



      F            

 ਫ  뢠  ,  騥  ᨨ 6  ᯥ祭
⠫樨 ORACLE,  ࠡ饣  ࠧ묨 몠   騥 
ਫ ࠡ  묨 묨, ࠭騬   .
       ᥡ:
    * ᠭ ।⢠ National Language Support (প  -
      樮 몮)
    * ।  ࠡ  樮쭮 몥  ஢  ORACLE
    * ᯮ짮 ᮡ⥩ ।⢠  প 樮 몮.

ଠ   ⮣  ਫ  ஢   
ࠧࠡ稪 ਫ,   ᯮ짮   ࠡ 樮 모.

         ᯥ稢 প 樮 몮 ?

প 樮 몮 믮  ᭮ ॡ:
    *  প RDBMS ࠡ⪨   ࠧ, -
      樮 ᨬ 
    * 䥩  筮 짮⥫,  騩 ࠡ
       ਪ ணࠬ  த 몥.

 6 ন  ⮢  ᨬ  (7-  8-⮢),
ᯮ㥬  ய᪨ ⨭᪨ 몮 (ਬ - ᪨,
࠭᪨,  檨, ᯠ᪨)   ॠ뢠 䥩  
몠.
㣨 ᫮,  RDBMS  ⨫ ন ᫥騥 :
    * ࠫ쭮 ᯮ짮 ᪮쪨 7   8- ஢
      ᨬ    ORACLE
    * ஢ ᨬ   ᮮ⢥⢨  ᯥ묨
       ࠧ 몮 ᮣ襭ﬨ
    * 뤠 ᮮ饭  짮⥫   த 몥
    *    楢, ᮮ⢥騥  몠
    * ᫥    ᮮ⢥⢨  ⠭⮬ ISO.

     ন NLS  ॡ  ࠡ ᢮  -
 ⥫ 䠩.  ⥬ ORACLE RDBMS ⠢-
  ,  "த"   ࠭, 몮. ⥫
 䠩  㣨 몮 ⠢ ⤥쭮.

        祭 ࠬ஢,  ࠡ  樮쭮 몥

⮩ ⥬  ORACLE    । 몥 ࠢ  ࠬ 䠩
INIT.ORA:  LANGUAGE  NLS_SORT. ᠭ  ࠬ஢ ਢ 
ਫ D.
 饬  砥,  ࠬ  LANGUAGE ᯮ  㬥 (language - ,
territory - , char_set -  ᨬ)  ᫥饩 ଥ:

    LANGUAGE = language_territoty.char_set

 㬮砭 ।:

    AMERICAN_AMERICA.US7ASCII

ࠬ NLS_SORT    ਭ  祭  TRUE   FALSE; 㬮砭 (FALSE)
।,  ஢ 㤥 ᭮뢠  ᫮  祭 ᨬ
ᨬ  祭  ᨬ.

                                    -- 1 --



⮡ 㪠,    ,  ࠡ騩    ⥬  DEC VAX/VMS, 㤥
ᯮ짮 ࠭᪨ ,  㪠  ᫥騥 祭:

    LANGUAGE = French_France.we8dec
    NLS_SORT = true

ﭨ 祭  ࠬ஢ 㤥  ஢  ਬ,
ਢ  ⮬ ਫ.

        , ᯮ㥬  ᮮ饭 ORACLE

    饭 뤠 ᥣ  ⮬  ᨬ,   
ᯥ஢ ࠬ஬ LANGUAGE.    祭 ࠬ஢,
㦤 ,    ᮮ饭  ਪ ணࠬ 
࠭᪮ 몥 (᫨ 㬥 language ⠭  French).

    饭 ORACLE 室  ⤥ 䠩    த⠬, ਬ -
 䠩  ᮮ饭 RDBMS, 㣮 䠩 -  ᮮ饭 SQL*Forms.  
 ন த  ᪮쪮 䠩 ᮮ饭 (
-  ᢮ 몥), 祬   䠩  ᫥饩 ଥ:

    utility-language_id.MSB

    ਬ - 䠩 ᮮ饭 ORACLE RDBMS   ࠭᪮  몥 㤥 
 ORAF.MSB,  SQL*Forms ( IAP) - IAPF.MSB.  祭 utility 
language_id ᯮ ⠭⭮  ਭ  ORACLE ᮪饭.

     ᮮ饭 -   䠩,  㥬  ⥪ ᮮ饭,
⮬ ।⢥ ।஢  .
ਬ, ᫨ ᯥ஢ "French",  ᮮ饭:

    ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
㤥 뤠  :

    ORA-00942: lable ou vue n'existe pas

 ᮮ饭 ࠭   ।  ᨬ (筮 - 
᭮  ᨬ   設).   室 ⥪ ᮮ饭
    ᨬ쭮   㣮.  ਬ, ᮮ饭:

    ORA-01005: null password given: login denied

뤠  ࠭᪮ 몥 ⠪:

    ORA-01005: aucum mot de passe; connexion refusee

  7 - ⮢ ASCII  ᨬ  ᮤন   ᨬ,  
  ஢ ।⢥ । 뤠祩. ८ࠧ 
ᨬ쭮   㣮 믮 ⠪  ,      㭪樨 CONVERT,
ᠭ   ⮬ ਫ.

     䠩 ᮮ饭        ࠧ ࠭祭.
  뢠    砫 䠩 ᮮ饭.

        , ᯮ㥬     楢.




                                    -- 2 --



祭, ᯮ㥬      㬥   language   ࠬ LANGUAGE,
। ,   ᫥⥫쭮 -     楢,
ᯮ㥬 㭪ﬨ TO_CHAR   TO_DATE.  த ਬ  ࠭᪨
몮, ६ :

    SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'Day:Dd Month yyyy')
    FROM DUAL

 ୥ ᫥饥 祭:

    Mercredi  :10 Fevrier 1988

ॢ     ⠪   몠;  㤥 :

    Me :10 Fev 1988

稢 ଠ   (DD-MON-YY) ⠪ ᯮ ᯥ  몠
ॢ.  ਬ, 㪠      ⠡ 
룫拉 ⠪:

    INSERT INTO tablename VALUES ('10-Fev-88')

    쪮     楢 ন  樮 ࠢ
ᠭ; ᫠,   㭪樨 TO_CHAR ᥣ ᯮ 
䮣. ਬ, :

    SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('24-Fv-88'),'Day: ddspth Month')
    FROM DUAL
୥:

    Mercredi : twenty-fourth Fevrier

        ᫥   

      ࠬ LANGUAGE 㬥 territory । ᫥,
ᯮ㥬  㬥樨     ᮣ襭   㬥樨 . 
롮   ਠ⮢:
    * ⠭ ISO
    * ᫥,  騥    稭   ࢮ
      ﭢ (㬮砭).

    ᭮ ⠭ ISO   室   1- 52 ( 53).
।,    稭  쭨  稢
ᥭ쥬. 室         ᫥騩 -
   ,      1 ﭢ:
    * ᫨ 1 ﭢ   ⭨, 㡡  ᥭ, ⮣ 
 ⠥ ᫥    ।饣  , ⠪   
 ਭ ।饬 .
    * ᫨ 1 ﭢ   쭨,  ୨,  ।  ⢥ - 
  ࢮ   , ⠪  ⮬  ਭ
   ⮩ .

    ਬ, ᫨ 1 ﭢ 1987   ⢥,   稭   쭨
28   ᥭ 3 ﭢ 㤥 53 -  1987 .   4 ﭢ
筥 ࢠ  1987 .




                                    -- 3 --



(,   ᫥ "⢠ "   1 ﭢ ᥣ ਭ,
 1  稭  1 ﭢ,  2 -  8 ﭢ  ⠪ .    
  ⭮).
஬ ⮣,   :
    *    - ᥭ (㬮砭)
    *    - 쭨.

 㪠  ⢥ 祭 㬥 territoty "France",  砥
   - 쭨   ⠭ ISO  㬥樨 .

        ࠡ⪠   ᪮쪨 ᨬ 

⮡  ஡,  騥 । ।⢮ প 樮 몮,
 ᯥࢠ  騥 ᮡ ।⠢ ᨬ  ஢
ᨬ.

   ⠪  ᨬ ?

 ᨬ  ࠭ ନ    ᮣ襭  ।⠢
ᨬ,  ᯮ㥬 ନ.      ,
ନ  ᫮  ᮮ⢥⢨  ᮣ襭ﬨ, ਭ묨  
ନ.   ନ 砥 ᫮, ।⠢饥 ᨬ,  뤠 
࠭  ⠭, ᭮뢠 ⠪  ਭ ᮣ襭.  襭
㪠뢠   ।  ᨬ,  ⠢ 
ᮮ⢥⢨ ᫮ ()   ࠦ.

      ஡ ࠡ⪨  

⮪ ࠧ ⠭⮢ ।⠢  ஦ ஡ 
ࠡ⪥  ନ,  ᯮ騬  ࠧ  ᨬ,  .
ਬ, ப ᯮ㥬 7 ⮢  ASCII । 26 㪢 ᪮
 䠢,     ६  㣨 䠢 ᯮ 㪢,  
  ⠭ ASCII (ਬ - ᪨ ).  ᪨  
㭨ᠫ쭮 ⠭  । ⠪ ᨬ   ࠪ⨪ 
ந⥫  ।  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⠭.

㣠 ஡ ⮨  ⮬,    ᨬ , 祬  
祭  7-⮢     8 - ⮢. 筮 ந⥫
㤮 । ᪮쪮 ⠭⮢ 7 - ⮢ ,  
몮, ᯥ稢 ⥬ ᠬ, 㪢, ᯮ㥬    ࠧ 몠  ⠪ 8
- ⮢ ⠭, 騥 ⮫쪮 㪢, ᪮쪮 .

    ਬ,  7-⮢  ᨬ DEC    ࠭᪮ 몠,
  砥  ᯥ   ࠭᪮ 몠 㪢.   
ন 祭 ASCII -    ᪮ 䠢,      
ᯮ⥫   ᨬ (@,\,{,},|)   㯮 .  
⠪  ᨬ   檮, ᯠ᪮  㣨 몮. 
8-⮢ ⠭ (DEC,HP, IBM  PC) ᮤঠ  ᥡ ࠧ  
"ய᪨" 㪢.

    ⢥ ᮣ襭,  ஥ ਬ  ࠧ 7  8-⮢
ᨬ ஢,   ⠭⭮  ஢  26 㪢 ᪮
䠢.  ,  ࠧ ਠ ⠭ IBM EBCDIC ᯮ
ᮢ襭  ஢.  ஬ ⮣,  ࠧ ⠭ 筮
ࠧ   㭪樨.

      ࠭ ᨬ 


                                    -- 4 --



     ᨬ쭠 ப    , ॠ쭮 뢠 ,
ᣥ஢  ᮮ⢥⢨  ᨬ ஬ ନ. ᫨  
ப 뢥  ନ, ᯮ騩 㣮    ᨬ,  
ᨬ    뤠 ४⭮.

⨬,   ᨬ  ᯮ     ᫮, 97 
।⠢ ᨬ "a" (ASCII  -  ⠭).  㪢 "a" 㤥  ४⭮
ந  ।  ନ. ⨬ ,   
ᨬ "" ᯮ짮  123,     뢮 - 233.   ⮬ 砥 "" 
㤥 뤠 ४⭮,  뤠 ᨬ,  ண ࠢ 123 
뤠饣 ଠ ନ.    , ᫨   
ନ, ᯮ饣 DEC 7-⮢ ᨬ ,  뤠 
ନ, ᯮ騩 DEC 8-⮢ .

    襭   ⠪  ᮮ⢥⢨ ᮣ襭 ॡ -
 㫨஢ ᨬ,  묨      
ᨬ쭮 ,  ८ࠧ     㣮.

      室 몠 SQL  ࠧ ࠬ ᨬ.

    ८ࠧ  孨   ॣࠬ

㭪樨 UPPER,  LOWER  INITCAP 몠 SQL  ४⭮ ࠢ ८ࠧ
ﬨ   孨       ॣࠬ.  ᫥⢨ ⮣,  ,
ᯮ㥬  ।⠢ ᨬ ""  "",  ࠧ  ࠧ
ᨬ , 㭪樨  ࠢ쭮 ८ࠧ  , 
 ᯮ.

ᯮ㥬 ᨬ  - ,  㪠뢠  㬥 char_set
ࠬ LANGUAGE.  㭪樨  ॣ  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
ᮣ襭ﬨ 㪠 ᨬ쭮 .

