -  ᭮        ORACLE. 
⠡  ।  (CREATE TABLE ...)   ஬ ⮫殢 (⨬
 254 ⮫殢).  ⮫  , ⨯   ਭ. ਭ 
।   ᭮ ⨯  (ਬ - DATE)  㪠뢠.
⮫ ⨯ CHAR   ᨬ ਭ,  ⨯ NUMBER - ⠡ 
筮. ( ⨯  㦤   6).

      ⮫  㪠,  易⥫      祭 
⨬  (null) 祭.    㪠 ⠪ 祭 
㬮砭  ⠫ ࠭祭,   ଠ  뢠 
᫮     ਬ.
᫥ ᮧ ⠡     .

      ᮧ ⠡ ?

    ᫨    ਢ RESOURCE  ⠡筮 ࠭⢠,  
ᮧ   ꥪ . 쪮 DBA    ਢ
RESOURCE;  ஬  ⮣   ࠧ , ਬ - 
࠭祭   ,  짮⥫  । (뢠
"").

      17  ਫ G  ଠ樨   GRANT  ALTER
USER, ᯮ㥬     ਢ.

     ⠡ ࠭  

     ᮧ ਧ ⠡, ⮬᪨ १ࢨ
ᥣ   ᫥饣 ᥭ  ⠡. ( 4 뢠
 ᥣ⮢   ।).

     ᯮ   㬠稢 ⠡筮 ࠭⢥,    
㪠   ࠭⢠   CREATE TABLE.




                                    -- 55 --



 ࠬ஢   ।  ࠧ  ।塞 ᥣ .
 ⭮, ࠬ INITIAL  MINEXTENTS ।, ᪮쪮 ⥭⮢
( )  㤥  ࢮ砫쭮 । ⠡.  ⢨⥫
ࠬ     㬮砭,  ।  
CREATE TABLE. (.   4).

    ⠡  ப,  室 ⮬᪨
।  ⥫  ⥭.  (᫨  ⠡ ᮧ ,
뤥 ᯥ樠 ⤥ ⥭,     ).  
ᮧ ਧ ⠡ । ࠢ ࠬ ,
ᯥ஢       CREATE CLUSTER; ࠬ, 㪠  CREATE
TABLE   ⮬  砥   .

    ଠ  

ଠ   ORACLE   ᭮  ᨬ  ⮣,   
ᮤন:  ⠡,     ਧ . 㭮 5-1
 ଠ  .
         Ŀ
               (ﭭ  ६ )   
         Ĵ
              ࠢ筨 ⠡ (⮫쪮  ஢)    
         Ĵ
              ࠢ筨 ப                            
         Ĵ
                                           
         Ĵ
               ப                                
         
          㭮 5-1 ଠ  

 (     ᮤন    ଠ  ,
 ६        ⠪   ,  ⨯ ᥣ (,
)              , , ⪠).   ६   
                     䨪஢ ࠧ,  ࠧ 
                     ६ .  । 䨪஢  ६-
                            85  100
                    ⮢.
ࠢ筨 ⠡    ਧ      ᮤন
                    ଠ   ਧ ⠡   ,
                     ப  ⮬  ( 2   ⠡).  
                    ਧ      .

ࠢ筨 ப       ᮤন ଠ  ப 
                    ⢨⥫ ப  (   ப
                         ப).   2   ப;  
                    ஢  - ⥫쭠 "ப" ॡ  
                        .

᢮       ᯮ  ⠢ -  ப 
                      , ॡ ⥫ 
                    (ਬ -   ⮣  祭   ⮥
                    (null).  ஢  ॠ쭮 ,   
                    祭 PCTFREE    PCTUSED   ⠪ ⥪饩 稭
                    ᢮ . ᫨ ᢮    業,
                    ⠭ PCTFREE, ᢮  ᯮ
                    ⮫쪮      ᯮ  ⠢ ப.
                     ࠭権 ⠪ ᯮ ᢮ .

                                    -- 56 --



                     ࠭樨 ॡ   ࠭樨,
                    饩  .   ࠭樨 ॡ
                     23 ⮢.   "ࠢ筮 㪮 
                     SQL"    ᠭ 権  INITRANS   MAXTRANS
                    ஢ CREATE.

 ப           ᮤন   ⠡   .
                    ப  ४뢠 . -  ப ᠭ 
                     ⮩ .

      ᯮ짮     ?

     ࠬ ࠢ    ࠢ  ᯮ짮
᢮  ࠭⢠  ⠢ ப  .  ࠬ, PCTFREE
 PCTUSED, ।,   㤥 ᬠਢ    祭 
ப.  樨 PCTFREE  PCTUSED   㪠  ᪮쪨  SQL:
    * CREATE TABLE
    * CREATE CLUSTER
    * ALTER TABLE
    * ALTER CLUSTER

      ।  㯭   ⠢  ࠭⢮ ࠢ
ࠧ      PCTFREE.      
  ⮬ 砥, ⠪   ᢮   PCTFREE (,
१ࢨ஢  ).

ORACLE RDBMS  ন    ⠡ ᯨ᮪ , ।
⥭⠬  ⠡    ᢮   ॢ PCTFREE. 
 㯭  ⠢ ப.

 ६  믮 INSERT,  ORACLE RDBMS ᬠਢ  ᯨ᮪  
 .  ᫨ ᢮ ࠭⢮    ⮬    筮
 믮 INSERT,     ࠢ PCTUSED,  뢮 
ᯨ᪠ ᢮ .

᫥ 믮 権 DELETE  UPDATE ORACLE RDBMS ஢,   
᢮  ,  祬  PCTUSED    ᫨ ⠪,  頥  砫
ᯨ᪠ ᢮   㤥 ᯮ짮 , ᫨ 
室.

    祭 PCTFREE

᫨   ⠡   , 室 १ࢨ஢ 
  ,      맢 㤫 ப.  ᫨   
१ࢨ஢   ,  ப  ࠭   
᪮쪮    ப  ਭ  .   ⮬
砥   ப 㤥 ॡ  権 /뢮,  祬
 宦 ப   .

ᯮ ࠬ PCTFREE  CREATE TABLE  ⠭ 業
 ,  १ࢨ஢    ப.

ਬ, ᫨  ਧ஢  PCTFREE  20%,   
 80%,   ப    ந  㤥.  , 
 ப  믮  ᫨ ᢮ ࠭⢮ 
⠭  20%.



                                    -- 57 --



᫨  ਧ    PCTFREE    20%    
 80%,   ப     ,   
ப  믮    ᫨ ᢮ ࠭⢮  ⠭ 
20%.   ப  ⥬  箬      ,
 楯  饬  .

砭  PCTFREE - 10% 祬 ਥ  ᫮  0  99,  ᫨
㬬 PCTFREE   PCTUSED    ॢ蠥  100.  (᫨ PCTFREE  ⠭
ࠢ  99,  ORACLE 㤥 ⠢       ப
.  ᫨  ப 祭    ,  饭   
  ப.

     祭 PCTFREE:

* १ࢨ      ப
*      ᯮ짮 ࠭⢮   ⠢ ப
*   ,  ⠪       ⠡ 
     襬 ⢥  ( ப   )
* 㢥稢  室  ࠡ,  ⠪    ॡ ⮩
  ८࣠樨 - ⮣,    ᢮ ࠭⢮  묨
   묨 묨
* ⥭樠쭮 㢥稢  室   ࠡ   ॡ㥬 ,
  ᫨   ப  ਢ   㤫 ப  ࠭  
  ᪮쪮    १  UPDATE  SELECT ਤ 
  襥 ⢮   㪠 ப.

    ᮪ 祭 PCTFREE:

* १ࢨ    饣   ப
*  ॡ 襥 ⢮      ⮣   ⢠
  塞 ப (⠢  ப  )
* 㬥蠥    室  ࠡ - ⮣,    ०
  ॡ ८࣠樨  墠⪥  ᢮  ࠭⢠.
*  㢥稢 ந⥫쭮  , ⠪  ⥬ ORACLE
   室 ࠡ뢠  易 楯窮  ப.

롨 祭 PCTFREE,  室  த  ⠡.
  ਢ  㢥祭  ࠧ஢  ப.   祭 ..
⮣  ࠧ,    塞,      .  ᫨ ।
 , ਢ  㤫 ப,  PCTFREE   㢥祭.
᫨      ᮡ 㢥祭   ப, PCTFREE  
 ᭨.

襩 楫    宦 ⨬㬠  ⭮ 㯠 
( PCTFREE,  )  襩 ந⥫쭮   ᥭ
  騥 ப (᮪ PCTFREE,   ).

PCTFREE ⠪   믮 ᮢ   ⠡栬,      㣨
짮⥫  襭 ࠭樨.  ⨦
ᮣᮢ ⥭  ॡ ८࣠  ᢮ 


    祭 PCTUSED

 ⮫쪮 業 ᢮ ࠭⢠   ᪠  PCTFREE,
ORACLE ४頥 ⠢  ப        ,  



                                    -- 58 --



業  ᯮ㥬    㯠  PCTUSED.  ORACLE RDBMS ⠥
         PCTUSED.  業  ᫥
⠭ ࠧ 孥    饩  .

।, ਬ,  PCTUSED = 40%  ப 﫨  ,  
PCTFREE  몫稫   ⠢. ⥬ ப 㤠﫨 
 ப 뫨   ⢮,  ᢮ ⠪ ࠧ 
 .  ᢮ 筮    ⠫   祬  
40%.   ⮩ 窥 ORACLE  筥 ⠢    ப. ᫨
業    ⨫  PCTUSED,     ப 
  ⠢   ᢮  ॢ蠥 PCTFREE.

砭   PCTUSED  ⠢  40  業⮢;  ⨬  ᫮  0
 99 ⥫쭮,  㬬 PCTUSED  PCTFREE  ॢ蠥 100.

     祭 PCTUSED:

*  ।    , 祬 ᮪ 祭 PCTUSED
* ᭨     INSERT   UPDATE   ६饭
    ᯨ᮪ ᢮     業 ᯮ짮
* 㢥稢  ᯮ㥬   

    ᮪ 祭 PCTUSED:
*  ।   , 祬  祭
* 蠥 䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 
* 㢥稢    室   ६ 権 INSERT  UPDATE

    롮 祭 PCTUSED  PCTFREE

᫨    祭 PCTUSED  PCTFREE,     ᫥騥
ᮮࠦ:
* 㬬 PCTUSED  PCTFREE     ࠢ 100.
* ᫨ 㬬  100,  쭠 稭 ࠧ  100 -  業
  㯭 ,  ࠢ ।  ப.  (.  ਬ 1.)
* ᫨ 㬬 ࠢ 100,  ORACLE RDBMS 㤥    ⪮  
   (. ਬ 2).
* ஢     室   PCTUSED  PCTFREE.
* ⥫쭠 ࠧ  PCTFREE    PCTUSED  (ਬ PCTUSED = 75,  
  PCTFREE = 20), 蠥 ᯮ짮  -   
  室.