      ८ࠧ  ࠬ ᨬ

     㭪 몠 SQL,  CONVERT ⢫ ८ࠧ
 ࠬ  ᨬ.   ᨭ⠪ 㭪樨 CONVERTਢ-
 ,    ᠭ    "ࠢ筮  㪮⢥  
 SQL":
            CONVERT (column [,dest_char_set[,source_char_set]])
:
column            ⮫  , ࠫ  ࠦ, 饥
                  ८ࠧ.   - ⮬᪨ ८ࠧ 
                  ᨬ - .
dest_char_set      ᨬ,    ८ࠧ뢠 .
                     ⮫ , ᮤঠ饣  
                  ᨬ,  ࠫ (⨯  CHAR).  㬮- 砭
                  । 祭 US7ASCII.

source_char_set    ᨬ,  ஬  ࠭   . 
                    ⮫, ᮤ- 騩   ᨬ, 
                  ࠫ (⨯  CHAR).  ⢥ 㬠稢 ।-
                   祭 㬥 char_set -  LANGUAGE.

 ᫥饬  ਬ 㭪 CONVERT ᯮ  ஢  
,   室    DEC 8-  ८ࠧ뢠   室 
HP 8-  쭥襩 .

    SELECT CONVERT(ENAME, 'WE8HP','WE8DEC') FROM EMP

                                    -- 5 --



      ᯮ짮 ᨬ 

    ⥫ ஡  ,    ॣ஢
८ࠧ,  ⠪   ८ࠧ ,  ᫨   ᮤঠ 
ᨬ,   ॡ.

    ஡ ॣ஢ ८ࠧ ,  ᫨ ᨬ   
ᮤন ᮮ⢥ ᨬ 孥   ॣ. ਬ,
7-⮢  ࠭᪨ ᨬ (7bit DEC French) ᮤন ᨬ "`a", 
 ᮤন ⢥饣 ᨬ 孥 ॣ "`A".    ⠪ 砥
뤠 㭪 UPPER('`a'),  ᫨    ࠬ  LANGUAGE ᯥ஢ 
7-⮢ ᨬ  ?      롨ࠥ ᨬ ,
ᯥ稢騩 室騩  ᠭ ᨬ.   襬 ਬ  㤥
ᨬ "A".  ᫨     ᮮ 饣 ᨬ  孥/
ॣ  (  । ᨬ ), 㭪 ୥   ᠬ ᨬ
("`a").

      ᯮ   室 ஢ 
ᨬ묨 ࠬ. ⨬, ਬ,  ᨬ "`A" ᥭ  ⮫
COL1 ⠡ 1  ନ, ᯮ饣 8-⮢ ᨬ  .  
⥯ 짮⥫  뤠  ⮫  ନ,  ࠡ饬 
7-⮢ ᨬ쭮 .   ⠪ 砥   ?

    SELECT CONVERT(COL1,'F7DEC','WE8DEC') FROM t1

    ᫨ 㯥 ᨬ ,  㤥 ᯮ짮 ⠪ ,    砥 
ॣ஢묨 ८ࠧﬨ,  .. 㤥 饭 ᨬ "A".

᫨ ᨬ     ।,  ⠪  ஡.  ਬ
⨬,  COL1 ᮤন 檨 ᨬ  ॣ "sharp s" (१
s).   ᨬ     ᯮ짮  DEC 8-bit,   
  ࠭᪮ 7-⮢ ,    ⠪      ।
ਥ ᨬ .  ⠪  ਬ 饥 㬮砭  
ᨬ , 㪠뢠饥   ८ࠧ.  襬 ਬ
㤥 饭 ᨬ "?".

      㭪 REPLACE

    ⥫ ஡     砥 "" ᨬ-
. ਬ ⮬ - "sharp s",   ࠢ 몠  
孥 ॣ  "SS".    ᨬ   -
, ⠪  ᨬ  ᯥ稢 ஢ "  -
 ᨬ"  ᫥⥫쭮 㭪 UPPER  ⮣ ᨬ -
   ८ࠧ.  ஡,  ⨬,  -
  㭪 REPLACE,  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

            REPLACE(column[,src_string[,dest_string]])
    :
column         ⮫    ࠫ (⨯  CHAR),  ஬
                 믮 .
src_string     室 ப,      ப
               . ᫨ 室 ப , ॡ㥬 ப 㤥
               饭 .
dest_string    室 ப (祭),   室. ᫨
                ப ,   室 ப 㤠.

᫨   ப 祭,  ⠪    室,  㭪 ୥ 祭
NULL.    ᨬ     ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                                    -- 6 --



    SELECT REPLACE(UPPER('Stra*e','*','SS') FROM DUAL

 १ 稬 ப  "STRASSE".  (窮   ᨬ "sharp s",
ண   ᨬ쭮 ,  ஬ ࠥ  㬥.- ਬ.
ॢ.)

      ஢ ᨬ 

    筮  ஢  ᨬ    ᫥⥫쭮 ஢
  ᫮ 祭  ᨬ.  ஢ 뢠
"筮"     १  ᪮ 䠢,  ⠪   
⠭ ASCII  EBCDIC 㪢 䠢  a  z  騥 .
⬥ ᥡ,   ⠭  ASCII    ᨬ  孥 ॣ
। ᨬ ,   ⠭ EBCDIC  - .

    ᫨   ᮤঠ ⥫  ய᪨ ᨬ, 筠
஢    १⮢. ਬ -   ਠ
 ᫥ 筮  筮  ஢   ⠪ 浪:  ABC,  ABZ,
BCD, `ABC. ⮡ ஢  ப  ࠢ쭮 ய᪮ ᫥-
⥫쭮, 室 믮 ஢  ᭮ ᨬ쭮 .  ⮬
砥 ।騥 ப  뤠  ᫥饬 浪: ABC, `ABC, ABZ,BCD.

          ᯮ짮 㬠稢 ஢

⮡  ஢, ⫨ ⠭⭮ 筮, 室 ⠭
  TRUE ࠬ NLS_SORT 䠩 INIT.ORA ( 㬮砭 ਭ FALSE).

 ࠬ NLS_SORT ⠭   TRUE,  ᫥⥫쭮, ᯮ㥬
 ஢,   ᨬ쭮 .  ਬ,   US7ASCII
। 筠 -
SCII,   ࠧ ORDER BY 㤥 ᯮ짮 筠 -
,  NLS_SOTR=TRUE.    ६, ᫨ । DEC 7-
French -  ᨬ, 㤥 ᯮ짮 NLS - ஢.

஢ 樮  ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ஢  -
ࠧ ᮣ襭,    ᯮ짮 ࠧ 몠. ਬ
-  ଠ ᯮ ࠧ篮᫥⥫쭮 ஢.   ஡
蠥 ᯥ  ᪮쪨  (    㭨묨  )  ᨩ 
쭮  -         ᫥⥫쭮.   ⮣, 
ᯥ祭 ஢  ᨬ 孥   ॣ஢  
ᯥ祭  ࠧ  ᨨ  ⠭ ᨬ ஢ ASCII  EBCDIC.

㣠 ஡ ⮨  ஢ "" ᨬ. ਬ - ᯠ᪮
"ll" ࠪ   ஢     ᨬ        l
 m.  ਬ - ᫥騥 ப   ஢   ᫥饬
浪 :  lz,  lla, ma.   ⮬ 砥 ஢  ᨬ 
ন   筮 ஢,   NLS - ஢.

          ࠢ ᨬ ப


 ப ᨬ   ࠢ,  ਬ -  ࠧ WHERE,
ࠢ 㤥 ந  ᯮ짮 ᫮ ⮢ ᨬ.
ਬ - ᫨ COL1 ᮤন 祭 ABC, ABZ, BCD  `ABC,  
ᯮ짮 DEC 8-bit ᨬ쭮  ᫠騩 :

    SELECT COL1 FROM T1 WHERE COL1 > 'B%'


                                    -- 7 --



୥  BCD  `ABC.   砥 -  ⮣,    `A   襥
᫮  祭,  祬 B,   ࠢ ப  ᪫⥫쭮 
᫮ .

          ஢ ࠬ LANGUAGE   짮⥫

     ⮣    ࠬ LANGUAGE  ⭮ᨫ   ᥬ
짮⥫  ORACLE, ࠡ饣   .  ⨫ ORACLE
⠪  㬮砭 ᯮ ࠬ LANGUAGE.

     ࠬ LANGUAGE  ᯥ஢  ६ ।  
짮⥫,  ४뢠 ᮮ⢥騩 ࠬ LANGUAGE, 騩 
ᥩ ⥬.  ⮬ 砥 ⠭ 祭 LANGUAGE  ⮫쪮 
ᮮ饭 ⨫,  祭 ⥬ ࠬ LANGUAGE 㤥
த  ࠡ  ⥬ ஢.   ⭮:
    * ᮮ饭  RDBMS
    * , ᯮ㥬   楢  
    *  㭪権 UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP  CONVERT
    * ⮤ ஢, ᯮ㥬  ࠧ ORDER BY

ࠬ LANGUAGE  짮⥫  ࠫ쭮 믮 ਪ
ணࠬ, ࠧࠡ⠭  㣮 몠,    ࠡ  ⮬ 
 ORACLE.

    ਬ - ਫ SQL*Forms  ࠡ   筮 । 
㯠     ⮩     砥,   ࠧࠡ稪 ।ᬮ५
ࠧ ᨨ  ᮮ饭ﬨ   ࠧ 몮.

⥬ ࠬ  LANGUAGE  । 짮⥫   ⠭ ⭮
  짮⥫.    짮⥫ 㢨 ᮮ饭 ਪ
ணࠬ  SQL*Forms  몥 ࠭ ᨬ쭮 .   ,
 ᮮ饭   ORACLE  뤠  몥, 㪠  ࠬ
LANGUAGE 䠩 INIT.ORA.    ⭮   ࠭ 㯮訬
.

      G           SQL

     ⮬ ਫ ᮤন 䠢 ࠢ筨 SQL - ஢,
२⢥  ᯮ㥬  DBA.   ਠ  ⠪  
"ࠢ筮 㪮⢥   SQL",    ᮤন ଠ   SQL
- , ন ORACLE RDBMS.  ⮬ ਫ  
ଠ   ᫥  :
    ALTER DATABASE
    ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    ALTER TABLESPACE
    ALTER USER
    AUDIT ( )
    CREATE DATABASE
    CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    CREATE TABLESPACE
    DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    DROP TABLESPACE
    GRANT ( )
    NOAUDIT ( )
    REVOKE ( )

                    ALTER DATABASE


                                    -- 8 --



祭    饩     ᫥ ࠢ:
         * ஢   ( ࠧ塞  ᪫⥫쭮 ०)
         *     
         * २  ⬥ 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮
         * ᯥ஢,  䠩 ୠ 㤥 娢஢ ,
           ᫥⥫쭮,  㤥   ⠭ ⥫    
           㤥 娢஢ , ,  ⮫쪮  ⠭
           .
।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA.

⠪    ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
             [ADD LOGFILE  filespec  [REUSE]  [,filespec [REUSE]]...]
             [DROP LOGFILE 'filename' [,'filename'] ...]
             [RENAME FILE 'filename' [,'filename'] ...
              TO filename [,filename] ... ]
                [ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG]
             [MOUNT [SHARED | EXCLUSIVE] | DISMOUNT]
               [OPEN | CLOSE [NORMAL | IMMEDIATE]]

祢 ᫮  ࠬ
    database         䨪  ,    ᮤঠ
                      8 ᨬ.  ᫨ ,   㤥
                       祭 ࠬ 䠩 INIT.ORA - DB_NAME.
                      䨪  易  ᯥ䨪樥 
                       SQL*Net.

    ADD LOGFILE      ᯥ䨪    ଥ:  'filename' [SIZE
                     integer [K|M]] integer 㪠뢠 SIZE  .  ᫨
                     integer 饭,  । ࠧ 䠩 ୠ 
                     500. ᫨   "", integer 㬭-   1024,
                     ᫨ "" -  1048576.

    DROP LOGFILE      ⥪饣 䠩 ୠ, 
    filename           ⬥.

    RENAME FILE      ᯥ ஥   
    filename TO       䠩  .  
    filename         䠩  ᮮ⢥⢮ ᮣ襭 襩
                     樮 ⥬.

    ARCHIVELOG       ᮮ⢥⢥ ࠧ蠥  頥
    NOARCHIVELOG     娢஢.

    MOUNT            ।,    
    DISMOUNT          : ஢  ࠧ஢.  設
                       ⢨     ஢ 
                     .  樨  ᮯ஢  ॡ,
                     ⮡  뫠 ஢,   ⮩.

    OPEN             㪠뢠,     
    CLOSE              㯭  ଠ쭮   饭  
                       㯭.

砭  ਥ 権   ⥪饣 ﭨ 
ᯮ짮  :
              ᫨  :            ᯮ짮



                                    -- 9 --



               ஢             ⮫쪮 MOUNT
              ஢,    , ஬ MOUNT  CLOSE
                                  ⮫쪮 CLOSE

SIZE  REUSE ᫨ ᯥ஢ SIZE,   REUSE  -  , 㤥
             ᮧ  䠩  㪠  ࠧ (    
             ᪥).  ᫨ 㪠   ࠬ,    砥 ⢨
             䠩 -  ᮧ,    稨 - ஢  ࠧ.
             ᫨ 㪠 ⮫-  REUSE   㪠 祣,  䠩 
             ⢮  ⠢ ⠪  ࠧ.

              㬥 ॡ  ⥫ ⢨  ஭
             DBA, ਬ - ।  ⮢ 䠩  樨 REUSE
              믮 backup, ᫨ ᯮ ० ARCHIVELOG.  
             饬 砥 ४ ।       
             ࠧ஢.

ਬ      ⮡ ஢   ᪫⥫쭮 ०:
             ALTER DATABASE dbname MOUNT EXCLUSIVE

             ⮡  㦥 ஢  :
             ALTER DATABASE OPEN

             ४祭  ० 娢஢ 䠩 ୠ:
             ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG

              믮 ᪮쪨 䠩 権:
             ALTER DATABASE
             ADD LOGFILE dblog3.log SIZE 50000
             DROP LOGFILE dblog2.log
             RENAME FILE dat5.db testdata.db

                    ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT

祭    騩 ᥣ ⪠ ⥬:
             *   PUBLIC
             *  ࠬ 

।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA

⠪    ALTER [PUBLIC] ROLLBACK SEGMENT segment STORAGE storage

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
    PUBLIC           ᫨ 㪠,   ᬥ  ᥣ  PUBLIC,
                      ।  ᯮ짮 ᥬ 짮⥫ﬨ.
                     騩 ᥣ  ᤥ   ⬥  
                     ᮧ .

    segment            饣 ᥣ ⪠.
    STORAGE storage  . ᠭ ᨭ⠪ ࠧ STORAGE

砭    ALTER  ROLLBACK  SEGMENT  ࠧ  STORAGE
ᯮ짮-       饥 ।   㪠-
           ᥣ  ⪠.   ⥫쭮   㬥 INITIAL 
             MINEXTENTS      饣 ᥣ ⪠
             ਬ .


                                    -- 10 --



ਬ      ⮡ ᤥ ⥪騩 ᥣ ⪠   RSPUBLIC - 騬:
             ALTER PUBLIC ROLLBACK SEGMENT RSPUBLIC

             ⮡  ࠬ  ᥣ RSONE:
             ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT RSONE
             STORAGE (
             NEXT 1000
             MAXEXTENTS 20
             PCTINCREASE 0
             )

                ALTER TABLESPACE

祭    饥 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ ⥬:
             *   २ 䠩()  
             *  㬠稢 ࠬ஢   ⠡
             * ॢ   online  offline
             *   ⠭ backup.

।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA
⠪    ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
             [ADD DATAFILE filespec [REUSE] [,filespec [REUSE] ] ...]
             [RENAME DATAFILE 'filename' [,'filename'] ...
             TO 'filename' [,'filename']...]
             [DEFAULT STORAGE storage]
             [ONLINE | OFFLINE [ NORMAL | IMMEDIATE ]]
               [BEGIN BACKUP | END BACKUP]

祢 ᫮  ࠬ
   tablespace        饣 ⠡筮 - ࠭⢠

   ADD DATAFILE      㯭 ⠡筮 -
   filespec[REUSE]  ࠭ ⥫ .  䠩  ⠡筮
                    ࠭    室  ﭨ online
                     offline. Filespec ᯥ䨪    ଥ:
                    'filename' [SIZE integer [K|M]] integer 㪠뢠 SIZE 
                    . ᫨ integer 饭, । ࠧ 䠩
                    ୠ  500. ᫨   "", integer 㬭 
                    1024, ᫨ "" -  1048576.  ᫨ SIZE 㪠,  REUSE -
                    饭, 㤥 ᮧ 䠩 ᯥ஢ ࠧ
                    ( ⮣    ⢮).  ᫨ 㪠
                    ࠬ, 䠩 ᮧ, ᫨  ,  ᫨  -
                    ஢  ࠧ. ᫨ REUSE 饭   㪠
                     㬥, 䠩  ⢮  ⠢ ⠪
                     ࠧ.

   RENAME           २뢠   ᪮쪮
   DATAFILE filename 䠩, 易  ⠡ -
   TO filename      ࠭⢮.  樮 ⥬  २뢠.
                     ६ ⮩ 樨 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ 
                    室  offline.

   DEFAULT         ᯥ  㬠稢 -
   STORAGE storage ࠬ    ꥪ⮢, ᮧ  ⠡筮
                   ࠭⢥ . ᠭ ᨭ⠪ ࠧ STORAGE

   ONLINE          㪠뢠,  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮   饭
                    ﭨ online.

                                    -- 11 --



   OFFLINE         㪠뢠,  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮   뢥 
                   offline   (IMMEDIATE),   ᫥ ⮣, 
                   ⥪騥 짮⥫      (NORMAL).

   BEGIN BACKUP    ᯥ,  䠩 , ⠢騥  ࠭⢮
                    ᪮஢ ⥬ 楤ன backup.  
                          ; 짮⥫
                    த   .    ࠡ
                   ॡ ⠪ ࠢ騩 䠩  䠩 ୠ.

   END BACKUP      㪠뢠  襭 楤 - ⥬ ஢.

砭       २  䠩()  室  믮
ᯮ짮    ᫥騥 蠣:
             1. ॢ ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  offline.
             2. २ 䠩  ஢ 樮 ⥬
             3. २ 䠩    ALTER TABLESPACE.
             4.  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  online.

ਬ  ⮡ ᨣ஢    砫  樨 ஢,
         :
               ALTER TABLESPACE ACCOUNTING BEGIN BACKUP

⮡ ᨣ஢,  backup 訫, :
               ALTER TABLESPACE ACCOUNTING END BACKUP

,  믮 backup    ⨢ ⠡筮 ࠭⢥.
 offline backup  ॡ   娢஢ 䠩 ୠ ୮
믮.

                ALTER USER

祭    ᫥騥  ࠪ⨪  짮⥫
              :
             * ஫
             * 㬠稢 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  ᮧ ꥪ⮢
             * 㬠稢 ६ ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  ६
               ᥣ⮢, ᮧ   - ⥫.

।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA
⠪    ALTER USER username [IDENTIFIED BY password]
             [DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace]
             [TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace]

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
      username          饣  騩  짮⥫ 
                       .
      password          ஫   짮⥫

      DEFAULT          ᯥ 㬠稢 ⠡筮
      TABLESPACE       ࠭⢮  ᮧ ꥪ⮢.

      TEMPORARY        ᯥ 㬠稢 ⠡筮
      TABLESPACE       ࠭⢮  ᮧ ६ ᥣ⮢.




                                    -- 12 --



砭  ஫ 짮⥫    ⠪   -
ᯮ짮-    GRANT. 稢 ⠡筮 -
          ࠭⢮  짮⥫ .. ⠪  祭 짮⥫
             ਢ RESOURCE  ⠡筮 ࠭⢠ ( ᫨ o ࢮ
             ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  ஬ ।⠢ ⠪
             ਢ). ६  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ ..  ⠭
             ⠪    ।⠢  짮⥫ ਢ RESOURCE 
             ࢮ ࠭⢠.
ਬ           짮⥫ SCOTT ஫  LION  祭 
             ⢥ 㬠稢 - ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ TSTEST, :

             ALTER USER SCOTT
             IDENTIFIED BY LION
             DEFAULT TABLESPACE TSTEST

                AUDIT (ଠ I)

祭   롮 権 ॣ樨 㯠   .

।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA

⠪    AUDIT {system_option [,system_option]... | ALL]
             WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL]

祢 ᫮ system_option    権: DBA, CONNECT, NOT
 ࠬ                   EXISTS  RESOURCE.

             ALL              ⥭ ᯨ  ᫥ 権.
                               㬮砭  ॣ ᨬ
                               ⮣, ᯥ譮    - .

             WHENEVER         㪠뢠,  SQL -  
             SUCCSESSFUL      ॣ஢ ⮫쪮   ᯥ譮
                              襭.

             WHENEVER NOT     㪠뢠,  SQL -  -
             SUCCSESSFUL       ॣ஢ ⮫쪮   ਩
                              襭.

砭   ଠ ॣ樨 㯠     DBA
ᯮ짮-  ᫥ ᫥騥 ⢨:

       * 祭  ⪫祭 짮⥫    ( CONNECT)
       * , ॡ騥 ਢ RESOURCE, ਬ ⠪, 
         ᮧ ꥪ  
       * , ॡ騥 ਢ DBA
       * , 訢訥  訡 ORA-942 "table
         or view does not exist" ( NOT EXIST).

        㯠    ஢ ⥬ 砥   ࠬ
       AUDIT_TRAIL 䠩 INIT.ORA.  ᨬ  ⮣,  祭 ॣ
        , SQL -  AUDIT 㤥 믮 ࠢ쭮. ᫨ -
        ⢮,    ୠ   ,  ⨢
       砥 - .





                                    -- 13 --



         ॣ樨  १   ⠡ ᫮ .  
       १ ⮣    ஢   ᭮ 
       .  ᫨ ⠡ ॣ樨  ᫮  ࠧ, 
        娢஢   ॣ樨 㯠   㤠  
       ⠡.   ⠡ ᫮    .

       ,   ஢ DDL  DML ନ "- 襭"  砥
       襭 "䠧 ࠧ" (, ᬮ ᫮, ஢ઠ
       ᭮) ⭮⥫쭮  믮 (execution).  
       ,   rollback   㤠  ப   ୠ
       ॣ樨 㯠.

       ᫨    ।    WHENEVER  SUCCSESSFUL,   WHENEVER NOT
       SUCCSESSFUL,  SQL -  ॣ-  ᨬ  
       襭.

ਬ
 ॣ樨 ᯥ ᮢ ᮢ :
       AUDIT RESOURCE WHENEVER SUCCSESSFUL

 ॣ樨 ᯥ ⮪ 㯠    :
       AUDIT CONNECT  WHENEVER NOT SUCCSESSFUL

                AUDIT (ଠ II)


祭    ॣ 㯠  ⠪  ꥪ⠬   , 
             ⠡  .

।뫪   ॣ樨 ꥪ⮢      楬, 
              ਢ  DBA.    DEFAULT ॡ ਢ DBA.

⠪    AUDIT {table_option [,table_option]... | ALL}
             ON { [user.]table | DEFAULT}
             [BY {SESSION | ACCESS}]
             [WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL]

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
     table_option      ⠡ ਥ ᫥騥 樨 AUDIT, COMMENT,
                      DELETE, GRANT, INDEX, INSERT, LOCK, RENAME, SELECT,
                      UPDATE.
                       ஢ ਥ ᫥騥 樨 AUDIT, COMMENT,
                      INSERT, DELETE, GRANT, LOCK, RENAME, SELECT, UPDATE.

                       ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ਥ 樨 ALTER, AUDIT,
                      GRANT, SELECT.   ᨭ ਥ   樨, 
                        ⠡ (⠪   ⢨ ॠ쭮 ந 
                      ⠡栬).

     ALL               ਬ  祭  ਥ 権.
     username           ⠡
     table             ⠡, , ᫥⥫쭮  ᨭ,
                      騩   ⠡.

     DEFAULT        ᯥ,  ᮧ ᫥⢨ ⠡ 
                    ॣ஢,  㪠  table_option (⠭
                    ⥬ 樨 ॣ樨 㯠).

                                    -- 14 --



     BY SESSION       㪠뢠,   ᥠ 㤥 ᮧ-  ⮫쪮  
                         ⨯ ॣ㥬 㯠
     BY ACCESS         㤥 ᮧ   ⪨ 㯠
                       ⨯.

砭  ࠧ BY  । ⥯ ⠫樨 ॣ-
ᯮ짮-   ஫ 㯠,  㪠뢠     
          뢠    AUDIT_TRAIL.  BY SESSION  
             ⮬,   । ⨯ 㯠 ਬ  ꥪ 
             .  BY ACCESS ।,  ॣ 㤥 믮
             ⠪  ,   ⢫     㯠.

              ᮡ  ࠧ  , 祬 㣨
             (ਬ - 筮 DML -  믮  , 
             GRANT).    ⠫쭠 ॣ, ⥬ 襥 ⢮
             ᥩ , ⠪    ஠஢,  
               ॣ஢.

              ० BY SESSION    ⠡   
                ᥣ ᥠ 짮⥫.  ࠭ SQL -
              뢠  ,   ᥩ 
             ⠡ AUDIT_TRAIL.  ⢮ ⠪   
               ᫠ ᯥ  㤠 ⮪ 믮 ஢
             । ⨯. ⢨ ࠧ BY ... 砥  㬮砭
             BY SESSION.