ਬ 1.  ।, ࠧ  ORACLE 2048 ⮢  100 ⮢
, ⠥ 1948 ⮢, 㯭  .   । ப
ॡ 195 ⮢ ( 10%   1948), ⮣   PCTUSED 
PCTFREE,    㬬 90,  㤥 訬 ࠧ ᯮ짮  .

ਬ 2. ⨬, PCTUSED ⠭  60,  PCTFREE -  40,   㬬 
100. ⨬ ⠪,  ᫨ ᢮ 5 ⮢, ᢮  ⠢
 43%.    ⠢  ப  20  ⮢,        
ᯨ᪥ ᢮   ⮫쪮 5 ⮢ ᢮ .  PCTUSED 
   ⨣, ⠪    PCTFREE = 43 (᫥⥫쭮 PCTUSED = 57),
     ࠭  ᯨ᪠  ᢮.  ᫨    ப 
    20  ⮢,      㤥 ⠢  ᯨ᪥ ᢮ 
  樨  INSERT  㤥  ᬠਢ,  १⭮.

ਬ 3.  ᫨ ᪠   ୮,    PCTUSED  =  75   PCTFREE = 0 㤥
 ਥ 樥:


                                    -- 59 --



    1.  祭 業    ࠭

    2. 設⢮  ࠭権   ⠡ - INSERT,   ⢮ UPDATE 祭
 ( UPDATE     ப),  ⠪   ⭮ 㢥祭
ࠧ஢  ப.
    3.  ⠪  ⢮ 㤠 ப
     㤥    ந⥫쭮 - ६饭 
   75%.  䨪樨,  ਢ騥  ७ ப,
  ண,  ⠪    ७ ਢ   楯窨 
⥩ ப.
    ᫨ ⮯業⭮ PCTFREE   PCTUSED,    
  㤠  ᯨ᪠ ,  㯭  ⠢ ப. 
᫨ ⮯業⭮ PCTFREE   PCUSED,     
㤠  ᯨ᪠ ᢮ (.  ਬ 2).
    ᠭ ᮮ⭮襭  㭪 5-2.
                    ᯨ᪥ ᢮  -
                   , ᯮ㥬  権
                   INSERT  UPDATE
                              
                >>Ŀ
                ^                          v 100 - PCTFREE
  PCTUSED                                                業
  >ᯮ-
                                                      -
                ^                          v             
                <<
  ᢮         
  १ 権        
 UPDATE, DELETE               
                    ᯨ᪥ ᢮  -  ᯮ ⮫쪮 
                  権 UPDATE
㭮 5-2 㯭   ᨬ  ᮮ⭮襭 PCTUSED  PCTFREE.

    ଠ ப

ப         ᪮쪨  ﬨ.  ப 
४뢠  ,  ⮬ 砥 ப 㤥   ᪮쪨
⥩.  ᫨  ப 頥  ,  ⮨   .
直 ࠧ,    , ப ⠢ ,   
१      ப    ࠧ  ᪮쪮
⥩.

 ᮤন     ப.   ப ᮤন
 ப    ⮫殢. ⮫  ⠪ ४뢠
 ப , ᮮ⢥⢥, .

᫨ ப ४뢠 ,   ப 楯    ROWID.
⮫     浪,  ।塞 RDBMS       
ப   ⠡.  祭 ⮫殢 ।  .

  (NULL) ⮫   (.  6).  , ᫨
ப  ⠪,  ᫥ ⮣ ⮫   ⮩, 祭
NULL ࠭.

     㭪 5-3 ।⠢ ப.
Ŀ
    ᫮    䨪  ROWID  楯祪  
                          ࠳    ⥩          ...

                                    -- 60 --



   ப     ⮫殢   ( -    ப           
                          )                        

  ப

                                               
⮫-    ⮫-                               ...
    ⮫       ⮫                          
                                                         

 ⮫殢
         㭮 5-3 ଠ ப.

  ப ।  ப, ᮤঠ騩 ᫥ ଠ:
    * ଠ   ப
    *  楯 ⥩ ப - ᮮ⢥ ଠ
    * ଠ  ⮫, ᮤঠ  ⮩  ப
    *  ਧ  - ଠ   

ਧ ப,    ᮤঠ     , 
塠⮢  ப.  ᫥ ଠ樨   ப
ᮤন ଠ  ⮫  .

 ப     3   ⥫쭮 2  
ࠢ筨 ப.  ⮫    1 ,  ᮤঠ騩
 ⮫, ।騩 ᮡ⢥  ⮫ (  LONG - 3
).

    䨪 ப (ROWID)

  ப  ᢮  ⮯  ᮬ,
뢠 ROWID. ROWID  ࢮ  ப    
SQL  ᯮ짮  믮 䨪権   ப.  ROWID 
᫥ ⥩ ப 짮⥫ 㯭,  ᯮ ORACLE.

  ஡  ଠ樨    ଠ    ᯮ짮 ROWID 
  6.

    

쭮      ⠡栬,   㯮  ⠪   
  ࠪ   ⠡.    -  " ",
 ।⠢  ଠ ⠡.  ࠧ,    ᮤঠ,
  ⠡,  254 ⮫殢. 뫪       ⠡   SQL
-  (ᮡ   DML   ),   㣨  
 ᯮ짮 ஢ 饭. , 뢠 䨧᪮
।⠢ , ᯥ稢  ᨬ  ਫ, 
 ⮫쪮  ᪠  .

    ᫠,  㤮⢮  ᭮.  ਬ -
, ᯮ㥬    ᮧ  樥 WITH CHECK, 
 ஢ન   ⮫, ࠧ㬥  ᮧ ⠡ 
    CREATE TABLE.  ᯮ짮  ஢  ᭮
⥫쭮 㦤   18,      뢠 
"ࠢ筮 㪮⢥   SQL".

   ॡ   ஬ ப  ᫮ ,  ᯮ㥬 
   ।      (࠭ ).

                                    -- 61 --



᫨ 㤠 ⠡,   । ,  ᫥  
 室  ।,   ⠡     ᮧ  
஢.   ⪠ ᯮ짮   ⢨ ⠡
ਢ  訡.  ᫨    ᮧ ⠡ ⫨砥 
।饩, १ ᯮ짮  ।᪠㥬.

    

 -  易⥫ , 易  ⠡栬  ࠬ.
  ᭮ २⢠ ᯮ짮 ᮢ:

 ᪮ 믮 ᮢ.      ⮬ 㪮⢥
  ॥ ᪠ 室 ଠ,  ⥬ ORACLE
      㯠   . ࠢ쭮  ᯮ㥬 
᭨ ⨢ ᪮ /뢮.

 易⥫쭮 ࠭ 㭨쭮. ᫨  ᮧ  樥
UNIQUE,  ࠭,   ப ⠡ 㭨쭠.  ᭮ 
⠡ 筮   㭨 ᮬ  ࠭஢
㭨쭮.

     ᮧ    ᪮쪨 ⮫. ਬ,  
࠭஢ 㭨쭮 客 ;    ᠬ   ᤥ 
 樨  ࠩ   ⥫䮭.

稥  ⢨   ॡ   ࠡ SQL -
஢.   -    ᯮᮡ 㯠  ,   
⮫쪮  ᪮ 믮  㭨쭮 ஢ન. 稢 祭
஢ ,   ।⢥ 㪠뢠  ⮯
ப ( ப), ᮤঠ  .

ORACLE RDBMS  ॡ 易⥫쭮 ᯮ짮 ᮢ.  ⮬᪨
ᮧ ⮫쪮   ⠡ ᫮ .   ⥫쭠
४ ᯮ짮 ᮢ  २⢠  ᯮ짮.
ਬ,  設⢮  ࠢ쭮 । ⠡  ⮫ (
⮫)  ᭮    ⮫ 筮  ந஢  㭨쭮.
 ⥫쭮 ४  ⠪   ᪮७ ࠡ⪨ 楯祪.

 ᪨  䨧᪨    .   ᮧ  
⬥   ,   뢠 ﭨ  ⠡   㣨
.  ᫨   ⬥,  ਪ ணࠬ   த
ࠡ,   ⥫쭮 .  ,  ᠬ⥫ ,
ॡ । -  (  ᭮ ᥣ  ).

 ᮧ,   ⮬᪨ ন  ᯮ ⥬
ORACLE.    , ⠪  ᮧ, 䨪    
ப ⮬᪨   ᮮ⢥騩   -
⥫⢠  짮⥫.  롮ન ⠥ ࠪ᪨ ﭭ
    ப,   ⢨  ⠡  ᮢ
   ᪮   㤠, ⠪   ४஢ ᮢ
⮦  ६.

    ,   譨 

   ନ  筮  ᯮ  塞,  ᠬ 
砬  ࠧ稥.   -  ॠ쭮  ᠭ  
,   짮⥫ ᮧ ᯮ SQL - .


                                    -- 62 --



 -  ண ᪨ ⨥.   ᭮  -   ⮫  (
 ⮫殢),    ᯮ짮  㭨쭮
䨪樨 ப  㪠  ⠡. 譨  -  ⮫ (
㯯 ⮫殢)   ⠡,  ᮮ⢥  ᭮  
㣮  ⠡.  譨     ꥤ   ᪮쪨
⠡,     楯窠.  㭮 5-4 ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 
楯権  ᪮쪨  ⠡.
               EMP
  Ŀ                                             Ŀ
    vvĿ
  ^  EMPNO  ENAME   JOB MGR  HIREDATE  SALARY  COMM.  DEPTNO  
    Ĵ
     7329  SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80  800.00 300.00  20     
     7499  ALLEN SALES 7698 20-FEB-81 1600.00 300.00  30     
    ٳ
 Ŀ                                               ^
  ᭮ Ŀ   DEPT                   
 (  -       vĿ 
  ⮫)             DEPTNO    DNAME      LOC           
        Ĵ 
                               20    RESEARCH   DALLAS        
 Ŀ           30    SALES      CHICAGO       
  譨          
 (㪠뢠                                              
    >
  ⠡)             EMP_PROJ
     Ŀ
                           ENAME     PROJNO     PROJ_TASK     
 Ŀ    Ĵ
  ⠢          ALLEN        100     PRESENT       
 (  -         ALLEN        100     APPROVAL      
 ঠ  -                                          
  ⮫     ÿ   
 ٳ       ^                        
                              ^            ^
                            
             
         㭮 5-4 ਬ ᮢ, 祩  譨 祩

      㭨 

᫨    ᮧ    ᯮ짮  祢  ᫮ UNIQUE,  ⮣
 㥬 祭   㭨.   ⢥ 
࠭஢,   祭  ⮫ ( 饥 祭 易 ⮫殢)
㤥 㭨.   㭨쭮   ⮫  㯯
⮫殢,  ।    NOT  NULL,  㤥  ࠭஢ 㭨쭮
 ப  ⠡.

 ⮫쪮 㤥 ᮧ 㭨 ,    ப    
⠢    砥,  ᫨ 蠥  ࠭祭.   ,
㭨     ᮧ, ᫨ 㥬 ப ᮤন
㡫騥 祭.

 㭨  ⠪ . ᫨ 㥬 ⮫  ப
 祭,   㤥 ᯥ稢     㯠 
,   ⠪    ⢨ .

        ⠢ 

                                    -- 63 --



⠢   -  ,  ᮧ  祬   ⮫ ⠡.
    ந஢    16  ⮫殢.  ⮫  ⠢ 
    浪   易⥫쭮   ᥤ 
⠡ .  ⠢    祭      饭 㡫஢
 ᪮쪨 ⮫栬,    (ਬ -   ࠩ 
⥫䮭 ).    뢠 ⠢묨  ᭮묨 砬.   ᫨
  㭨묨   ᪮쪨 ⮫栬, , , 
ᮧ 㭨 ⠢ .

⠢    ᪮ 롮    SELECT,  
 ࠧ WHERE 뫠   (  砫  )  ⮫  
⠢ .  ஥ ।  ᤥ ⭮⥫쭮 浪
⮫殢   ⠢ :  ⮫,     
  묨.

           ᮧ  ?

஬  㪠  ᪫祭  ।⥫쭥 ᮧ ᫥
⮣,     㦥,  祬 .   䥪⨢ 㤥
㧨 ⠡  ᮢ,  ⥬  ᮧ;    ⨢  砥
  直 ࠧ,  ⠢ ப.

         ᪫祭 ᫥騥:

*     ᮧ  ⮣,    ⠢ 
   .
* ᫨   㡥,  ஥ 祭 㭨쭮  
㦠 ப,  ᮧ   ⠢  㧪 . 
  ਤ   ᭨ ந⥫쭮, 㡫騥
ப  ⢥࣭.

     ⮫   ஢ ?

 ⨯  ⠡  ⮫殢 -    ஢.  ࠢ
⮨  ⮬,       ᮧ   砥, ᫨   롨ࠥ
 30%    让 ⠡.   ⥫쭮 㢥
ந⥫쭮  ꥤ ᪮쪨  ⠡    , ᮤঠ
祢 ⮫ ⠡.  訥 ⠡   ॡ  樨.

"訥" ப   㤮⢮    ᪮쪨  ਢ 
    *  祭 㭨쭮 (訩 ਠ)
    *  ப  祭
    * ⮫  ⮨    讣 ⢠  祭  ⭮⥫쭮
      讣 ⢠ 祭    筮 롨 
      ⮫, 騥 祭.  ⮬ 砥 ࠧ

    WHERE COL_X > 0

    ।⥫쭥, 祬 WHERE COL_X IS NOT NULL ⠪   㤥
    ᯮ짮  ( । ⮫ -஢).

 室騥 ப  ᫥騥 ࠪ⨪:
    * ⮫   ਠ⮢ 祭 (ਬ -   㦠)
    *   ⢮  (NULL) 祭  ⮫    
       祭
⮫ ⨯ LONG  LONG RAW ஢  .

     

                                    -- 64 --



짮⥫  ᮧ   ⠡   SQL - ஢
CREATE INDEX.  짮⥫ ORACLE, ஬  ਢ 㯠 INDEX
 ⠡,  ⠪ ᮧ .   ᯮ  㢥祭
ந⥫쭮  ஢ન  㭨쭮  짮⥫,  ᨬ
 ⮣    ᮧ .
⥫   㪠:
    *  
    * 㤥   㭨
    *  ⮫  ஢    浪
    *    ⠡筮 ࠭⢥ 㤥 ᯮ ᥣ  ᮬ
    * ᪮쪮  㤥 ।   

   ᯮ  ᮧ,    ⬥ ; 
 ᯮ     㣨    SQL.  ᫨  ⠥
ᮧ ,     ,   ᮮ饭 
訡.

    ଠ  

     ᥣ.  㯭   
ࠢ ࠧ  ORACLE    ,     
 祭 . ⢮ ⮢    
樮 ⥬.

 뤠  CREATE INDEX, 롨 ⮫, 騥 樨,
    ROWID      ப. ⥬  㦠.
 ࠧ,  :

    CREATE INDEX IN_EMP_EMPNO ON EMP(EMPNO)

믮 ஢  EMPNO  ROWID    ப  ⠡ EMP,  ⥬
 㦠.   ORACLE ਭ 祢 ᫮:  ACS,  DESC,
COMPRESS  NOCOMPRESS,       ,    
 ᯮ짮 ᦠ  㧫 ⢥ (   㧫 쥢).

  ࠧ  "७    ᮢ",   뢠
७   * - ॢ쥢.

    쪮 ᮢ   ⠡ ?

     ⢮  ᮢ,    祬  ᮢ,
⥬   ᮤন   ⠡, 饩 .
  ,    ப   ,  
    ⠡. , ᫨  ⮫,   
  , ᮤঠ騥  ⮫.

 ࠧ, 襭 ᪮ 롮ન  ᮢ  ⠡ ⨢
᪮  ⮩    ⠡.  ਬ, ᫨ ⠡  ᭮ ⮫쪮
⠥,      ᮢ,  ᫨   ⨢
,  ।⥫쭥 㬥襭 ᫠ ᮢ.

      浪 ᯮ ⮫   ?

冷,  ஬ ⮫        ᯮ 
⠡,  冷  祭, ⠪  ᪮ 믮  
 .  饬 砥 室  ⮫,  
ᯮ짮 ,   砫 .
ਬ ।,    ⠡  PART  ᮤন ᫥騥 ⮫:

                                    -- 65 --



                     VEN_ID       PART_NO       UNIT_COST
                     ------       -------       ---------
                     1012         10-440              .25
                     1012         10-441              .39
                     1012            457             4.95
                     1010         10-440              .27
                     1010            457             5.10
                     1220         08-300             1.33
                     1012         08-300             1.19
                     1292            457             5.28
    5 த殢   1000 ⨩.   ᮧ
易 ,  ⨢  砫  ࠧ ⮫ (ᮤঠ騥
襥 ⢮ 祭):

    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IND_VEND_ID
    ON VENDORS (PART_NO, VEND_ID)

᫨   ⨫ ⮫ த殢 ,    
ᬮ  1000 祭 . ᫨ ⮫ VEND _ID ⠪ 
ᬠਢ,   ᤥ ⥫ ⤥ ᮬ.

 IND_VEND_ID  , ᫨    ᫥饣 ⨯ :

    SELECT *
    FROM VENDORS
    WHERE VEND_ID = '1292'
    AND PART_NO = 457

  ᪮ 롮   , ᯮ饣 砫
 .  ,  ।饣 ਬ,   ࠧ WHERE,
ᯮ饩 ⮫ PART_NO,     먣  ᪮
믮.

           ⠡筮 ࠭⢥   ᮧ  ?

  ᮧ   ⠡筮 ࠭⢥.   ᮧ
 ⮬  ⠡筮 ࠭⢥,   ⠡,     
㣮 ࠭⢥.

᫨   ⠡        ᯮ  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮,
ᮯ஢   ( ⠪  १ࢭ ஢ ⠡筮
࠭⢠  䠩,  ᯮ,  㯭 ਪ ।⢠)  
㤥 㢥७,    室  室  ० online.

᫨  ᯮ ࠧ ⠡ ࠭⢠ ( ࠧ ᪠) 
⠡   ᮢ,  㤥 믮 ॥, 祬   
⠡筮 ࠭⢥ (- ७樨  /뢮).

 ᯮ짮  ࠧ ⠡ ࠭  砥 宦  
offline ࠭⢠,  ᮤঠ饣   ,  ࠭⨨, 
 SQL  ࠡ.

 ଠ樥  ⮬,  ⠪   ࠡ,   ࠧ
 뢥  offline ⠡  ࠭   4.

    ७  ᮢ



                                    -- 66 --



ORACLE ᯮ  ᮢ * - ॢ, ᡠ஢ 
⭮  ६ 㯠  ᥬ ப.  㦤 ⥮ਨ * -
ॢ쥢 室  ࠬ    㪮⢠;    ஡
ଠ樨      ࠧࠡ⪠  ࠬ .

        㭮 5-5   * - ॢ.
                                Ŀ
                   Ĵ         Ŀ
                                   M               
                                          
                   v                                  v
    <Ŀ         <Ŀ
                 B                               MI    
            ڴ    J    Ŀ                Ĵ   T     
                                  
    v        v             v      v          v           v
           Ŀ                                 
 Ŀ  BLAKE  Ŀ  Ŀ  Ŀ Ŀ
  ADAMS    CLARK   JAMES    MARTIN  MILLER   TURNER 
  ALLEN    FORD    JONES            SCOTT    WARD   
        
         ^   ^  ^  ^   ^     ^    ^     ^    ^      ^   ^
                             
    Ŀ
    (ঠ )      
     BLAKE - ROWID          
     CLARK - ROWID          
     FORD - ROWID           
    
                 㭮 5-5 ਬ   * - ॢ.

孨  ( ⢥) * - ॢ  ᮤঠ   , 㪠뢠-
騥   ஢  .   ஢  
( 쥢) ᮤন   祭 ஢   ᮮ⢥騥
ROWID,   ࠧ饭 (  ᪠)  ॠ  ப.    쥢   易
 㭠ࠢ ᯨ᮪.  㭨쭮   ⮫쪮  ROWID
  祭 .  㭨쭮  ROWID  
  , ⠪  㭨     ROWID,
⠪   箬  .  , ᮤঠ騥   (null) 祭 ⮫, 
   (᫨    ).   ࠧ,  
ப,  ᮤঠ騥 ⮩ ,   㭨쭮 .

    २⢠ * - ॢ   ᫥饬:

*   쥢 室   㡨,  ⠪  롮ઠ   
    ॡ ਡ⥫쭮  ६
*  * - ॢ   ਬ୮     ⢥   ࠭⢮
   ᫥⥫쭮 ᢮  ।
* ⠢  㤠 ப ந 䥪⨢, ন-  冷
  祩  ன 롮ન.

ᬮ  ,    ⥫   ঠ
 * - ॢ ᡠ஢,    ࠢ  ६
롮ન.   設⢥   ᨬ  ६  
 롮ન ,     㫨஢  ; * - ॢ
ࠡ⠥    ᫥⥫쭮 롮થ ᥩ, ⠪   筮.

    ஢ઠ ᮢ

                                    -- 67 --



 ஢ન ⨢稢 ⤥쭮  ᯮ SQL - 
VALIDATE INDEX. ஬ ⮣,  ஢ , ᮧ 㣨
짮⥫. ⠪  ᫥騩:
    VALIDATE INDEX [username.]indexname
ਬ:
    VALIDATE INDEX IN_EMPTNO
    VALIDATE INDEX SCOTT.ENAME

᫨   ᮮ饭, ⫨筮 

    Index validated.

  ࠢ.  ଠ쭮 ᫮, ஥ 室
㬥஢.  ᪠ ଠ 뢠  䠩 ஢,
  ਤ ࠢ  Oracle Customer Support (㦡
ᮯ஢ 짮⥫  ORACLE). ᫥ 㬥஢ 訡 
ᮧ   .