              ०  BY  ACCESS  ॣ㥬 SQL -  ⬥ 
             AUDIT_TRAIL      (⠢ ப).   権 DML
             ப    ᫥ 襭 "䠧 "
             .

ਬ   ॣ樨  ᥠᮢ,    뫨 ᯥ ⪨
        㯠  ⠡ EMP, :
             AUDIT ALL ON EMP WHENEVER NOT SUCCSESSFUL

 ॣ樨    ⪨  ⠢ ப   䨪樨  ⮩ 
⠡, :
             AUDIT INSERT, UPDATE ON EMP BY ACCESS

                CREATE DATABASE

祭       ﬨ:

       * ⠭  ᨬ쭮  ⢠  ஢, 䠩  
          䠩 ୠ ୮ - 
       * 㪠   ࠧ஢    䠩 -  ୮
         믮
       * 롮 ०  ᯮ짮  ୠ  (ARCHIVELOG  NOARCHIVELOG)
       *  ᫥    㯭   ࠧ塞,  
         ᪫⥫쭮 ०.

।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA
        ।०:   ⮢    砫쭮
        ᯮ짮      -  .

⠪    CREATE DATABASE [database]
                 [CONTROLFILE REUSE]
                 [MAXLOGFILES integer ]

                                    -- 15 --



                 [DATAFILE filespec [,filespec] ...]
                 [MAXDATAFILES integer ]
                 [MAXINSTANCES integer ]
                 [ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG]
                 [SHARED | EXCLUCIVE]

祢 ᫮ database       砥 饥    祬
 ࠬ          쬨 ᨬ   .  稢  
                     ᯥ  ࠬ DB_NAME 䠩 INIT.  ORA.
                        ஢  ࠢ饬 䠩  
                     ஢  .

    filespec         ᯥ䨪 䠩    ଥ:
                     'filename' [SIZE integer [K|M][REUSE]

    integer          㪠뢠 ⢮ ⮢. ⢨ ⮣ ࠬ
                     ।  㬮砭 ᯮ짮 䠩 
                     ࠧ஬ 10 ⮢  ୠ ॣ樨 -  500
                     ⮢. ᫨ 㪠 "", integer 㬭  1024,
                     "" -  1048576.

    REUSE            㪠뢠,   ୮ ᯮ  騥
                     䠩, ଠ    ࠧ蠥.

    CONTROLFILE      㪠뢠,  騥  ࠢ-
    REUSE            騥 䠩, ᯥ㥬 ࠬ஬ CONTROL_FILES
                     䠩 INIT.ORA,  ᯮ짮 ୮,  
                     ९뢠   ᮤঠ   ଠ.  
                     ᯮ,   ࢮ ᮧ  .

    LOGFILE          ᯥ      䠩-
    filespec         ,   ᯮ짮  ୠ ୮
                     믮.  ᫨    㪠,  㬮砭
                     ᮧ  䠩  , 騬  ⭮
                     樮 ⥬.

    MAXLOGFILES      ᯥ ᨬ쭮 ⢮ 䠩  ୠ,
                      -  ᯮ짮  ⮩ 
                     .   ᫮  ⠭ ᮫ ,
                     ४뢠 ࠬ LOG_FILES.  ᫮    
                     㢥祭 ஬   ᮧ . 
                     祭 2-256.   㪠 襣 ᫠
                     ⥫     ࠧ ࠢ 䠩.

    DATAFILE         ᯥ       䠩,  
                     ᯮ짮-    ࠭  .  ᫨   㪠,
                     ᮧ  䠩   - , 騬  樮
                     - ⥬.  䠩,  㪠   ⮬ 㬥 
                     ਭ  ⠡- 筮 ࠭ SYSTEM.

    MAXDATAFILES     ᯥ ᨬ쭮    - ⢮ 䠩 
                     ,  -     ᯮ짮.  
                     ᫮  ⠭ ᮫ ,      ४뢠
                     ࠬ DB_FILES.   ᫮     㢥祭
                     ஬   ᮧ-  .  祭 1-255
                          樮  ⥬.    㪠



                                    -- 16 --



                     襣 ᫠ 䠩      - ⥫쭮
                     ⮫쪮  ࠧ ࠢ 䠩. 稢 祭
                     32.

    MAXINSTANCES     㪠뢠 ᨬ쭮   ⢮ ஢, 
                     ६  ஢  뢠 .  
                     ᫮  ⠭ ᮫ , ४뢠 ࠬ
                     INSTANCES  祭 1-255.

    ARCHIVELOG       ᯥ 砫  ०  -
    NOARCHIVELOG     짮 䠩  ୠ ୮ 믮.  
                     ..     ALTER DATABASE.   㬮砭
                     ਭ NOARCHIVELOG,  砥 ୮ ᯮ짮
                      䠩   ।⥫쭮 娢஢; ⠪
                     ୠ  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⠭
                         ᯮ  ⠭ ⥫.
                     ARCHIVELOG 砥,   ।   ᯮ짮
                     䠩 ୠ  娢஢,    
                      ਬ  ⠭   , ⠪ 
                     ⥫.

    SHARED           ᯥ,   㤥  -
    EXCLUSIVE          ᫥ 襭 ᮧ. ਬ ⮫쪮
                      ⮣  (ᠬ ࢮ); ᫥ ᮧ 
                           STARTUP ⨫
                     SQL*DBA   , 뢠饣  .
                     SHARED ।,  ᪮쪮 ஢ 
                            , EXCLUSIVE - ⮫쪮 .


砭   CREATE DATABASE 㤥 㤠   
ᯮ짮-  㪠 䠩    ⮢   -
          砫쭮 ᯮ짮.   ⥫쭮,  ᫨   
             ਬ  饩   ,  ᮤঠ 㤥
             ﭮ.

ਬ      ⮡ ᮧ    ,  ᯮ 㬠稢 祭 
              㬥⮢, :

             CREATE DATABASE

   㪠 㬥⮢:
             CREATE DATABASE NEWTEST
                 CONTROLFILE REUSE
                 LOGFILE LOGONE.LOG 50000, LOGTWO.LOG 50000
                 MAXLOGFILES 5
                 DATAFILE 'DBONE.DAT' 100000
                 MAXDATAFILES 10
                 MAXINSTANCES 2
                 ARCHIVELOG
                 SHARED

                CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT

祭    ᥣ ⪠, 㪠  :




                                    -- 17 --



             * ᬮ  ᮧ  ᥣ  ।   
               (PUBLIC),   ⮫쪮  ஢,
                      ᢮   䠩 INIT.ORA (private).
             * ⠡筮 ࠭⢮, ᮤঠ饥 ᥣ
             * ࠬ 

।뫪  ॡ ਢ  DBA    ਢ  RESOURCE  㪠
             ⠡筮 ࠭⢠.

⠪    CREATE [PUBLIC] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
               [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
               [ STORAGE storage ]

祢 ᫮ PUBLIC         ᫨ 㪠,   ⮬,  -
 ࠬ                    ᥣ ⪠ 㤥 騬, ..  㯭
                               ᯮ짮  ஬.᫨ 饭,
                              ᥣ 㤥 .
             rollback_segment ࠢ 䨪 ORACLE -
                                30 ᨬ.
             TABLESPASE        ⠡筮 ࠭⢮,  -
             tablespace       ஬ 㤥 ᮧ ᥣ.  㬮砭
                              ਭ SYSTEM.
             STORAGE storage  ᯥ ࠬ ।  
                              ᥣ ⪠. ࠢ  .  ᠭ
                              ࠧ STORAGE.
砭    ᥣ    ⠡筮  ࠭
ᯮ짮-  ᫥    ﭨ online.   ⠡-
           ࠭⢥   ᪮쪮 ᥣ⮢  ⪠.  饬
             砥,  ᪮쪮  ᥣ⮢ ⪠ 㢥稢
             ந⥫쭮.

ਬ      ⮡ ᮧ  ᥣ ⪠  ⠡筮 ࠭⢥ SYSTEM,
             :

             CREATE PUBLIC ROLLBACK SEGMENT RBS_2
             TABLESPACE SYSTEM
             STORAGE (
                 INITIAL 50000
                 INCREMENT 50000
                 MAXEXTENTS 10
             )

                CREATE TABLESPACE

祭    ⠡筮 ࠭⢮, 稢:
             *  䠩, ⠢  ࠭⢮
             * 㬠稢 ࠬ 
             * 㤥  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ ᫥ ᮧ  online 
               offline.
।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA

⠪    CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace
                 DATAFILE {filespec [,filespec] ...}
                  [DEFAULT STORAGE storage]
                  [ONLINR | OFFLINE]




                                    -- 18 --



祢 ᫮ tablespace     䨪 ORACLE   30
 ࠬ                   ᨬ ᯮ  
                               ⠡筮 ࠭.

                              ଥ:
                              filename [SIZE integer [K|M][REUSE]
             integer          㪠뢠 ⢮ ⮢. ⢨ ⮣
                              ࠬ ।  㬮砭 ᯮ짮
                              䠩  ࠧ஬ 10 ⮢  ୠ -
                              樨 -  500 ⮢. ᫨ 㪠 "",
                              integer 㬭  1024, "" -  1048576.

             REUSE            㪠뢠,   ୮ ᯮ 
                              騥 䠩, ଠ   
                              ࠧ蠥.

             DATAFILE         । 䠩  䠩, ⠢騥 ⠡筮
                              ࠭⢮. 筠 ᯥ䨪 䠩 
                               樮 ⥬.

             DEFAULT          㬠稢 ࠬ  
             STORAGE           ꥪ⮢,  ᮧ   ⮬ ࠭⢥.
                              稢 祭   
                              樮 ⥬.  ᠭ ࠬ஢
                               .  ࠧ STORAGE.

             ONLINE            ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ ᮮ⢥-
             OFFLINE          ⢥ 㯭  㯭.  砭 -
                              ONLINE - 砥,  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮
                              ⠭ 㯭 짮⥫, 騬 -
                                 ,  .   ᫮
                               DBA_TABLESPACES 뢠 
                               ⠡筮 ࠭⢠.

砭  筮 ࠭⢮  楩 ஢
ᯮ짮-  /⠭   .   ᮤন ᥣ
           ⠡,  ᮢ,  ᥣ ⪠  ६.   
                ࠩ   ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ SYSTEM,
             ஥ ᮧ   ᮧ-   .  ᨬ 
             ⮣,   - ﭨ 室 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮,  
               䠩 樮 ⥬. 筮,  ..
             㤠  ᨬ  ﭨ (online  offline),    
             ४ । ⬥ 뢮 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  
             offline.  ⨬  ࠭,     襭- 
             ࠭権   ⠡筮 ࠭⢥.

             । ᮧ ண ⠡筮 ࠭⢠  ᮧ
             ன ᥣ ⪠.   ᫥ ⠡ ࠭
             ᮧ ⥫ ᥣ ⪠  易⥫쭮.
ਬ       ⮡ ᮧ ⠡筮 ࠭⢮, 饥   䠩,
             :

             CREATE TABLESPACE TABSPACE_2
             DATAFILE 'TABSPACE_FILE2.DAT' SIZE 20M
             DEFAULT STORAGE (
                INITAL 10K NEXT 50K
                MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS 999


                                    -- 19 --



                PCTINCREASE 10
             )
                ONLINE

                DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT


祭    㪠 ᥣ ⪠
।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA

⠪    DROP [PUBLIC] ROLLBACK SEGMENT segment

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
             PUBLIC            㪠뢠   ᥣ⮢ ⪠.
             segment          ᯥ  饣 ᥣ ⪠.

砭   ⬥ ⮫쪮  ᥣ  ⪠,    
ᯮ짮-  饥 ६    ᯮ.    ।
           ᯮ짮 ᥣ  ⪠     ᫮
               ⮫ STATUS  ᫮  DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS.
             ᫨ ᥣ ⪠ ᯮ,     襭
             ࠭権,  ᯮ  ᥣ,   ⠭  
             ᯮ짮 㬥 IMMEDIATE  ⥬ ⮢   ०
             EXCLUSIVE.   ,  뫠 । ᥣ ⪠,
             頥  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮.

ਬ       ⬥ 饣 ᥣ ⪠ ACCOUNTING :

             DROP PUBLIC ROLLBACK SEGMENT ACCOUNTING

                        DROP TABLESPACE

祭... 㪠  ⠡筮 ࠭⢠, 㤠 室騥 
              ꥪ,  ਬ -  ⠡  ( 易⥫쭮).

।뫪..ॡ ਢ DBA. 筮 ࠭⢮  室
               online, ⠪   offline.

⠪    DROP TABLESPACE tablespace [INCLUDING CONTENTS]
祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
             tablespace       㪠뢠 饥 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮   .
                              筮 ࠭⢮ SYSTEM 㤠  
                              .
             INCLUDING        ᯥ,  ⠡筮 -
             CONTENTS         ࠭⢮   㤠  ᫨ ᮤন
                              . ᫨  㬥 饭,  ࠭⢮
                               ᮤন ꥪ⮢,  㤠.  ᫨ 
                              㬥 饭,  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮
                              ᮤন ,   㤠.

砭  ᫨ ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  㤠 - -
ᯮ짮-  ,  짮⥫   室騬   
          ⠡栬, ᠬ,  ६ ᥣ⠬  ᥣ⠬ ⪠,
             室 ।⥫쭮 뢥   ﭨ offline.