    ஢ઠ  ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮     ।:
* ࠢ ଠ   ᭮ 
*  ,   ࠢ  ப    
  ᮮ⢥饩 ப.

஢ઠ   । ப ,   ᮮ⢥
⮢ .

      ࠪ  (null) 祭

   ᮧ   ப  ᫮,   
㥬 ⮫   祭  null.    ਬ ।, 
 ᮧ   ⮫.  ப   祭 null  
஬  ⮫,    㤥 ᮧ  .  ப 
 祭 null    ⮫   㤥   
(᫨     ).

    

 -  易⥫ ᯮᮡ ࠭ .  -  㯯
⠡,  ࠭騥 , ⠪   ࠧ 㯯 ⮫殢  筮
ᯮ .   १ ⮣,  易 ப  䨧᪨
࠭  蠥 ६ 㯠   ᮪ ॡ㥬 .

  ᨬ   ।        믮塞
஢ SQL  㢥稢 ந⥫쭮.  ᮡ 먣뢠 
ᯮ짮 ஢ ꥤ.  ६ ᪠  ᫥ 㬥,
⮬     ࠭ ⮩ 㯯.  , ᯮ짮
஢    蠥  ࠡ ஢ DML,   ᪠஢ -
 ⠡ .  ⮪ 易  ᯮ짮  
⢮ , ࠡ⠭  ᪠஢ ⠡:  ⠪  ᪮쪮
⠡ ᮤঠ     䨧᪮ ,   ࠭ ⠡
ॡ 襥,   ࠢ  ਧ ⠡楩,  ⢮
 . ।騥 㦤   ਭ 襭 
ᯮ짮 ਧ ⠡.

  ࠭  ⠡    䥪⨢,  祬 ᫨  
࠭ 㠫쭮 ( ਧ), ⠪  , 騥 
᪮쪨  ⠡,    ⮫쪮   ࠧ. ਬ, ᫨ 
 ORDER_NO    । 30 ⮢    (order),

                                    -- 68 --



⮣    ORDER_NO  30 ࠧ (  ࠧ  
 ),  㭨쭮 祭 ORDER_NO 㤥 ࠭ ⮫쪮
 ࠧ.

       ,     뢠 ﭨ  ࠧࠡ
ਫ. ,  ࠭騥  ਧ ⠡, -
뢠 SQL 筮 ⠪ ,     ਧ.

     䨪樨 ,    ࠭  ਧ
ଥ,       ⠡,  騥   ᪮쪮 
⮫殢 (筮 ⮫, ⠢騥 ᭮ )   筮
롨 ᮢ⭮  (筮   ꥤ).   "  - ⠫"
 訬 ਬ஬,      ᮮ⢥
᪮쪮 ࠧ ⠫ .

᫨   ਧ  ⠡  ⮫栬,  ᯮ㥬  । 
ꥤ,   ᫮  , ࠡ⠭  믮 ,
㬥.   ப, 室  ꥤ   ,
室   .  ⨬   믮 .

ਧ    ⠪  ଠ,    ਧ
 ᪫祭 ⮣,        ⥫ ࠢ筨 (.
㭮 5-1).

     

  -  ⮫  ⮫,  騥  ਧ ⠡.
  ⮫      ।  CREATE CLUSTER. ⥬   
ࠧ CLUSTER  । CREATE TABLE    塞  
⠡.  祭     ࠧ   .

      ⮫   CREATE CLUSTER  ⠡  
  ᮤঠ ⮫,  ࠢ  ࠧ  ᮮ⢥饣 ⨯.
ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ⮫殢,    ᮧ  , ࠢ 16.

    祭     . 㣨 ᫮,  
 ,  室騥    .     ᯮ 
  祭  ,     ப 筮
砥  䨧᪮ ६饭 ப.  ࠧ, ⮫,  
,   訬 ⠬   .

     

       ᮧ   祢 ⮫  ࠧ  
ᮧ .   ᮤন    祭 
  .      ᮧ  믮 
 DML ( INSERT), 믮塞  ਧ묨 ⠡栬.
 ࠧ,     㦥,   ᮧ  .

, ᯮ㥬  ᮧ , ᫥騩:

    CREATE INDEX indexname ON CLUSTER cluster

       ,   ᮧ    ᭮
ᥣ   -  ᮧ     ⠡筮 ࠭⢥, 
  -  㣮 ࠭⢥.



                                    -- 69 --



  ⫨砥   ⠡ ᫥騬:
    *  (null) 祭     
    *     㪠뢠       楯窥  㪠
      祭  
    * ⢨    뢠  ﭨ    짮⥫
      (ਧ     㯭).

   ᫨   ⬥,    ⠭ 㯭묨, 
 㤥 ᮧ   .   ॡ ⬥ 
,  ⮡ ७   㣮 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  
ࠪ⨪ ,  ᫥  믮    権   
ᮧ  ᯥ祭 㯠   .

     ஢

 ᠭ  CREATE CLUSTER  DROP CLUSTER   "ࠢ筮
㪮   SQL".    砭 ਢ .

       ᮧ  ᮧ ⠡,    室.
 ᯮ짮  ஢   ᮧ ⥫ ᮢ 
ਧ ⠡;     ᮧ   㤠  
室.

    롮 ⠡  

    筮    ᥡ ᪮쪮 ⠡,    ᮡ - ⠡,
 楯塞 .

        ਧ ⢥ ⠡.   ୮, ᫨
⠡  楯 ᠬ    ᮡ    ⠡  ( ப ,
,  ⮫殢)   ப ᮤঠ 騥 祭    
⮫殢.  ਬ஬  㦨 ਧ       ⮫殢
⠡,  饩 ⮫: DIVISION, DEPT, PROJ  TASK.

     ਧ ⠡    ᮤঠ    ⨯ LONG,  
 室   .

    롮 ⮫殢  

⭮ 롨ࠩ ⮫   ;  ᫨   ⮫
騥  ਧ ⠡,  ᤥ   易.   饬
砥 - ࠪ⨪ ⮫殢, ਢ⥫   樨, ਬ  
 砬 .  (  ࠧ " ⮫   ஢
?") 訩    ஢ 筮 㭨 祭, 
 祭  ᮮ⢥ 㯯 ப     㯯 ப
 ਡ⥫쭮  .

 ⢮  ,  ࠭    ( ப  
) ਢ      ⥫쭮 룮.  
,   ⮫쪮 ,  ⮫쪮 ᪮쪮 ப ࠧ
騥  祭,  ࠭ ᪮   砥,   ᮧ
 㪠 쪮 祭 SIZE.

    誮       ਢ    ७  
᪥ ப  ⮬ .     祭, 騥 ᫨誮
騬,  ਬ -  MALE  (稭)   FEMALE (騭),    ਢ  
७    १ ᭨ ந⥫쭮  ࠢ 
ਧ묨 묨.

                                    -- 70 --



    SIZE

     CREATE CLUSTER  易⥫  㬥  SIZE, 業騩
ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ⮢  ,  㤥   
  ᮮ⢥騬 ப .  SIZE  ࠭稢 ,
।塞   ,  ᯮ ORACLE RDBMS    ᫥
業  ᫠  祩  ( 易 ப),    饭 
ਧ  .

     㬮砭 ORACLE 㤥  ⮫쪮      ᮮ⢥-
騥 ப   .   ࠧ   ७ᥭ  設
 設,  ⬥砥  ᫮ , ⮡  ࠢ "   "
ন  ஢ ਧ ⠡    (
   設).

祭 SIZE    롨  ᪮쪮 ,  祬 ।  ࠧ,
ॡ㥬      ᮮ⢥騬 ப   ᥬ
ਧ ⠡栬. ਬ, ᫨  ।    
ᮮ⢥ ப   100  ⮢  ,    SIZE ࠢ 600
(500 ⮢  祭   让 ).   ᫨ ,
 75%  祩  㤥   10 ப, 祭 SIZE  㢥.

    ᫨  ப      室     ,   
ண 㯠  ᥬ 祭  㪠 箬   ꥤ 
楯.     㪠뢠  砫  楯窨 , 
  ᮤন    易   ப. ᫨ ࠬ SIZE
⠪,      頥  祬  ,   
ਭ  祬  楯窥.

    롮 PCTUSED  PCTFREE

     ࠬ ঠ  - PCTFREE  PCTUSED,  ਬ騥 
ਧ ⠡栬,  筮 ਬ   ࠬ.   
⠡   ஢ 祭  ࠬ஢ ।,    ப
    .   ப  饣  祭  
      ,  㦥 ᮤঠ騩    
楯 , ᫨ ⨣ PCTFREE.

z஡  PCTFREE  PCTUSED       । ࠧ ⮩
.


         

     ᫥⥫쭮⥩    ᯮ짮  ஢
᫥⥫ ஢  ப  ⠡;   ᯮ짮  
⮬᪮ ஢ 㭨 ᭮ 祩  ,  ⥬
  ᯮ짮    ᮣᮢ ᪮쪨 ப  ⠡.

     ᫥⥫쭮⥩   ORACLE 筠 뤠 ઠ 
㦨  ;    ᢮    짮⥫
㦨  㦭 浪.  १  ᫥⥫쭮
ࠡ⪨,   ᪮쪮 짮⥫   㣠  樨 
ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫쭮  ,   ந⥫쭮   ࠡ⪨
࠭権 ⠥   ᮮ⢥⢥ ᭨.




                                    -- 71 --



᫥⥫   ᫥ ࢮ । ᫥⥫쭮-
, ஥ 믮   SQL - , 㪠뢠饣  -
 ⠪   ᫥⥫쭮, ࠢ (⠭  뢠),
蠣  ᫥⥫묨 ࠬ    ⠪ .   ᫥⥫쭮
࠭   ⠡ ᫮ .  ᫥ ᮧ ᫥⥫쭮
    室  ᯮ짮 ࠧ묨 짮⥫ﬨ 
樨 ॠ ᫥⥫ ஢.

    ᫥⥫  -  楫 ᫠ ORACLE ࠧ୮   28  ;
樨   㪠뢠   ᨬ ᫥⥫
,  ࢠ  祭ﬨ  冷,    ஬    뤠  
ᯮ짮  .  ᫥⢨ ⮣,   ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ
  ⠡,   ᫥⥫쭮⥩  ᯮ짮  ࠡ
   ᪮쪨 ⠡栬.

    ⤥ ᫥⥫     ய饭, ᫨ 
஢  ᯮ짮  ࠭樨,  ன  믮 ⪠.
ਫ    室     ୮ ᯮ짮
᫥⥫ .

    ᬮ ᫥⥫쭮⥩

     । ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ࠭    ⠡ ᫮
.    ᬮ  ᫥⥫쭮⥩,    ।
ᯮ짮,   ᫥騥    ᫮ : USER_SEQUENCES,
ALL_SEQUENCES, DBA_SEQUENCES.