                                    -- 20 --



ਬ       㤠  ⠡筮  ࠭⢠ MFRG   
             ᮤন, :

             DROP TABLESPACE MFRG INCLUDING CONTENTS

                GRANT (ଠ I)

祭   ।⠢    

।뫪   ᪫祭  ,    짮⥫   ᢮
             ᮡ⢥ ஫, ॡ ਢ DBA.

⠪    GRANT database_priv [,database_priv] ...
               TO user [,user] ...
             [ IDENTIFIED BY password [,password] ...]

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
        database_priv    ᯥ   ᪮쪮 ਢ 
                         : CONNECT, DBA, RESOURCE.

        user                饥  짮⥫ 
                         . ᫨   㦥  ,⮣ 
                         ᯮ  ।⠢ ਢ. ᫨ 
                         ⠪ 짮⥫ ,    
                         ᯥ஢묨 ਢﬨ.

        password         ᯥ ஫   짮⥫.
                         ᮪ 짮⥫  ஫  ᮤঠ
                          ⢮ ⮢.  㬥
                         ᯮ   祭 ஫ 
                          짮⥫,    
                         .  ஫ 易⥫쭮   
                         ᫨  GRANT ᯮ  
                         ਢ 騬 짮⥫.

砭  ਢ CONNECT    (⠭)    
ᯮ짮-    짮⥫.    ਢ, 
                ࠡ  ꥪ⠬,  
               ਢ  . ਬ -   짮⥫ 
             믮   ⠡ ᫮  DICTIONARY.  
             ਢ CONNECT, 짮⥫  ᮧ ,  ᨭ
               裡.

             ਢ RESOURCE ࠧ蠥 짮⥫ ᮧ ꥪ 
             , : ⠡, ,   ᫥⥫쭮.
              ଠ   GRANT RESOURCE   ࠭稢 ਢ 
             ᠬ   ⠡ ࠭.  ࠡ  ।
             묨 ࠭⢠ ᯮ ମ II  GRANT.

             ਢ DBA  짮⥫    ⠭
             ਢ, ॡ㥬  ࠡ  ꥪ⠬  .  ஬
             ⮣, ਢ DBA  ࠧ蠥 짮⥫ 믮
             ।  ⢨   ,  ਬ:
             CREATE TABLESPACE  CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT.




                                    -- 21 --



 ਢ DBA, 짮⥫ :
             * 믮  SELECT   ⠡  
             * ᮧ ꥪ  㣨 짮⥫
             * ⬥ ꥪ 㣨 짮⥫,  ⠡-
               , , ᨭ   裡
             * ।⠢ ࠧ ਢ
             * ᮧ 騥 (PUBLIC) ᨭ  裡
             * 믮  ᯮ/  

ਬ       ।⠢  짮⥫  SCOTT     ஫ TIGER 
                  ᮧ ⠡,  ᫥ :

             GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO SCOTT IDENTIFIED BY TIGER

              SCOTT   ᮧ  ꥪ    ⠡筮 ࠭⢥
             SYSTEM.

             ⮡ ।⠢ ਢ DBA 㦥 饬 짮⥫
             SCOTT,  ᫥ :

             GRANT DBA TO SCOTT

              ஫   易⥫쭮, ⠪  SCOTT - 㦥
             騩 짮⥫  .

             짮⥫ SCOTT      ᢮  ஫  COWSLIP,
              ᫥ :
             GRANT CONNECT TO SCOTT IDENTIFIED BY COWSLIP

                        GRANT (ଠ II)

祭   ।⠢      (⠡筮
             ࠭)     ࠭祭  ꥬ
             ,  砥  짮⥫   ࠡ.
।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA.

⠪    GRANT RESOURCE [ (quota [K|M]) ]
             ON tablespace
             TO { PUBLIC | user [,user] ...}

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ    RESOURCE      㪠뢠  ,  ᯨ᮪ 짮- ⥫ 
                              ᮧ ꥪ   ⠡筮
                              ࠭⢥.
             quota            ᯥ  楫 ᫮, ।⠢饥
                              ᮡ ⢮ ⮢ , ஥  
                              ᥡ । 짮⥫. ⢨
                              ࠬ quota 砥 ࠭祭 ᯮ짮
                                ⠡筮 ࠭⢠.
                              祭 0 ⬥  짮⥫ ਢ
                              RESOURCE   ⠡- 筮 ࠭⢠.
                              ᫨  ᫮ ᫥ "",  㬭 
                              1024, ᫨ - "", 㬭  1048576.

             tablespace        饣 ⠡筮 ࠭⢠ user
                              ᯥ 饣 짮⥫.



                                    -- 22 --



                              祢 ᫮ PUBLIC 砥 ।⠢
                              ਢ    ⠡筮
                              ࠭⢠ ᥬ 짮⥫  .

砭  ଠ II   GRANT ।⠢  ࠢ
ᯮ짮-   ମ I  ⥫  .  ᯮ짮
          ன  ।⥫쭥, ⠪  DBA  ⥫
               ࠢ  ।    .

ਬ       ᫨  - DBA,    ।⠢  짮⥫ SCOTT
               ᯮ짮 ᨬ쭮 - 10 ⮢  
             ⠡筮  ࠭⢥  FINANCE,  ᫥ :

             GRANT RESOURCE (10M) ON FINANCE TO SCOTT

                GRANT (ଠ III)

祭   ।⠢ ࠧ ⨯ 㯠  ꥪ⠬  , ⠪
              ⠡,     ᫥⥫- .

।뫪        楬  ꥪ,    GRANT OPTION 
             ⮣ ꥪ   ਢ DBA.

⠪    GRANT {object_priv [,object_priv] ...} | {ALL
                      [PRIVILEGES] } ON [user.]object
               TO { user | PUBLIC } [,user] ...
               [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
      object_priv       ⠡ -  : ALTER, DELETE, INDEX, INSERT,
                       REFERENCES, SELECT, UPDATE.
                        ஢-  : DELETE,INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE.
                        ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ALTER  SELECT.
                       ਢ UPDATE  ࠭稢 
                         । ⮫殢. ⠪ ⮩
                       ਢ ᫥騩:  GRANT UPDATE (column [,column]
                       ...) ...
      column           ᯥ ⮫ ⠡
      ALL PRIVILEGES    祢 ᫮ 筮   ਢ
                       object_priv.
      ON [user.]object ᯥ ⠡,   ᨭ,  
                        ਢ.
      TO user          㪠뢠 짮⥫(),  ।⠢
                       ਢ.
      PUBLIC           ।⠢  짮⥫  ,  ⠪ -
                        짮⥫,  ।⠢ 㪠-
                        ਢ.
      WITH GRANT       㪠뢠,  짮⥫, -
      OPTION            ।⠢ ਢ,   ᢮ ।
                       ।⠢  㣨 짮⥫.

砭   ᥣ   ਢ      
ᯮ짮-  ⠡.
          ALTER - ਢ    믮    ALTER TABLE.
             DELETE - ਢ  㤠 ப  ⠡.
             INDEX - ਢ  ᮧ   ⠡.
             INSERT - ਢ  ⠢ ப  ⠡.

                                    -- 23 --



             REFERENCES - ਢ  뫪  ⠡  ⠡.
             SELECT -  ਢ     ⠡.  ⮡ ࠭
                     । ⮫殢  ⠡,
             ᮧ   ᭮  ⮫殢   ।⠢
             ਢ     ⮣ .
             UPDATE - ਢ  䨪 ப   ⠡.
                ⮫쪮  ⮫,   㪠.
             ਢ, ।⠢ । 짮⥫  
                ⮬ ਢ PUBLIC.  ਬ, ᫨ Scott
             ।⠢  Blake ਢ SELECT  ⠡ EMP,   ⠪
             ।⠢     ਢ ᥬ   (PUBLIC),    ⬥
             ਢ PUBLIC   ⬥ ਢ  Blake,    -
                童 PUBLIC.  ࠭稢    ⠡
              ०  ᥣ ᮧ    ஢  ।⠢
             ਢ  ஢.

              GRANT  ᨭ ८ࠧ   ਢ 
             ᮮ⢥騬 ꥪ⠬.
᫥⥫쭮
              ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫쭮 -, ஬ 
             室 ।⠢    ਢ SELECT. ⢥⢥
             - ਢ ALTER ।祭  믮 
             ᫥⥫쭮  ALTER SEQUENCE. ਢ 
             ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫쭮   ।  㣮
             짮⥫, 㪠 ࠧ WITH GRANT OPTION.

             ORACLE  ।,    ।⠢ ࠢ 㯠 
             ᫥⥫쭮,      ⠡,  ⠪   ꥪ
             (᫥⥫쭮,  ⠡, ,   )
             짮⥫     ࠧ .

ਬ       ⮡ ।⠢  ࠢ      ⠡ BONUS
             짮⥫ JONES   ।⠢ ਢ
             㣨 짮⥫, :

             GRANT ALL ON BONUS TO JONES WITH GRANT OPTION

              ࠧ襭 ᥬ 짮⥫    
             ⠡ GOLF_HANDICAP, :

             GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON GOLF_HANDICAP TO PUBLIC

ਬ ᫥⥫쭮
          ⮡ ।⠢   ᫥⥫쭮 ESSEQ 짮⥫
          ELLY 짮⥫ BLAKE,   믮 ᫥騩 SQL-:

             GRANT SELECT ON ESSEQ TO BLAKE

              BLAKE   ஢   ᫥-
             ⥫쭮 짮⥫ ELLY ⠪ :

             SELECT ELLY.ESSEQ.NEXTVAL FROM DUAL

                NOAUDIT (ଠ I)

祭    筮  ⢨  AUDIT (ଠ II).

।뫪   ଠ  NOAUDIT ॡ ਢ DBA.

                                    -- 24 --



⠪    NOAUDIT {system_option [,system_option]... | ALL}
                  [WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL]

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
             system_option      ᫥ ⥬ 権:
                              CONNECT,DBA,NOT EXISTS,RESOURCE.
             ALL               ⥬ 樨
             WHENEVER         㪠뢠,  ⮪஢
             [NOT]              몫祭. ᫨ ࠧ
             SUCCSESSFUL      WHENEVER 饭, 몫砥  ᯥ譮, ⠪ 
                              ਩ 襭.

砭    ᠭ ⥬ 権   -
ᯮ짮-   AUDIT.

ਬ       ४饭 ⮪஢ ᯥ譮  ᮢ,
             :
             NOAUDIT RESURCE WHENEVER SUCCSESSFUL

                NOAUDIT (ଠ II)
----------
祭   筠       ⬥  ⢨   AUDIT, 
             ⠪ 樨  DEFAULT    ⮪஢ 饭  ⠡.

।뫪     楬 ꥪ,  ஬ ਬ 
             NOAUDIT.    ⢨  DEFAULT 室
              ਢ DBA.

⠪    NOAUDIT {option [,option]... | ALL}
               ON {object | DEFAULT }
               [WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL]

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
     option            ⠡: ALTER,AUDIT,COMMENT,
                      DELETE,GRANT,INDEX,INSERT,LOCK,REN-
                      AME,SELECT,UPDATE.
                       ஢: AUDIT,DELETE,GRANT,
                      INSERT,LOCK,RENAME,SELECT,UPDATE.
                       ᫥⥫쭮⥩: ALTER,
                      AUDIT,GRANT,SELECT.

                       ᨭ ਬ 樨, -
                      ⢥騥 ᭮ ꥪ⠬.
     ALL               ⨬ 樨
     object            ⠡,   ᫥⥫쭮,
                      楬 ன  .
     DEFAULT          뫠  㬠稢 樨, ।塞 DBA 
                       ᮧ ⠡. DEFAULT  ਬ 
                      ஢  ᨭ.
     WHENEVER         㪠뢠,  ⮪஢
     [NOT]              몫祭. ᫨ ࠧ
     SUCCSESSFUL      WHENEVER 饭, 몫砥  ᯥ譮, ⠪ 
                      ਩ 襭.




                                    -- 25 --



砭  NOAUDIT 㪠뢠      ORACLE          ४饭
ᯮ짮-  ⮪஢ 㯠  ⠡  .  
           DDL,  NOAUDIT  ஬ 믮塞 ⢨
               뢠 ࠭.

ਬ       ४饭 ⮪஢ ⮪ 䨪樨 ⠡ EMP,
             :

             NOAUDIT UPDATE ON EMP

             ⮡ ४      㤠  饭  ⠡ EMP,
              ᫥ :

             NOAUDIT ALL ON EMP WHENEVER NOT SUCCSESSFUL

                REVOKE (ଠ I)

祭   ⬥ ਢ         ᪮쪨
             짮⥫.
।뫪  ॡ ਢ DBA.

⠪    REVOKE { [CONNECT] [,RESOURCE] [,DBA] } FROM user [,user] ...

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
             user             騩 짮⥫.
             CONNECT,         ਢ,    -
             RESOURCE,        . 祭  㬥⮢
             DBA               筮 ᮢ   GRANT


砭   REVOKE  蠥 ᯥ譮  ᫨  -
ᯮ짮-   ਢ,  ⠫ ⬥.
          REVOKE     - ꥪ,  楬 
               짮⥫.  ਬ, ⬥ ਢ CONNECT
              짮⥫ Blake      ⠡ SALES.
             ⠫ 짮⥫, -  稢訥  ࠢ 㯠 
             ⮩ ⠡,   த    ᯮ짮.  ᫨ Blake
                     ,    ࠭ ࠢ
             ᮡ⢥   ꥪ.  ⮣ ᫥ ४
             㤠 ꥪ 짮⥫, ० 祬 ⬥ ਢ
             CONNECT  ⮣ 짮⥫.

ਬ       ⮡ ⬥    짮⥫ SCOTT  JOLLY_ROGER 
             RESOURCe, :

             REVOKE RESOURCE FROM SCOTT, JULLY_ROGER

                REVOKE (ଠ II)

祭   ⬥ ਢ   ᯮ짮   ।
             ⠡筮 ࠭⢥.
।뫪  室 ਢ DBA.

⠪    REVOKE space_privilege ON tablespace
             FROM user [,user] ...



                                    -- 26 --



祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
             space_privilege   ਢ RESOURCE.  
                              ⮫쪮 ਢ  ᯮ짮
                              .
             tablespace       饥 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮,
                               ஬ 짮⥫ 뫠 ।-
                              ⠢ ਢ RESOURCE.
             user             騩 짮⥫, ࠭ - 稢訩
                              ਢ RESOURCE   ⠡筮
                              ࠭⢠.

砭   ଠ    REVOKE  ⡨ࠥ   짮⥫
ᯮ짮-   ᮧ ꥪ   㪠 ⠡筮
          ࠭⢥.  㣨 ꥪ   ᮧ
             짮⥫    ⠡筮  ࠭⢥,   騥
               । ⥫ .

ਬ       ⮡ ⮡    짮⥫  SCOTT   ᮧ
             ꥪ  ⠡筮 ࠭⢥ SYSTEM, 믮 SQL - :

             REVOKE RESOURCE ON SYSTEM FROM SCOTT

             ।騩  ⥭ ᫥饬:

             GRANT RESOURCE(0) ON SYSTEM TO SCOTT

                REVOKE (ଠ III)

祭   ⬥ ਢ 짮⥫    ।-
              ⠡栬, ࠬ  ᫥⥫쭮.

।뫪       楬  ꥪ    
             ।⠢ ਢ    ᯮ짮 WITH GRANT
             OPTION.

⠪    REVOKE { object_priv [,object_priv]... | ALL }
             ON [user.]object
             FROM { user | PUBLIC } [,user]...

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
             object_priv       ⠡ -  : ALTER,DELETE,
                              INDEX,INSERT,REFERENCES,SELECT, UPDATE.
                            ஢-  : DELETE,INSERT, SELECT,UPDATE.
                               ᫥⥫쭮⥩ ALTER  SELECT.
             ALL              ⬥  ਢ
             ON object        ᯥ  ⠡,  
                              ᫥⥫쭮,    ⬥
                              ਢ.  ..  襩 ᮡ⢥,
                                    ।⠢
                              ਢ WITH GRANT OPTION.
             user              짮⥫,  ண  ⡨ࠥ
                              ਢ. FROM PUBLIC ⬥ ਢ,
                              ।⠢ ᮮ⢥騬 ࠧ,  
                              ⡨ࠥ ਢ,  ⭮ -



                                    -- 27 --



                              ⥫.
             PUBLIC                 
                              짮⥫.

砭   ଠ  ⬥ ਢ   ⠡ 
ᯮ짮-       ᪮쪨 짮⥫.  ᫨
          짮⥫    । ⠡,
             ।⠢  祬  짮⥫,  㤥 
             ࠭,     짮⥫  ⬥
             ਢ.  ⬥  ਢ  짮⥫ ⮬᪨
             ⬥    짮⥫,   । ਢ.

ਬ        ⬥  짮⥫ JONES ਢ    ⠡
             DEPT10, :

             REVOKE ALTER, DELETE, INSERT, UPDATE
             ON     DEPT10
             FROM JONES

              ⬥   ਢ  DEPT10   짮⥫, 
                 뫨   ।⠢   , 믮 ᫥ :

             REVOKE ALL ON DEPT10 FROM PUBLIC

              ⬥ ਢ 짮⥫ BLAKE  ᫥-
             ⥫쭮 ESSEQ, Elly   :

             REVOKE ALL ON ESSEQ FROM BLAKE

             ᫨  Elly  ਢ DBA,    ⬥ ਢ
             SELECT    ᫥⥫쭮,  ன  Blake, 
             짮⥫ Scott ᫥騬 ஬:

             REVOKE SELECT ON BLAKE.ESSEQ FROM SCOTT

                ࠧ STORAGE

祭   ஢ ࠪ⨪    ࠧ ꥪ⮢ 
             ,  ⠡,   .  SQL -
              ᮤঠ ࠧ  । , 筮 ।-
              祢묨 ᫮ STORAGE  DEFAULT STORAGE.  ⨬
             ࠬ ⭮ ᫥騥:

             CREATE TABLESPACE
             CREATE TABLE
             CREATE CLUSTER
             CREATE INDEX
             CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT   ⠪ ᮮ⢥騥  ALTER
।뫪  .
⠪    STORAGE (
                 [ INITIAL integer ]  [ NEXT integer ]
                 [ MINEXTENTS integer ]  [ MAXEXTENTS integer ]
                 [ PCTINCREASE integer ]
             )

祢 ᫮
 ࠬ
    integer          . ᠭ ᨭ⠪ <integer>.

                                    -- 28 --



    INITIAL             ࢮ ⥭, ।塞 
                     ᮧ ꥪ - 室   ꥪ. 
                     㬮砭 - 砫 ࠧ ⥭ 10240 ⮢.
                     쭮 祭 4096 ⮢,  ᨬ쭮 4095 -
                     ⮢.  祭 㣫  1024 ⠬ (
                     ).

    NEXT             ࠧ    ᫥饣 ।塞
                     ⥭. 砭 10240 ⮢,  - 2048 ⮢,
                     ᨬ - 4095 ⮢.  祭 㣫 
                     1 .

                       祭, ஥  ⠢ ,
                          ᫥饣 ⥭ 
                     ᨬ  祭 ࠬ PCTINCREASE. ᫨
                     ᫥ ࠢ 0,  ᫥騩 ⥭ 㤥 
                      ࠧ, ࠢ NEXT.  ᫨ PCTINCREASE
                     ⥫,  ᫥騩 ᥣ 㤥  ⠪
                     ⢮ 業⮢  ।饣.

    MAXEXTENTS       饥 ⢮ ⥭⮢,  ,  
                      ।.  㬮砭 9999 ⥭⮢.

    MINEXTENTS       饥 ⢮ ⥭⮢, ஥ ..  । 
                     ᮧ ᥣ.   । ࢮ砫
                      襥 ⢮   ᫨  뢭
                     ⪠ ᮮ⢥饣 ࠧ.  砭 1, 
                     砥 ࢮ砫쭮 । ⮫쪮 
                     ⥭.

                     ᫨ MINEXTENTS  1,   믮 
                     CREATE । 㪠 ⢮ ⥭⮢,
                     ᭮뢠  祭 ࠬ஢ INITIAL, NEXT,
                     PCTINCREASE.

    PCTINCREASE      業,   㤥   ।塞
                     ⥭  ࠢ  ।騬. ᫨ ࠬ
                     PCTINCREASE ࠢ ,  ⥭  
                     ࠧ.  㬮砭 PCTINCREASE ࠢ 50.  祭
                      㢥稢  ᫥饬 ⥭,  
                     筮  ਢ  㬥襭 饣 ᫠
                     ⥭⮢ , ᫥⥫쭮, ᭨ /뢮.

                      ࠧ,   NEXT,  㤥  
                     PCTINCREASE.  㬭 ࠧ ।饣  
                     PCTINCREASE १ 㣫  襣 ᫠,
                     ⭮ ࠧ . PCTINCREASE   
                     ⥫.

砭  ᬮ७ ࠬ     ᪮ -
ᯮ짮-  㯠    , ⠪   䥪⨢ ᯮ-
           .
              ࠬ  STORAGE  ᯮ    । ALTER,
               祭    騥 ⥭.





                                    -- 29 --



ਬ       STORAGE ( INITIAL 100K NEXT 50K
                       MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS 50
                       PCTINCREASE 5
             )

  H              

                     

(ORACLE)/砫    2  
                  ⥭     (⠭ ⮬᪨)

ᨬ/ ⮫ CHAR      255 ᨬ
ᨬ/              ᮫⭮ ।,    ࠧ
                            

ᨬ/ ⮫ LONG      65535 ᨬ
⮫殢/             16 ⮫殢 ᨬ
⮫殢/ ⠡           254 ⮫  ᨬ
⮫殢  ࠦ/     254 ⮫  ᨬ
             ᯨ᮪

⮫殢/              254 ⮫  ᨬ
⮫殢(LONG)/⠡      1  ⮫ LONG
ࠧ  ⥪    ᮫⭮ ।  (1024- 
                            砫 ࠧ ⥭

ࠢ 䠩/      - . ⥫쭮 ४
                              2  ࠧ ன⢠.
ࠧ ࠢ饣 䠩   ࠧ ,  祭  (筮  1)

ࠧ 䠩              ᮫⭮ ,
()                ᠬ  -  500 
ࠧ 䠩            ⥬ᨬ 祭, 筮
(ᨬ)              16   ORACLE
䠩   ⥬       255  祭, 㪠   CREATE
                            DATABASE.  筮 ,   ⮢
                            樮 ⥬.
ᮢ  ⠡          ࠭祭
஢  ⥬,     ⥬ᨬ 祭, 
ࠧ ᪨           ORACLE ।쭮 255
஢  ࠭     ࠭祭
MAXEXTENTS                  ⥬ᨬ 祭

 ᮢ          255 ᮢ

NUMBER (ᨬ쭮 .) 9.99 * 10  24 ⥯
筮                     38    ᫮

䠩 ୠ ୮   255  祭 LOG_FILES 
믮            INIT.ORA  MAXLOGFILES   CREATE DATABASE.
                             筮    ⮢ 樮
                            ⥬.

ࠧ 䠩 ୠ        쭮 - 50 ⮢
ᥣ⮢ ⪠       ࠭祭



                                    -- 30 --



ப  ⠡             ࠭祭
⠡ ࠭      ࠭祭
 

⠡             32
⠡           ࠭祭

 ப (row) . ROWID

娢 (archive)  饬 砥 - ࠭ ,   쭥襬
                ॡ.   ⭮ - ࠭  
               ୠ ୮ 믮  砥, ᫨ ୠ 室
                ⠭ ⥫.    ⨯  娢樨 믮
                  ⨫ SQL*DBA ARCHIVE.

ARCH - process ( ARCH)    䮭 ᮢ, ࠡ 
               ⨯ᮢ ⥬.   믮
               ⮬ 娢 ୠ ୮  믮  
               ᯮ짮 ० ࠡ  ARCHIVELOG.

                 
     ⠡ ᫮   짮⥫᪨ ⠡-
               , ࠪ㥬   楫.

 ⠡ (base table)   ,    -
                 㣨 ⠡. ⨢ .

 (block) ᭮    (䨧᪮    ᪮)
                 ⥬  ORACLE.  ⢮  ,
               । ⠡         ⠡筮
               ࠭⢠, ஬     ਭ.  
                   樮  ⥬ 
               㣮,   ⠪  ⫨  ࠧ 
               樮 ⥬.

  ᥣ (segment header block)    -
                ⥭ ᥣ,  ᮤন ஬ -
               祣 - ᯨ᮪ ⥭⮢  ⮣ ᥣ.

஢     ஢ 짮⥫   -
                ࠭樨    ᯥ祭  ᮣᮢ
                ࠭ﬨ.

஢   (data  locks)  ஢  訢
               짮⥫ﬨ (  ).  ஢ -
                   襭     ०
               ஢.  稥   ।    -
                 MONITOR.

஢  ᫮ (dictionary cache locks)    -
                ७ ஢ ⮢  ᫮.

஢ ࠧ(parse lock)    ⨯ ஢ ᫮-
               , 믮塞   짮⥫, -
                  ⠡栬  SQL - .




                                    -- 31 --



஢ ᫮ (dictionary locks) ஢, 訢 
                 짮⥫,    믮
               ࠬ᪨ ࠧ ஢ (ࠧ塞 -
               ஢  ᫮   ஢ ࠧ)  ,
                믮 DDL -   (᪫⥫
               ஢ ᫮  DDL - ஢).

஢ ⠡筮  ࠭⢠  (tablespace  locks)   
                ⨯ ७ ஢;   믮
                ⠡  ࠭   ᥣ⮢ ⪠ 
               ᯥ祭 ࠭⨨ ࠢ쭮 㯠  ⠡-
                ࠭⢠  ᥣ⠬ ⪠.