     ᫥⥫쭮

     ᮧ  ᫥⥫쭮      ਢ RESOURCE 
 ⠡筮 ࠭⢠   DBA. ⠪ ᮮ⢥饩 
ਢ ,   ᠭ ਢ  "ࠢ筮 㪮⢥   SQ

    CREATE SEQUENCE seq_name

      [ INCREMENT BY int ]
      [ START WITH int ]
      [ MAXVALUE int | NOMAXVALUE ]
      [ MINVALUE int ] | [ NOMINVALUE ]
      [CYCLE ] | [ NOCYCLE ]
      [ CACHE int ] | [ NOCACHE ]
      [ ORDER ] | [ NOORDER ]

    ⠪   㬠稢  ᫥⥫쭮  ⥭ :
    CREATE SEQUENCE default
         INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1
         NOMAXVALUE NOCYCLE CACHE 20 NOORDER


    ஢ ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ஢  NEXTVAL

    ᫥ ⮣,   ᫥⥫쭮 ᮧ,    ᯮ짮
 ஢ 㭨 ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ஢.  ᫥ ਬ
।,  짮⥫ ELLY ᮧ ᫥⥫쭮   ESEQ:





                                    -- 72 --



    CREATE SEQUENCE ESEQ
         START WITH 10
         INCREMENT BY 10
         NOMAXVALUE NOCYCLE NOCACHE

      ᫥⥫    ᭮ 
᫥⥫쭮 NEXTVAL.  㥬  ᫥⥫  
ᯮ짮   ᫥ SQL -  १  CURRVAL.  ᫮ 
 १ࢨ஢묨  祢묨; ⠪ ,   ROWID - ᫮ CURRVAL
 NEXTVAL  ᯮ짮   ᥢ⮫殢    SQL  -  
SELECT, INSERT  UPDATE.

     ஢  ( ᯮ짮) ᫥⥫쭮  室
뫠  seq_name.NEXTVAL.       ᯨ᪥ 祭
(values), ਬ:

    INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ( ESEQ.NEXTVAL, 'LEWIS', 'TIMOTHY');

  ࠧ SET  UPDATE, ਬ:

    UPDATE EMP SET EMPNO=ESEQ.NEXTVAL WHERE ENAME='NATHANIEL';

    ࢮ 饭    ESEQ.NEXTVAL ୥ 祭 10.   ᫥饥
饭  ESEQ.NEXTVAL 㤥 ஢ ᫥騩 ᫥⥫ . 
 NEXTVAL (CURRVAL)  뫠 ⮫쪮 ࠧ,  ᪮쪮 ॡ;
    ப   뫪 㤥 뤠  祭, ਬ:
    SELECT ESEQ.NEXTVAL A ESEQ.NEXTVAL B ESEQ.CURRVAL C
    A     B     C
    ---   ---   ---
    30    30    30

ᨬ  ⮣, 믮    COMMIT  ROLLBACK,  ⠪ 
ࠡ 㣨 짮⥫, ᫥⥫  㤥   ।
祭.  ᫨  짮⥫    ᫥⥫쭮   
    ६,       㢨 ஬⪨  㬥樨,  ⠪ 
᫥⥫    㣨 짮⥫.

᫥⥫    ய饭,  ᫨ 짮⥫  믮
COMMIT  ࠭樨  ࠭ 訫 ਩.

    ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫ ஢  CURRVAL

⮡ ᯮ짮  祭  㦥 ᣥ஢ ᫥⥫쭮 ,
諨  seq_name.CURRVAL.    CURRVAL  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  砥,
 NEXTVAL ஢  ⥪饬 ᥠ 짮⥫ (  !).
 ࠧ,  ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫쭮  ELLY ( 짮⥫)
 뤠 ⠪  SQL:

    INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (ESEQ.NEXTVAL, 'LEWIS', 'TIMOTHY')
    INSERT INTO EMP_PROJ VALUES (ESEQ.CURRVAL, 101)

(।,   ⠡  EMP    ⮫ (EMPNO, LAST, FIRST),  
⠡ EMP_PROJ ᮤন  ⮫  (EMPNO   PROJNO).

    ࠭祭  NEXTVAL  CURRVAL




                                    -- 73 --



ਤন ᫥ ࠢ  ᯮ짮  CURRVAL  NEXTVAL:
*   ᯮ짮  ࠦ WHERE,   㡨  
   묨 譨 㭪ﬨ  ।ﬨ
*     ᯮ짮  , ᮤঠ ORDER BY, CONNECT BY,
  GROUP BY  DISTINCT.
*    ᯮ짮  

CURRVAL  NEXTVAL  ᯮ짮  ᫥    SELECT:
* ᯨ᪥ VALUES  INSERT
*  ࠢ  ࠧ SET  UPDATE
*  譨  SELECT  
*  譨 SELECT  INSERT   SELECT  CREATE TABLE
  AS ...
*  譨 SELECT  , ᯮ㥬  ࠧ SET  UPDATE

    ⥫   ᫥⥫쭮⥩

᫥⥫쭮 ࠪ  ⠡栬. 짮⥫ ᫥⥫쭮
 ।⠢ 㣨 ਢ  ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ALTER  SELECT;
ࠧ WITH GRANT OPTION ⠪ ਥ.   ਬ, ⮡  
짮⥫ Matilda ஢    ᫥⥫쭮, ᮧ
짮⥫ Humphery,  ࢠ   ਢ SELECT 
᫥⥫쭮⥩ Humphery.

 짮⥫  ਢ ALTER   ।
᫥⥫쭮   :

    ALTER SEQUENCE seq_name ...

       ( 묨 ஢ઠ)    砫
樨,  ஬ ⮢ 祭. ਬ,  祭 MAXVALUE  
 ⠭   ⥪饣  祭  ᫥⥫쭮; ⨬
⮫쪮 襥 祭.

    ᫥⥫쭮       ⬥  㣨
ꥪ⠬ .  塞 樨    ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ᫥騥:

    ALTER | AUDIT | GRANT | SELECT

᫥⥫쭮    ஢  ᯮ஢ 筮
⠡栬. ᯮ ࠭ 祭 ᫥⥫쭮  ⠪  ᫥
  㤥 ⠭ ⠪,    ᯮ/  믮.
᫨ ᫥⥫  ஢    ᯮ ( ६ ᮧ
᫥⥫쭮 뫠 ᯮ짮  CACHE,    NOCACHE), ᫥-
⥫쭮 㤥 ⠭  ᫮  ᮪ ஢,  
易⥫쭮 ⥪饥 祭.

    ࠬ INIT.ORA, 騥  ᫥⥫쭮

    ࠬ SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES  ⠭ ᫮ ᫥⥫쭮⥩,
    ஢  ६.  ᫨ ஫ ⠭,
室  ࠧ    ᫥⥫쭮.  ᫥⥫쭮
ᮧ  ஢ ஢ ᥠ ஫.

᫨ 祭  SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES ᫨誮 ,  ய
祭 ᫥⥫쭮⥩  ᫥饬 業:  ⨬    4
NOORDER/CACHE ᫥⥫쭮⥩,      SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES


                                    -- 74 --



⠭  4.  ᫨  ⥪騩  ᯮ 4 ᫥⥫쭮, 
᫥⥫쭮      ᯮ㥬 ᫥⥫쭮 
   ⠢訥 祭   ᫥⥫쭮 .

         6                     ORACLE

                  Character is simply habit long continued.
                               Plutarch: On Moral Virtue
        If you want to be witty, work on your character and say
        what you think on every occasion.
                               Stendal
  ᮤন ᪮쪮 ࠧ,  ⭮    ⨯  ORACLE :
    * ।  ᯮ짮  ࠧ ⨯
       * CHAR, VARCHAR (⢥ )
       * NUMBER
       * DATE
       * LONG
       * RAW
       * LONG RAW
    *   ࠭, ᯮ  ८ࠧ뢠
    *   ᮮ⢥  ⫨  㣨 ⨯ 
    * ᥢ-⨯  ROWID

ORACLE RDBMS ࠭    ப   ⠡.    ᮤঠ
 254 ⮫殢,   ⮫ ᯥ   ⨯  ORACLE.
 ᫥  ᠭ  ⤥ ⨯ .

    CHAR  VARCHAR

      CHAR  VARCHAR .   ⨯  ᯮ 
࠭  ᨬ  (䠢⭮-஢)  ப.   CHAR  VARCHAR
塞    䥪.

     ࠭  ப ६    ASCII  EBCDIC - 
ᨬ  ᨬ쭮  ,  ஬ ࠡ⠥ .
ᯮ짮 ⠭ ᨬ   ᮢ⨬  設묨
⥪ࠬ.

ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ᨬ,  ஥    ⮫, ।
 CHAR  VARCHAR, ࠢ 255. ᨬ쭠  ⮫ ⨯ CHAR  VARCHAR
।    ᮧ ⠡    쭥襬 ஢.

⮫, ᠭ  CHAR  VARCHAR,   ᫮  ᠭ  VARCHAR.

 ᨨ 6.0 ORACLE RDBMS ᠭ CHAR  VARCHAR ࠪ  ,
 ।    ࠪ⮢ CHAR  ⨯  
䨪஢ ,    VARCHAR  -  ப ६   
ᠭ.

    NUMBER

      NUMBER ᯮ  ࠭ ᥫ ( 䨪஢ 
饩 窮).   ࠭   ࠪ᪨ ࠭祭
ࠧ୮ (筮  38 ).   ࠭ ᥫ  9.99 * 10  124
⥯,        125 㫥.

 ᫮ ⮫殢   㪠 NUMBER, ਬ:
    ( colname NUMBER )

                                    -- 75 --



  㪠 筮 (饥 ᫮ )  ⠡ (᫮  ࠢ  
    ( colname NUMBER (precision, scale) )

ਬ:
    CREATE TABLE MINI ( weenumbers number (2, 1));

     㪠 ⠡  38 .  㪠 ⠡   㪠뢠
筮, :
    (colname number (*,2) )


    ᯮ짮 ⠡  筮

      ᫮  ᫥ 㪠뢠 ᨬ쭮 ⢮  
権 ᫥ 筮 窨.   ᯥ稢  ⥫쭮
஢ન   室.   . 6-1 ਢ ਬ ࠭  
ᯮ짮 ࠧ ⥫ ⠡.

    ᫨ ⠡ ⥫,   㣫 ࠢ  筮 窨
 㪠 ⢠ .  ਬ, ᯥ䨪 (10,2) 砥
㣫  ⥭.
    7,456,123.89              NUMBER             7456123.89
    7,456,123.89              NUMBER(*,1)        7456123.9
    7,456,123.89              NUMBER  (9)        7456124
    7,456,123.89              NUMBER  (9,2)      7456123.89
    7,456,123.89              NUMBER  (9,1)      7456123.9
    7,456,123.8               NUMBER  (6)         ਭ
                                                ॢ襭 筮
    7,456,123.89              NUMBER (7,-2)      7456100

㭮 6-1 ਬ ⠡  筮   ⨯ NUMBER

    ७ ᫮ ଠ

    ORACLE ᯮ ᮡ⢥ ७ ଠ ᫠  ࠧ
ᮮࠦ,  ᮢ⨬  筮 (⢨ 訡 㣫).
᫮  ࠭  ଠ ६ , 稭  ,
ᮤঠ饣 ⥯ ᫠  ,   ᫥  .  ᨬ쭮
   ᯮ짮 21  (22   ⮬ ),   ᮤন
  .

    [/⥯] 1 2 3 ... 19

      - 訩   ⥫ ⥯ ᫠. ᫨  ⠭
 1,  ᫮ ⥫쭮,  ⨢ 砥 - ⥫쭮. ⥯ ᫠
 ᥬ  ⮢ ⮣ .  ᭮ ⥯ 100;   
 祭  0  127  ᬥ饭  64.  ⠭ 64  -
 ᫠ 뢠,    ᪮쪮  ⮢    ᤢ ᫮, 祬
ᤢ 砥 㬭   ᫠  100. ᫨ १ ⠭
⥫,  ᫮   ᤢ ࠢ ⭮⥫쭮 窨, ᫨
⥫,᫮      ᤢ .

  ७ ଠ -  筮 ᫮  0  99, ⠢-
 100 -  .    ਡ 1, ⮡ ।
⢮ 筮   .   ࠧ, ⢨⥫쭮
७  ।⠢    ७ ଠ -  
᫠  1  100.


                                    -- 76 --



ࢠ       뢠 ࠢ ,  ⠪  ᫠ ଠ.

窠 ᯮ ᫥  ࢮ . ⥫ ᫠ ८ࠧ  
⥫.  ८ࠧ ⥫ ᥫ  ⥫ ࠭,
  ᫠  ⥬ ORACLE  ࠢ ࠢ쭮.

८ࠧ ⢫ ᫥騬 ࠧ.  ⥫  ⥫
⥯,    , ८ࠧ  ᢮ ⥫쭮 .
 ⥫쭠     100 ᮮ⢥饩
⥫쭮  .  砥,  ⥫쭠  ⠥  100
 祭 ᮮ⢥饩 ⥫쭮  .  ᫨ ⥫쭮  ᫮
 ⢮   ᨬ쭮,     ,
ᮤঠ騩 102.

     -  ⮢ ᫮, ᮤঠ饥 128.   ⥫ ⥯
    ⮬,  ⠭  쭮 祭 ᯮ (-64).
 ࠭,   㤥   ⥫ ᥫ   
⥫.

    ⥫쭠 ᪮筮   ।⠢     ⠬ [555,101];
⥫쭠 ᪮筮 ।⠢ ६ ⠬:  [1,1,102]. 
।⠢ ࠭  ⮣, ⮡   稭 ࠢ ४⭮.

      DATE

      ࠭  䨪஢   ᥬ ⮢.   
  ᫥ ଠ:
    : 1  2       3       4       5       6        7
                                㭤

       ࠭ 祭  ( ).   襩 
࠭  ଥ   2. ६ ࠭  24 - ᮢ ଠ.  ᫨
  祭 ६,   㬮砭 ।  (12:00 pm).
쪮 ६   㬮砭   ⥬ .

    ⠭ ଠ        ORACLE:   DD-MON-YY,   ਬ 13-NOV-88.
    ଠ,  ⫨筮  ⠭⭮, ᯮ 㭪
TO_DATE  ᪮ ଠ.

    ORACLE   ࠭      1 ﭢ 4712   ..  
31  4712  襩 .  ᫨  ᪥ ଠ  㪠 BC ( ..),
।  㬮砭  .

     ⮣, ⮡    ६, 室  㪠  ᪥ ଠ
㭪樨 TO_DATE,  ਬ:

    INSERT INTO BIRTHDAYS  (BNAME, BDAY) VALUES ('ANNIE',
    TO_DATE('13-NOV-85 10:56 A.M.', 'DD-MON-YY HH:MI A.M.')

     ஢  ६   ࠢ   ᯮ짮 SQL -
㭪 TRUNC.

    ᯮ짮   ᪮ 

     ८ࠧ    ᪮   㭪
८ࠧ  (TO_DATE,  TO_CHAR)     ᯮ짮 ᪠ ଠ
"J". ਬ  


                                    -- 77 --



    SELECT  TO_CHAR  (HIREDATE, 'J') FROM EMP;

       뤠  ᪮ ଠ. ⮡ ᯮ짮 ᪨
  ᫥ 室 ᯮ짮 ⠪  㭪 TO_NUMBER.

    ᪨     ஢ -ࠧ. ⮤,
ᯮ㥬  ORACLE, ।⠢    ᥬ筮 ᫠  (
 ᯮ㥬 ⮤).  ਬ, 23 ﭢ 1982  㤥 ।⠢ 
  2444993. ᪠    ⮣, ⮡ ந 
६, 稭  - 窨. (    ਭ
ਡ⥫쭮 4000 .  .., ⮬ ⥪   冷 2,4
.   ,  ᪠    楫  ஡  
। ६ ⮪.   ⥬ ORACLE ᯮ 饭
८ࠧ  楫 祭.

      LONG

    ⮫, ᠭ  LONG,   ᮤঠ ப ६  
65536 ᨬ.   ⨯ LONG ।⠢ ᮡ  ஢
 ⮢.   ⨯ LONG  ᮤঠ ᨢ  ,
ந ᨬ   ⪨ 㬥.

       LONG  ᯮ   ᫮   ࠭ ।
 ஢.  ⮫,  ᠭ  LONG,  ᯮ짮  ᯨ᪠
஢ SELECT, । SET ஢ UPDATE  ⠪   INSER

 LONG ⫨  LONG  RAW ⥬,   ᫥  ᬠਢ 
ᨬ     ८ࠧ  ६饭  ⥬.

    ࠭祭   ⨯ LONG

     ⮫  ⨯ LONG 室  ࠧ ਬ,  
ᯮ짮 뢠  ࠭祭. 쪮  ⮫ ⨯
LONG  ⢮  ⠡. ⥫쭮,  ⨯ LONG  :
    * ஢
    * ᯮ짮  ࠧ WHERE, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, CONNECT BY  DISTINCT
    * ᯮ짮  㭪 (⠪  SUBSTR  INSTR)
    * ᯮ짮  ᯨ᪠ SELECT  ᮢ
    * ᯮ짮  ࠦ
    * ⢮  ᯨ᪥ SELECT  ,  易  㣨 
         UNION, INTERSECT  MINUS
    * ᯮ짮  ।   (     室 
       COPY  SQL*Plus).

 த ORACLE  ᯥ稢 ஢,    ࠡ⪨
祭   (ਬ -  SQL*Plus  ࠡ  묨  
। ।쭮 祭).

      RAW LONG  RAW

     ⨯ RAW  LONG RAW ᯮ   ⮮ਥ㥬 ,
   ⥬ ORACLE. RAW 祭  ⨯ CHAR
(ᮮ⢥⢥ LONG RAW -  LONG  ),   ⥬  ᪫祭,   
 । ⭮⥫쭮 祭 ⮢.





                                    -- 78 --



     ⨯  ।      ⮢ ப,
ਬ  -  ࠭ ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ᪨ ᨬ.  ⨯
RAW  CHAR (ᮮ⢥⢥ LONG RAW - LONG),  ஬ ⮣,   
 ।   SQL*Net  ⨯ CHAR ८ࠧ뢠  
室   㣮  ᨬ,  RAW - .

     ORACLE  ⮬᪨ ८ࠧ  RAW  LONG RAW / CHAR
(ਬ -  砥         ᯮ짮
SQL*Plus),   ।⠢   ⭠- 筠    4
 .  ⮢  ⨯ RAW  ⠬ 11001011 㤥  
뢮  'BA'.
 ⨯ LONG RAW    ஢.

     ࠭ 祭 NULL

祭 NULL 砥 ⢨   ⮫.   
""  ᯮ짮   㪠  ,  
ਬ . 祭 NULL    ᯮ짮   祭
-  ⢨⥫쭮 祭, ਬ - . ⮫  ᮤঠ
祭 null, ᫨  ᮧ ⠡   ।  NOT NULL.  (
⮬ 砥     ப    ⮫殬,  ।  NOT NULL 
ᬮ  ⠢  ⠡.

 ⮫ ""  ,  ᫨  室   ⮫栬,
ᮤঠ騬 祭.   ⮬ 砥  ॡ  .  祭,
室騥   ப (  ப 稢),  , 
ࠧ㬥.  ⠡  訬 ⢮ ⮫殢  ⮫, 
 襩 ⭮  ᮤঠ  祭, ⥫쭮
।   ப.

 祭     ᪫祭.   ᫨  祭
   - null,    㤥 ᮧ   .

      DB2  SQL/DS

       ⨯  ⥬ ORACLE   ஢ SQL 
ᮧ ⠡  ,  ᯮᮡ  ਭ       த⮢
DB/2      SQL/DS      IBM   ८ࠧ뢠    ORACLE 
᫥饩 ⠡ ᮮ⢥⢨:
    SQL/DS  DB/2                       ORACLE
    
    SMALLINT                            NUMBER
    INTEGER                             NUMBER
    DECIMAL(m,n)                        NUMBER(m,n)
    FLOAT                               NUMBER
    VARCHAR(n)                          VARCHAR(n)
    LONG VARCHAR                        LONG
    CHARACTER(N)                        CHAR(n)

    - ⢨  ᮮ⢥  ⨯   ORACLE,   
ᯮ짮    ⨯  GRAPHIC,  VARGRAPHIC,   LONG VARGRAPHIC. ஬
⮣,   ⨯  SQL/DS  १ࢨ஢묨 ᫮  ⮬ 
 ਬ   ꥪ⮢ , ⠪  ⠡  .

      ANSI




                                    -- 79 --



    ORACLE ⮬᪨ ८ࠧ뢠 ⨯  ANSI  ᮡ⢥ ଠ,
   ᫥饩 ⠡:
    ANSI                                 ORACLE
    
    CHARACTER(n)                           CHAR(n)
    CHARACTER, CHAR                        CHAR(1)
    NUMERIC [(p[,s])]                      NUMBER [(p[,s])]
    DEC [(p[,s])]                          NUMBER [(p[,s])]
    SMALLINT                               NUMBER(*,0)
    INTEGER                                NUMBER(*,0)
    FLOAT [(p)]                            NUMBER
    REAL                                   NUMBER(x)
    DOUBLE PRECISION                       NUMBER

    ᥢ -  ROWID

    ⮫   ப, 樨騩   
ᮬ  .      ࠭     १ࢨ-
 ᫮  ROWID.       ᫥饬 ਬ,   ,
ᯮ饬 ROWID,  㤥 뤠 १    ⭠
祭     ப:

    SELECT ROWID, ENAME FROM EMP;
    ROWID              ENAME
     
    00000938.0000.0001 SMITH
    00000938.0001.0001 ALLEN
    00000938.0002.0001 WARD

ROWID 頥  ଠ樨,  室  宦 ப:
*    䠩 ( ਬ -  938)
*   ப   (ࢠ ப 0,   ਬ  ப 0,1  2)
*   䠩 室 ப ( 䠩 - 1)

 ப 稭  0.   ப ⭮  ᮤঠ饬  䠩,  
  ⠡筮 ࠭.  ⥫쭮,  ப  묨 ࠬ
  室    ࠧ 䠩.  䠩  
㭨.