஢ ࠭樨 (transaction lock) ஢,  -
                ᬮ    ࠭  MONITOR,
                 ஢ ࠭樥 ப ⠡.

஢  ஢ ᫮  ६ ᥣ.

஢ DDL        ⨯  ஢ ᫮ ,
               訢   짮⥫, 믮-
                 ।  (DDL). DDL - -
               ஢   ᪫⥫묨.  ⨢
               㣮 ⨯ ஢ ᫮ - ஢ -
               ஢.

஢ DML  ஢ 

஢ ࠢ 䠩    ⨯ ७  -
               ஢.   ஢  ⭮    䨧᪨
               䠩 (ࠢ騬, ୠ  )  ᯥ稢-
                 ⥭  䨪  ࠢ쭮 浪.

   (buffers database) ६    -
               饭  ,   ࠡ뢠 -
               ⥫ﬨ  ⥪騩 .

 ୠ ୮ 믮 (buffers redo log) ६
                  饭    ୠ ୮
               믮, ᯮ㥬  饥 ६.

B*-tree (- ॢ) ᮪ந⥫쭠  ᭠  ,
               ᯮ㥬 ⥬ ORACLE  ᮧ  ࠭-
                ᮢ.

 ᮯ஢ (maintenance release) ஥ ᫮  -
               䨪樮     ணࠬ     ᯥ祭
               ORACLE. ਬ  V6.0.10,  0 -  ᨨ ᮯ-
               ஢.

譨  祭 ⮫  ⠡,  뫠饥  
                㣮 ⠡.

७ ஢ ஢ ७    
                䨧᪨   䠩,  ࠭騥  楫⭮
               .   ⨯ ७ ஢:



                                    -- 32 --



               ஢    ᫮,  ஢  ࠢ
               䠩  ୠ,  ஢  ⠡  -
               ࠭  ᥣ⮢ ⪠.

⠭ ⥫ (media recovery) ⠭   砥
               訡 .   訡 ९ -
                    ,  ⠪  ࠧ,  ଠ쭮
               㭪樮஢  .  .  ⠪ "-
                ".

⠭  ⠭  砥 訡  -
                 ணࠬ ᯥ祭.   
               砥,  ணࠬ 蠥 ਩ -
               ணࠬ "窠",  ஢  ࠧ-
               ⥫쭮 ணࠬ  ⢨.  .
               ⠪ "⠭ ⥫".

६ ᥣ (temporary segment) ,  ॡ騩 RDBMS
                 ࠡ;  ६ ᮧ  ।-
                  짮⥫᪮   㭨⮦-
               ,  室    ⯠.  筮
               ६ ࠡ   ᯮ  -
               ஢.

롮ઠ  믮 ,   ன ப, 㤮⢮-
               騥 ᥬ  ᪠, 롨   -
               .

믮 SQL -  (executable) SQL  -  ,  
                饭   .    ਭ-
                  ,   ⠪ DML,DDL  DCL  -
               .

ࠦ (expression)   SQL - .   ⢮-
                 ࠧ WHERE,  ࠧ FROM  ਨ. -
                㭪樨, ⥬᪨ 㭪樨, ਬ-
                 .

ਯ   ,  १ࢨ஢   ,
                ᮤন । ଠ .

⨢ SQL - .  SQL - ,   -
                맮       ,  ᫥⥫쭮,  
                믮  ஬.  ਬࠬ  ⠪
               ஢   :  BEGIN DECLARE SECTION 
               DECLARE CURSOR.  ⨢ SQL -  -
                  ᭮ -  ४  ண-
               ࠬ  PL/SQL.

 -     (access database)    ⨯ -
                    ᯮ짮    .
               DBA   ।⠢   ᪮쪮  
                ਢ (CONNECT, RESOURSE, DBA).

 -  ꥪ   (database object)     
               ⨯  ਢ  ᯮ짮  䨪樨
               ꥪ⮢  , ⠪  ⠡,  


                                    -- 33 --



               . 짮⥫     ।⠢-
                㣨 짮⥫ ࠢ  㯠, ਬ
               - ALTER, DROP, SELECT (   GRANT).

㯠   (access  path)  ,  롨ࠥ RDBMS  롮ન
               ப, 室  믮 SQL - .
               ୠ⨢    롨   ᭮ -
               ⭮ ଠ樨   (ᯥ稢 ࠧ-
                 WHERE),    , ࠩ 砥,  
               ᪠஢ ⠡.

⢥  (single process)  ࠡ    ,
                    ࠧ襭 ⮫쪮  짮⥫.

ୠ ॣ樨  㯠 (audit trail)   ,  
                뢠 ଠ    㯥  (᫨
                 ।⢮  ⢮     ࠬ
               䠩 INIT.ORA),  ⠪ ᫨ 짮⥫  DBA
               ਬ 樨 ॣ樨.   ப, ᮤঠ-
               騥 ଠ  ॣ樨,  ࠭   -
               ⢥  ⠡   ,   ன -
               짮⥫ SYS.

ୠ ୮ 믮  ᫥⥫  ୠ  ⢨,
                室 믮  ᫨  
               ᠭ  .ୠ ⮨      -
                䠩:  娢, 㣮   ६
               - 뢠.    ⥪  䠩  ,
               ன 稭 ᯮ짮 .

 ࠭  (commit)  (   㬥 ᯮ
                ନ "⢥न ࠭" - ਬ. -
               ॢ.)     (,  -
               ,  㤠) ﭭ묨.  ⮣  -
                  ᤥ   (믮      ),
                 ⬥,  ..    
               饭  ।饬  ﭨ.  ᫨  
               짮⥫  믮  COMMIT,  
               ⠭ ﭭ묨.

ᨬ ࠬ ࠬ 䠩 INIT.ORA,     
                짮⥫ﬨ, ⠪   祭 -
               뢠  ᭮ 㣨 ࠬ஢  ⮣ 
               䠩.

 ப (row header)   ப, ᮤঠ -
               ଠ  ᠬ  ப,  ਬ  -  ⢮
               ⥩ ப, ⮫殢  ..


    (closed database)  ,  易 
               ஬ (஢),    . 
                  묨    믮  -
               讣 ᫠ 㭪権   㦨. -
                  ⨣   SQL - -
                ALTER DATABASE.



                                    -- 34 --



 ᫥⥫쭮 ᯮ㥬 ⨯ SQL - ,  ᯮ-
               㥬  롮ન .  筮  稭-
                 १ࢨ஢ ᫮ SELECT.

१ࢨ஢ ᫮   ᫮,   ᯥ樠쭮 -
                 ORACLE RDBMS  ᫥⥫쭮 - 饭-
                   ꥪ⮢  .  ਬ:
               TABLE, NUMBER, DATE, SELECT.

饫 (latch)  ७ ஢,  믮 ⪮-
                 ᮣᮢ  ७  ࠧ塞
               .

祭 null ⢨ 祭   ⮫. 祭 null
               砥,     祭 ⮫ 祣  -
               ⭮.  । 易⥫쭮 稥 -
               祭   ⮫,  ᠢ   ᮧ ⠡
                NOT NULL.

䨪  祭,  ⫨饥    
               㣮,       ࠡ⠥ -
               쪮 ஢. 䨪  ࠧ-
                  樮 ⥬ ᯮᮡ

᪫⥫ ० (EXCLUSIVE mode)  ஢ , -
                ᪫砥    㣮 .  -
               ⥫, 믮訩 ⠪ ஢,  -
               ⥫ ࠢ   .

(Import) ⨫ ⥬ ORACLE,     䠩
               樮 ⥬,  ᮧ ⨫⮩ (Export)
                ⠭    ORACLE.

   (database name)  䨪, ᯮ-
               㥬     .  砥 
                CREATE DATABASE   䠩 INIT.ORA.

 짮⥫ (username) ,  ⭮     㣨
               짮⥫,   䨪   ⠡
               (ਬ -    짮⥫     SCOTT,     ⠡
               SCOTT.EMP).    짮⥫ 樨
                ᥪ ஫,      
               ஢७ ⥬   ᫮   -
                짮⥫  ORACLE.

 易⥫쭠  ,  易  ⠡楩,  
               ᯮ RDBMS  ண ᪠ ப  
                ࠭ 㭨쭮 ப.  짮-
               ⥫   ᮧ   ⬥    
                SQL - ஢.

ᯮ㥬 ⥭ (used extents) ⥭, । 
               ᥣ⮢     ,  ᫥⥫쭮,
                ᮤঠ騥  ᥡ ,   -  -
               ࢨ஢  .




                                    -- 35 --



  (cluster index) ,  ᮧ ᫥ ᮧ
               ,  । 믮  樨 DML.
                 ᮧ  祢 ⮫ -
                ।⢮  CREATE INDEX.

cursor ID  ,   

INTERNAL  짮⥫,  ஥   ᯮ짮  DBA  
               ।     祭     
               (ਬ -  ᮧ ). 㦤  ᯥ-
                ਢ  ᮮ⢥饣  짮⥫
               樮 ⥬.

 (quota) ࠭祭 .  ࠭稢 饥 -
               ⢮ ,  㯭 짮⥫   .

 (caches)  ६ প  ,   -
                      ⥪騩 
               짮⥫ﬨ,  ⠪ ࠭ , 室-
                RDBMS  㦨 짮⥫.

- ணࠬ ORACLE, ᯥ稢    
                 ࠢ쭮 浪.

 ᫮ (dictionary cache)   ᪮쪨 ⨯ ଠ-
               樨 ᫮ ,  ᮤঠ  SGA. ஢-
                ଠ樨  ᪮  ࠡ,  ⠪   
               ॡ 祭 .

 ப (row cache)   SGA,  ᯮ㥬    ࠭
               ப, ᮤঠ
                ᯮ㥬 ଠ ᫮   (
               ண ࠧ SQL - ஢).

 (cluster)  ᮡ  ᮢ⭮ ࠭  ᪮쪨
               ⠡,   ᮤঠ  ଠ   -
               ⥫쭮  ᮢ⭮ ᯮ.

 (client) 騩 ନ  짮⥫,  ਪ  ண-
               ࠬ  ,  㦤  㦨-
               ,   ࠡ⪥ 㣨 ஬ 
               ਫ.

 ଠ,  ᯮ㥬  䨪樨 ப  ⠡.
               筮  祢 ⮫ ᮧ .

  (cluster key)  騥    ਧ  ⠡
               ⮫, 롨ࠥ  ⢥  㯠.

⥭஢   ( ) ,  ᮧ  祬
                 ⮫ ⠡.  ᯮ짮 
               ࠭஢ 㭨쭮   ப ⠡, 
               ⠪ -  ᪮७ 㯠 १  ⮫.

஫쭠 窠 (checkpoint) 窠,  ன  ஢ -
                  뢠   .
               믮,  ⢮  䠩 ୠ


                                    -- 36 --



               ୮ 믮  ⠭ ࠢ ࠬ
               LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL,   ⠪    
               䠩 ୠ (४祭 ୠ).

न     ࠭ ᯫ.

ᢥ ᥣ ⪠ (deferred rollback segment)   -
               , ᮤঠ騩  ,     
               ਬ  ⠡筮 ࠭,  ⠪   
               室   ﭨ  offline.    ⮫쪮  
               ࠭⢮  㤥 ॢ  online, -
                ⪠    ਬ.

 (1)  " ⥪"

 (2)      ࠭ ନ, -
               뢠 ⥪ .

 ᥣ ⪠ (private rollback segment)   ⪠,
                  ᯥ஢   䠩 INIT.ORA ।-
                 ,  ᫥⥫쭮, १ࢨ-
                  .

᪠  ࠡ (logical unit of work) . ࠭.

⠡ ।塞  짮⥫  ।쭮  ⢮  
               ஡   ⮫ ⨯ NUMBER. 뢠
                ᮧ ⠡.

  (database link) ,   樨 ଠ-
               樨 (  ,  㧫    ⮪),  饥
               짮⥫      㣮 .

 ஢  ஢  ப (row level lock manager) 
                ORACLE,       믮
               ஢   ஢  ப  (   ஢ ⠡-
               ),   ᯥ  ᮪  -
                ࠫ쭮 ࠡ  ࠡ⪨ ࠭権.

஢    易    ஬  ORACLE.
                     ⮩  ⮩.  
               ஢     ஢    -
               쭮 ନ஢    ᪮ -
               ,  ஬     ᫥騥
               .   ࠡ  짮⥫   
                  ஢  .    -
               ,   ⮩     
               ⮫쪮 DBA  믮 権   ᮯ஢.

⨯ᮢ ०  (multiplie-processes)   ࠡ 
               , 騩 ࠧ  ᪮쪨  짮⥫.

 ᨨ  (version  number)  ࢮ ᫮  䨪樮
                 ணࠬ த⮢  ORACLE. ਬ
                V6.0.10  6 -  ᨨ.




                                    -- 37 --



ORACLE Program Interface (OPI)  ணࠬ  䥩  
               ஭ ORACLE,  ᯥ稢   -
                ணࠬ 짮⥫  ORACLE.
USER Program  Interface (UPI) 짮⥫᪠  ணࠬ
               䥩, ⢥  ࠧ   
               ணࠬ 짮⥫  ஬ ORACLE  ᯥ-
               祭 ᭮ .

 (view)  ꥪ  ,    ࠪ⮢ 
               ⠡.  । SQL - ஬,  -
                    믮  饭  .

 ⥪  (context  area)    ,    ன
               ORACLE ࠭ ⥪騩 SQL - ,   ᫨ 
                -  ,    ⮫-
               殢 १,   ⠪ -  ப १.
                 "".

ࠡ⪠ ᨢ (array processing) ࠡ⪠ ⮢ , 
                 ப.    ⨫  ORACLE,
               ਬ - Export/Import,   ⠪  ४-
                짮⥫  ⠭  ࠧ ᨢ;
               㢥祭 ࠧ ᨢ  饬 砥 㢥-
                ந⥫쭮.

騩 ᥣ ⪠ (public rollback  segment)    ⪠,
                   ।  ,
               易   . ⨢ "筮
               ᥣ ⪠".

 樨  묨 (DML) ⥣ SQL - ஢,
                  訢     .

 ।    (DDL)  ⥣ SQL - ஢,
                ।  㤠 ꥪ    
               (ਬ - ⠡  ).

 ࠢ  묨  (DCL)  ⥣ SQL - ஢,
                ࠢ 㯮       .

(SQL) "祭 ।"  몥 SQL. 設⢮
               (  ) SQL - ஢  ᯮ묨.
                ஢ 뢠 ࠦﬨ, ࠧ 
               ।⠬.

⨬ (optimizer)   ORACLE RDBMS, । -
               訩   㯠     ᠬ  -
                SQL - .

 ࠡ⪨ ࠭権 (transaction processing option) -
               ⥫쭠 ,  㯭    ORACLE RDBMS
               Version 6,  ।祭  ⥬,  ᭨
               ᢮ ந⥫쭮 - ᮪ ஢ -
               ७樨 ࠭権.

 GRANT        ।   㣨   짮⥫
               ਢ,  ।⠢.    
               ।⠢    GRANT ... WITH GRANT OPTION.

                                    -- 38 --



᭮ (primary key) . ""

⪠ । (roll forward) ୮ 믮   
               . 室    ⠭ ⥫ 
                - ⠭ .  , -
               室   ⪠  ।,  ᮤঠ  䠩
               ୠ ୮ 믮.

⪠   (roll  back)    짮⥫   뤠   
               ROLLBACK,  ⬥  , 믮 
                ࠭樨.

    , 祭    -
               ⮢  ࠡ 짮⥫.

ᮥ  (detached process) - .  .

ODL ⨫  ⥬ ORACLE,  ᯮ㥬  㧪  
               䠩 樮 ⥬   .   -
               ᨨ 6   SQL*Loader.

ࠫ (concurrency) 騩 ନ,  騩 ६
                ᪮쪨  짮⥫     ⥬ 
               .  ணࠬ ᯥ祭    -
               ࠫ ॡ  ணࠬ,  ᯥ-
                饭  짮⥫    ࠢ
               ,   ⠪  -  믮   㦭
               浪.

ࠬ (INIT.ORA)  ⠭    祭,  -
                 䠩 INIT.ORA   뢠 騬
               ஬  ஥  SGA.   -
                 ᯮ짮  ன ந-
               ⥫쭮 ⥬.

६ ࠬ  ࠬ஢ 䠩  INIT.ORA    ப
                    ⥫  ﭨ 
               ந⥫쭮    ORACLE. ன
                ᯥਬ஢  ⨬ ࠬࠬ -
                DBA  楫 襭 ந⥫쭮 ⥬.

饥 ⥭ ,   ன ᪮쪮 ᫥-
               ⥫ ᮢ   ᮣᮢ 
               १⮢ ( ⮬,   砭 -
               ᮢ    뫨 ਮ⠭ ).

祭  ORACLE  (connecting)  (⠪  ᯮ  ନ
               -"ᮥ "    "祭"   - ਬ.
               ॢ.) ⢨  ஢થ   짮⥫ 
               ஫, ᯥ稢饥  ਧ 짮⥫ 
                .

 ᪠஢  ⠡ (full table scan) ⮤ 롮ન -
               ,  ஬ RDBMS ᫥⥫쭮  ᬠ-
                    ⠡ ( ᯮ짮 -
               ᮢ)  롮ન 室 .



                                    -- 39 --



짮⥫ SYS    ⠭ 짮⥫ ⥬ 
               ਢﬨ DBA, ᮧ    .
                짮⥫  묨 ⠡栬  ᫮ .

짮⥫ SYSTEM    ⠭ 짮⥫ -
                 ਢﬨ DBA,  ᮧ      .

 (port) ନ,  ᯮ㥬    樮
               ⥬,   ন ORACLE RDBMS.   
               ६     ଠ樨,  易  
               ORACLE, ୠ    設⢠ ⮢,  
               ଠ   ᨬ  樮-
                ⥬;   ଠ 뢠 -ᯥ-
               筮  ᨬ  樮 ⥬.

᫥⥫  ୠ (log sequence  number)  
               , 騩  । 䠩 ୠ
               (online). 砥 RDBMS  ᯮ DBA 
               ⠭.

।  SQL -  (ࠧ WHERE),  ᯥ稢-
                ਩ 롮ન ப,  頥 ᮬ.
               . ⠪ "ࠦ".

ਢ஢  ⥬  SQL*DBA  ⢮  
               ⨫ SQL*DBA,  ॡ    ⮫쪮   
               ணࠬ,   ᯥ樠    -
               樮 ⥬.      ॡ 襣
               ஢ .

ணࠬ 쭠     (PGA)  ,  ।祭
               ⭮ 짮⥫  .  (⨢-
                PGA).

ணࠬ 䥩 楤 䥩   ,  -
               稢騩  ਪ ணࠬ  짮-
                 RDBMS.

⮪ 裡  (communications protocol)   ⮪ 
               裡  ஢       -
               짮   㣠.  ⮪ ᮤঠ
               ᪮쪮 ணࠬ   ஢   
               ᮥ த  ࠧத .

室 ⪨ (cleanup pass) 室  ᥬ ࠬ SGA,  믮-
               塞 ᮬ PMON   ᢮  ᮢ,
               ঠ  ਩ 訢訬 ᮬ.

ਢ DBA ਢ  ,  ।⠢塞  
                GRANT DBA.   ।⠢ -
               ࠭祭  .

楤   権  (筮  SQL  -  ஢  
               PL/SQL), ।祭  ୮ 믮.





                                    -- 40 --



     "짮⥫".  ⢥  ,
               騩        믮騩 
               .     짮⥫᪨ 
                  䮭 ᮢ,  ᯥ稢 ࠡ
                .

 ࢥ (server processes) ,  믮騥 ࠡ
                  ᮢ  짮⥫.   ⢮
               짮⥫   ᯮ  䮭
                ࢥ:  DBWR,LGWR,SMON,PMON     
               ARCH.

 DBWR    䮭 ᮢ, ᯮ㥬  -
               ⨯ᮢ ⥬ ORACLE.   -
                   .

 LGWR    䮭 ᮢ, ᯮ㥬  -
               ⨯ᮢ ⥬ ORACLE.    -
               뢠     ୠ ୮ 믮-
               .

 PMON    䮭 ᮢ, ᯮ㥬  -
               ⨯ᮢ ⥬    ORACLE.      
               믮 ⠭   ਩ 襭
               㣮, 饣   .

 SMON    䮭 ᮢ, ᯮ㥬  -
               ⨯ᮢ ⥬ ORACLE.   믮-
                ⠭,   ᫨   ਩  
               , 騩   .

⠭   ।  (enqueue)  ஢  㪠 .
                㪠 ,    믮-
               . ।     ᮢ 
               .

 () (parse) ஢ઠ SQL  -  .  믮,
               ⮡ 㤮⮢,   ᮤন -
               筮 ଠ樨   믮. 筮 訡
               ࠧ    ४⭮ ᠭ -
               ஢  饭    騬  ꥪ⠬
                .

塞 ஢ (shared lock)   ஢, 騩
               ஢ ⮣    ⨯  ⢮ ,
               ⠪      짮⥫ 
                  ६.

஢   (dismounted database)    ,
                 ஢   ஬ , -
                ࠧ,   뢠  ᯮ짮.

।   (distributed database)    -
               ,   ࠡ  ࠢ ஧,
                ⠪  ࠧ ଠ.




                                    -- 41 --



। ୠ  (log allocation) ।  -
                㣮  䠩 ୠ ୮  믮-
               .  ⭮  ᭮  ⥬, ࠧ-
               騬 ᪨,   ᪮쪮 ஢ 뢠
               ଠ    ࠧ   (।) 䠩
               ୠ.

।  (distributed query) , 롨騩 -
                  ,  ᯮ  ᪮쪨 -
                .

। ࠡ⪠ (distributed processing) 믮  -
               ᫥   ᪮쪨   ⨦
                १.

 㯠  (auditing)  ᮡ  ⠫樨  ⥬
               ORACLE  ᫮ ,    
               짮⥫   ࠬ   -
                ᯮ짮  . ଠ -
               樨  㯠  ࠭  ⠡ ᫮
                   ࠭   SQL - -
               ஢ ,  ᮮ⢥⢥,  ஫஢. -
                   ⠭  㬠-
                ࠬ ॣ樨.

 ஢    ०,      -
                ஢:  SHARE,  SHARE  UPDATE,  SHARE
               EXCLUSIVE, ROW SHARE, ROW EXCLUSIVE, EXCLUSIVE. 
                ஢   襭    ०-
               : ஢  - .

ࢭ ஢  ࠡ饩  (online backup) 娢-
               ஢        㭪樮஢-
               .  ⮬ DBA   ⠭   
               娢樨; 䠪᪨    ⮬  ᪮஢
               ⮫쪮 㯭 .

ᨢ 맮  맮 RDBMS,   ஬  SQL -
                ॡ  믮  㣨   ஢.
               ਬ, ଠ ॣ 㯠 뢠-
                ⥬  ᯮ짮 ४ᨢ  맮-
               .

 騩 ନ  祭 ᪨ ꥪ⮢  -
                 䨧᪨ ,    -
               ஢. ,  짮⥫  -
               ஢  - ⠡  ப ⠡. RDBMS
                 ᢮ । ஢  ࠧ  -
               , ਬ - ⠡ ᫮,   䠩.

PCTFREE     ,  १ࢨ஢  -
                ப, ࠭  ⮬ 

PCTINCREASE 業,        ᫥騩  ⥭  
               ।饣.

PCTUSED 業    ,   ORACLE 㤥  -
                .

                                    -- 42 --



PL/SQL 楤୮  ७ 몠 SQL,  ᯥ稢饥 稥
               権  ,  ࠡ⪨ ᫮  
               楤.

RDBMS - ᮪饭    Relational  Database  Management  System
               (⥬ ࠢ   - ).

ROWID ᫥⥫쭮    㭨쭮    
               ப, ⠪  ⠡, ᮤঠ  ப.

SQL ⠭⭮     ୮ 몠 ᮢ (Structured
               Query Language).  ந "".   ⠪
               Data Manipulation  Language  ( 㫨஢
               묨), Data Definition Language ( ।-
                )  Data Control Language ( ࠢ-
                묨).

SQL*DBA 祭   6 ⨫ ORACLE,  ᯮ DBA
                믮 㭪権 ᮯ஢  ਭ.

SQL*Loader 㬥⠫쭮  ।⢮  ORACLE  㧪 
                䠩 樮 ⥬  ⠡  -
               .

SGA (system  global  area)   ᭮ ,  ࠧ塞
                ᥬ 짮⥫ﬨ  .  ᯥ-
                  짮⥫᪨  䮭-
                ᠬ.

ROWNUM , 稭騩    㪠뢠騩  -
                 ⠡.

 ⥭  ⥭    ,     
               ।  ⠡    ᮢ.    㣮
                 "᢮ ࠭⢮".

 (session)  த⥫쭮  ६   祭
               짮⥫      ⪫祭.

    ,   १ࢨ஢      ⠡
               (ப),     ᥣ  ⪠-
               .  ᥣ 㤥   ᥣ 
                ⮫쪮  ᥣ⮢,  ᪮쪮  ᮢ.
                㤥        -  ᥣ
               ( -     -   ).

ࢥ  ࠡ稪 ᮢ 

 ⪠  (rollback segment)  ⮢,  ᯮ㥬
                ⬥      砥 ⪠
               ࠭樨, ᡮ,  ⠭ ⥫  
               ᯥ祭 ᮣᮢ ⥭.   -
                㦤    ࠩ  -   ᥣ
               ⪠.





                                    -- 43 --



⥬   (database system)    -
                .  ᫨    