     祣 ᯮ ROWID ?

ROWID  ᯮ짮  ᫥ 楫:
    *    ᯮᮡ 㯠  ⤥ ப
    *   ᯮ짮  ᭥,   ࣠ ⠡
    *  㭨쭮  ப   ⠡

       ࠭⨨,   ROWID   ப  ⠭ ﭭ
(    ᯮ/ ப),  室 ஢ ROWID
। ᯮ짮  ࠡ  ப.

     ROWID  ᯮ짮 ࠢ   ⮫ ( ᯮ짮
  SELECT  । WHERE),     ࠭  ,  ⠪ 
  묨.  ⥫쭮  ROWID  믮 樨 UPDATE,
INSERT  DELETE.

    ਬ ᯮ짮 ROWID



                                    -- 80 --



    ᯮ  㯯 㭪樨,  ॠ쭮 㢨,  
࠭   ORACLE.
    㭪 SUBSTR   ᯮ짮  ࠧ ROWID  ⠢騥
 (䠩, , ப):
    SELECT ROWID,  SUBSTR(ROWID,15,4) FILE,
                   SUBSTR(ROWID,1,8)  BLOCK,
                   SUBSTR(ROWID,10,4) ROW
    FROM  EMP;

    ROWID               FILE   BLOCK        ROW
             
    000000A8.0000.0001  0001   000000A8     0000
    000000A8.0001.0001  0001   000000A8     0001
    000000A8.0002.0001  0001   000000A8     0002
    000000A8.0003.0001  0001   000000A8     0003

    騩  뢠, ᪮쪮  ॠ쭮 ᯮ 
࠭ :
    SELECT  COUNT( DISTINCT (SUBSTR(ROWID,1,8)))  BLOCKS
    FROM tablename;

    ,    ࠦ ⮫쪮  ,  ᮤঠ騥  
ப   砥  ᥡ:
    *  , 室   ⠡
    * , ᮤঠ騥 ⮫쪮  ९ ப
    * ,  ।    ⥭,     ᮤঠ騥 .

    騩  뢠,  ᪮쪮 ப,  稭    ,
ਭ । ⠡:

    SELECT  SUBSTR (ROWID,1,8) BLOCK,  COUNT(*)
           FROM tablename
           GROUP BY  SUBSTR (ROWID,1,8);

    ८ࠧ 

    ࠧ WHERE  ࠦ (㫥,  䬥᪨  ப) 
ࠡ  ᬥ蠭묨 ⨯ .      ORACLE 筮   
믮  ᯮ짮 ८ࠧ .   ᫥ ਬ
ORACLE ⮬᪨  ᯮ  ८ࠧ :

    SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME = 135 ;
    SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = '7936' ;
    SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE = '12-MAR-86' ;
    SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ROWID = '00002514.0001.0001' ;

     믮 ८ࠧ ORACLE :
    * ८ࠧ뢠 ⠭  ।    ⮫  ⨯ 
    * ८ࠧ뢠 祭 ⮫  ⨯  ⠭
    * ८ࠧ뢠  ⨯      ⮫  ⨯  㣮

८ࠧ  ⥪⭮ᨬ.   砥,     
ORACLE  ८ࠧ   ⭮ 砥.  ⮣, ⮡
    ⮬᪨ ८ࠧ,   ᯮ짮
㭪ﬨ SQL, ।祭묨  ⮩ 楫. ᫨  ⠢  ८-
   믮  ORACLE RDBMS,    ⥫쭮 ᪠ 
ந⥫쭮, ᮡ ᫨  ⮫ ८ࠧ뢠  ⨯
 ⠭,   .

                                    -- 81 --



     ८ࠧ       ᨨ    ᨨ   ࠧ
த ORACLE.

         7                        
     -----------------------------------------------------------
             No dictionary of living tongue even can be perfect,
             since while it is hastening to publication, some words
             are budding and some falling away.
                     Samuel Johnston: Preface to Dictionary

     ⮩  뢠 ᮧ  祭 ᭮   ࠢ
⠡  ஢,  饨   " ".   
    * ।  ᯮ짮 ᫮ 
    *  ⨯ ꥪ⮢ ⠢ ᫮ 
    * ७   奬 
    * ᮧ  䨪 ᫮ 

        ⮫쪮  業ࠫ    ணࠬ ᯥ祭
ORACLE RDBMS,     㬥  짮⥫ ORACLE,   砩
짮⥫  ࠧࠡ稪 ਪ ணࠬ  ஢ 
.  稭騥 짮⥫       
࠭  묨 ᫮.

砭:    짮⥫   ࠢ  (஢,
㤠, ⠢) ப ꥪ⮢  ᫮ .   ⢨  

     ⥭         ਫ ,
ᮤঠ饬  ᠭ  ⤥  ⠡  ஢ ᫮ .
"㪮⢮ 짮⥫  ⠫樨" 뢠 蠣 ⠫樨, 易 
ᮧ ᫮ .

      ⠪ -   ?

             ᭮  ⥩  ORACLE RDBMS.
  -   ⠡,  ᯮ㥬  ࠢ筮 㪮⢠ 
 . ਬ,  ᪠ :
    *   짮⥫ ORACLE
    * ࠢ  ਢ,  ।⠢
    *  ꥪ⮢  (⠡, ஢, ᮢ, ஢, ᨭ 
      ᫥⥫쭮⥩)
    *  ଠ  ᭮  譨 
    * 㬠稢 祭  ⮫殢
    * ࠭祭, ন騥 ⨢稢 ⠡
    * ᪮쪮  ।  ᪮쪮 ᯮ ꥪ-  ,
      ⭮騬  짮⥫
    * ஫쭠 ଠ, ਬ  訢   ࠧ
      ꥪ 
    * 㣠    ଠ.

     ,    㣠 ଠ , ஢  ⠡栬
  ࠬ.   㯠  ଠ樨 ᫮  室 ᯮ짮
 SQL.    ଠ   ꥪ ᫮ ⭮  ⮫쪮 ⠥,
 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ( SELECT).     
᫮  㯭 ᥬ  짮⥫ ,   짮⥫ 
  SQL, ନ   ⮬ ᫮.




                                    -- 82 --



      ᮧ   ᮧ . ⥬, 㦥  ६
ࠡ ,  ᫮   ORACLE RDBMS  ⢥  
 DDL.   㯥     ६  짮⥫ ᨬ
 ⮣,  ᮧ    ꥪ .

  -  筨  ଠ樨     짮⥫,
ࠧࠡ稪  ਫ       (DBA).  
祭 ⠪   ORACLE RDBMS, 饩     , 䨪樨
 ࠢ ⥪饩 ࠡ⮩.

     "" (dictionary)

     ⮢ 뢠 ꥪ ᫮    饭 . ᫨
 뫨  室 ⠡, 筨  .

       ⮫    DICTIONARY.  
ᮧ  ꥪ ᫮ ,  ਨ 㦠  
  ⮫,  ᯥ稢 ⨢ ଠ,   ꥪ  

       

      -  ࠢ筨    짮⥫ .  
짮⥫            ᫮ ,
稭  USER  ALL.

     ꥪ ᫮  ।  ⮫쪮 DBA.   
 䨪 DBA  㯭  짮⥫.

  㯥 ᥣ,   .  ᯮ  ⠡-
 ࠭⢥ SYSTEM, ஥  ⮩  ᥣ 室  online .
   ꥪ⠬  ᫮    ⢫   몠 SQL.

       ᫮ 
---------
       ᮧ      짮⥫ﬨ  DBA:  SYS  SYSTEM (.
 2). SYS  ᮡ⢥ ⠡  ஢ ᫮ , 
१   ⠡ .

砭:   ⢥  ᪫祭    짮⥫ ORACLE  
 ꥪ,  ਭ騥 SYS (. " ⮢  ").

      ᮤঠ    㤮 ଥ,  ⠡ .  
⠡栬  ।  ।⢥, ⠪    ଠ  
  ࠭ ⠬  ᯮ    - ᫮
.    ଠ  ᮮ⢥騥 祭,  ⠪ 
 짮⥫  ⠡,   ⠪ ᯮ ꥤ  ࠧ WHERE
 饭 ଠ樨.   ࠧ, 騩   ⠡栬 ᫮
⢫ १ .

      

      ⮨  ஢  ஢.  ,    ᢮ ।,
ᮤন ᪨  ଠ樨, ਬ -  ,
ᮮ⢥騥 ᥬ ⨯ ꥪ⮢ ,     ᮧ
짮⥫ﬨ  DBA.




                                    -- 83 --



         ⮨   ஢,  ᮤঠ 
ଠ  ࠧ 䨪ᠬ:
    䨪          ਬ
    
    USER             짮⥫ (,  ਭ )
    ALL             ७  짮⥫ ( 祬 -
                    ⥫   )
    DBA              DBA (⪮  ᥬ 짮⥫)

  ஢  ᭮ 祭,  ᪫祭  ᪫祭:

*     䨪ᮬ USER 筮  ᮤঠ ⮫ OWNER.   ⮫
  砥   ALL    DBA,       OWNER, ⠪   
  짮⥫, 뤠襣 .
*    DBA ᮤঠ ⥫ ⮫  - ଠ樥,
  ⭮騩 ⮫쪮  DBA.

              䨪ᮬ USER

  ᪮॥ ᥣ  筮 짮⥫    
ᥡ:
* ࠢ  筮 㦥 짮⥫   뤠 ଠ樨 
  ⠡栬,  ᮧ  짮⥫, ࠢ, 祭 짮⥫
* 뤠 쭮 ᫮ ப (, ᫥⥫쭮,  ࠢ塞)
*    ᭮  ⮫  㣨 ࠬ ( ᪫祭
  ⮫ OWNER)
*  ⢮ ப,   뤠  ஢  䨪ᮬ ALL
*   㤮⢠       ᥡ ᮪饭 ᨭ PUBLIC

      䨪ᮬ ALL

   䨪ᮬ  ALL 뢠 ᯥ⨢  짮⥫ 
.   뤠 ଠ  ꥪ  ,    짮⥫ 
  १ 騥    ਢ (   
 ꥪ⠬.  ᫨ 짮⥫  ਢ DBA 訢  ,
 㢨 ꥪ,    ᪫⥫ .

      䨪ᮬ DBA

  䨪ᮬ DBA  訢 ⮫쪮 ࠬ , ⠪
 ᮤঠ    .    ஢  ᮧ
ᨭ,  ⠪      訢 ᪫⥫쭮 DBA.  
ࠧ,  DBA  ।   ᯮ짮 䨪 SYS, ਬ:

    SELECT * FROM SYS.DBA_TABLES ;

 ⮣, ⮡ ᮧ ᨭ   ஢, DBA  믮 䠩
DBA_SYNONYMS.SQL;  ᫥ ⮣ ᮧ ᨭ, 㯭 ⥪饬
짮⥫  饣 ਢ DBA.

    ANSI - ᮢ⨬ 

     ୠ⨢  ,  ᯥ稢饥 ᮢ⨬ 
ANSI.  ⮬ 砥 ᮧ    ᨭ  .  ᫥ ⠪
  ᮮ⢥騥 ᨭ:
                           ANSI
    
    ALL_CATALOG                    ACCESSIBLE_TABLES

                                    -- 84 --



    ALL_TAB_COLUMNS                ACCESSIBLE_COLUMNS
    USER_USERS                     MYPRIVS
    ALL_TAB_GRANTS                 TABLE_PRIVILEGIES
    ALL_COL_GRANTS                 COLUMN_PRIVILEGIES

    㣨 

  ᫮   ᯮ 䨪ᮢ USER, ALL   DBA. 
 ᫥:
DICTIONARY 뤠 ᯨ᮪ ⠡ ᫮ , ஢  ᨭ, 㯭
           ⥪饬 짮⥫.
DICT_COLUMNS 뤠 ᠭ ⮫殢 DICTIONARY, 㯭 ⥪饬
             짮⥫.
CONSTRAINT_DEFS 뤠 ਭ㤨⥫  ।,    ⠡,
                㯭 ⥪饬 짮⥫.

AUDIT_ACTIONS 뤠 樨,  .. ⮪஢  ᮮ⢥騩
               .
DUAL   ⠡,    뫠 짮⥫᪨ ணࠬ  
     ORACLE  ࠭஢ ⭮ १.    ⮫ 
      ப.

    ⢥      ()  ७        
    ꥪ                                   
    짮⥫                짮⥫       DBA
    騥 
                      (DICT)    DICTIONARY
                                DICT_COLUMNS
                                CONSTRAINT_DEFS
                                CONSTRAINT_COLUMNS
                                AUDIT_OPTIONS
                                DUAL

    ꥪ 짮⥫ 
    USER_CATALOG      (CAT)  ALL_CATALOG      DBA_CATALOG
                             ACCESSIBLE_TABLES
    USER_OBJECTS      (OBJ)     ALL_OBJECTS      DBA_OBJECTS
    USER_TAB_COMMENTS           ALL_TAB_COMMENTS DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
    USER_COL_COMMENTS           ALL_COL_COMMENTS DBA_COL_COMMENTS
    USER_CROSS_REFS                              DBA_CROSS_REFS
    USER_TABLES       (TABS)    ALL_TABLES       DBA_TABLES
    USER_TAB_COLUMNS  (COLS) ALL_TAB_COLUMNS  DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
                             ACCESSIBLE_COLUMNS
    USER_INDEXES      (IND)     ALL_INDEXES      DBA_INDEXES
    USER_IND_COLUMNS            ALL_IND_COLUMNS  DBA_IND_COLUMNS
    USER_CLUSTERS     (CLU)                      DBA_CLUSTERS
    USER_CLU_COLUMNS                             DBA_CLU_COLUMNS
    USER_VIEWS                  ALL_VIEWS        DBA_VIEWS
    USER_SYNONYMS     (SYN)     ALL_SYNONYMS     DBA_SYNONYMS
    USER_SEQUENCES    (SEQ)     ALL_SEQUENCES    DBA_SEQUENCES
    USER_DB_LINKS               ALL_DB_LINKS     DBA_DB_LINKS

  짮⥫
    USER_USERS               ALL_USERS        DBA_USERS
    MYPRIVS
    USER_TS_QUOTAS                               DBA_TS_QUOTAS



                                    -- 85 --



    ⥬ ꥪ 
                                                 DBA_DATA_FILES
    USER_TABLESPACES                             DBA_TABLESPACES
                                                 DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS

  
    USER_SEGMENTS                                DBA_SEGMENTS
    USER_EXTENTS                                 DBA_EXTENTS
    USER_FREE_SPACE                              DBA_FREE_SPACE

  ਢ 
    USER_TAB_GRANTS           ALL_TAB_GRANTS       DBA_TAB_GRANTS
                               TABLE_PRIVILEGES
    USER_COL_GRANTS           ALL_COL_GRANTS       DBA_COL_GRANTS
                               COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
    USER_TAB_GRANTS_RECD      ALL_TAB_GRANTS_RECD
    USER_COL_GRANTS_RECD      ALL_COL_GRANTS_RECD
    USER_TAB_GRANTS_MADE      ALL_TAB_GRANTS_MADE
    USER_COL_GRANTS_MADE      ALL_COL_GRANTS_MADE

  ஫
    USER_TAB_AUDIT_OPTS                          DBA_TAB_AUDIT_OPTS
                              ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS
    USER_AUDIT_TRAIL                             DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
    USER_AUDIT_CONNECT                           DBA_AUDIT_CONNECT
    USER_AUDIT_RESOURCE                          DBA_AUDIT_RESOURCE
                                                 DBA_AUDIT_DBA
                                                 DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS
                                                 DBA_SYS_AUDIT_OPTS
   ᯮ/ 
                                                 DBA_EXP_VERSION
                                                 DBA_EXP_FILES
     ᮧ ᫮  ?

     ⠡ ᫮    묨 ꥪ⠬, 
  ᮧ   , ⠪    ⢮ 
ᮧ  㣨 ꥪ⮢.    ᫮  ᮧ
⮬᪨    ᯮ  SQL -  CREATE DATABASE.

 ६ ᮧ  ࠬ 䠩 INIT.ORA,  뢠 INIT_SQL_FILES,
⠥    宦     ᪮쪨 䠩,  
믮 (㬠稢  䠩   樮 ⥬). 
 ० ᥣ ᯥ ᮧ ᫮ , ⠫ 䠩 ᮧ
砫 DBA (SYS  SYSTEM)  騥  ⥬ ⠡. ਬ, 
 ⠪ ࠧ  ᢮  䠩 ᫥ 㬠稢:

    INIT_SQL_FILES = (SQL.BSQ, CATALOG.ORA, ACME_DBA.SQL)

᫨   ᯮ  ⥫ 䠩  ᮧ  ꥪ⮢ ,
  ਭ  짮⥫ SYSTEM,    ᮧ
짮⥫    ਢ DBA.     ਭ 짮⥫ SYS.
樨騥 SQL - 䠩:
    1. । ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ SYSTEM  ᥣ ⪠.
    2. ।  ⠡ ᫮ .
    3. 㦠    ⠡ ᫮ .
    4. ।  ᫮ .
    5.  騥 ᨭ   ஢.
    6.  ਢ PUBLIC   ᨭ.

                                    -- 86 --



   ᮧ   ﭭ  室   ⠡筮
࠭⢥ SYSTEM.   ᯥ祭 online - 㬥஢  
⠡  ⮫ 㦠 ⠪  ਨ.

    騥 (public) ᨭ ᮧ  ஢,  ਭ DBA,  ⠪
  짮⥫ ORACLE        㤮 .   
 ᪮७  ᮧ ᮪饭 짮⥫᪨ ᨭ.

     ᯮ ᫮  ?

       ⠡ ᫮    ⮫쪮   짮⥫
 ࠬ ,     室묨  㭪樮஢ RDBMS.
 ࠧ,  뢠    ଠ  ᫮   ⮫쪮
RDBMS.

     ६  ࠡ  RDBMS ⠥ ᫮   ।,  
ꥪ       짮⥫    ࠢ .
RDBMS ﭭ  ᫮ , ⮡  ࠦ ⥪饥  ﭨ
  ,  ਢ, ஫  .

ਬ, ᫨ 짮⥫  NANCY  ᮧ ⠡   PARTS, 
ப ,  ⮡ ࠦ :  ⠡, ⮫, ᥣ, ⥭
 ਢ NANCY  ⮩ ⠡.       
᫥饬    ஢ ᫮ .

    ஢  ᫮  ᪮७ 㯠

  ORACLE RDBMS ﭭ 頥  ᫮   ஢ન 㯠
짮⥫    ﭨ  ꥪ⮢  ,    ᫮ 
 SGA.   ଠ   ᭮ ⬠ LRU ( Least Recently
Used) (  ଠ 뢠).

㬬 ᯮ㥬   ஢ ᫮  । ࠬ-
ࠬ INIT.ORA,  稭騬  DC  (Dictionary cache -   ᫮).  
ਫ D 㦤   㯯 ࠬ஢, ⠪  㠫쭮 .

筮  ଠ, ॡ㥬  ࠧ. ⮫ , 
騥 ⠡-  ⮫  ,   ॡ  ⥪饣 㯠.

    㣨 ணࠬ  ᫮ 
㣨 த  ORACLE  ⠪  ᮧ ⥫ ꥪ ᫮
    騬 ࠬ. ᫨   ணࠬ,
騥  ᫮ ,     騬 ᨭ,    
⠡栬,  ⠪  ᨭ  ⢨⥫    ணࠬ
ᯥ祭 ORACLE  ᨨ  ᨨ.

      ⮢  ᫮ 

 ᫮  ࠧ襭  ᮢ襭  ⠡  .  ᫨
   ꥪ  ᫮ ,   ᮡ⢥   
  짮⥫ SYSTEM,    ⨩ 짮⥫  ਢﬨ DBA.
 ᮧ  ꥪ⮢, ਭ 짮⥫ SYS.

     ⮢ ᫮ 

           ᫮  믮 ORACLE  ⢥ 
 ஢ DDL,    ⠡ ᫮    
㤠   짮⥫ﬨ.

                                    -- 87 --



⢥ ᪫祭   ⮣  ⠡ SYS.AUD$.   ᨬ 
⮣,  樨 ⮪஢ ࠡ,  ⠡   -
筮.      㤠 ⠡ AUDIT_TRAIL,   ࠧ襭
㤠     .  ப ⮩ ⠡  ⮫쪮  ଠ樮   
室  ࠡ RDBMS.

    騥 ᨭ  ஢ ᫮ 

    騥 ᨭ  ᮧ     ஢ ᫮   㤮⢠
㯠   짮⥫. 祭  ᮧ ⥫ ᨭ
  ப  ᯮ㥬 ꥪ⮢ .  , ,  ᮧ ᢮
ᮡ⢥ ꥪ⮢  , ᯮ㥬묨   ᨭ.

     ᪮ 䥪⨢

       ࠡ ORACLE RDBMS ন  "㠫" ⠡, 
 ⬥砥 ⥪ ⨢ .  ⠡ 뢠  "⠡栬
᪮ 䥪⨢" (  - 䨪஢묨 ⠡栬).
ଠ   ⠡ ᯮ  ࠧ 室 ࠭ ।⢠
MONITOR.

      ⠡ ᪮ 䥪⨢   ॠ묨 ⠡栬
,     㯠 設⢮ 짮⥫.   DBA  
訢 ଠ   ⠡  ⠪ ᮧ    ⠡ 
  ࠢ  㯠    㣨 짮⥫ .

 ᪮  䥪⨢  ਭ 짮⥫ SYS,   
稭  V_$.        ⠡ ᮧ   
᫥ - ᨭ.   ᨭ 稭  V$.

ਫ  ᮤন ᠭ ᨭ   ⮫殢,  ⠪ -⥫
ଠ   ⠡.



























                                    -- 88 --
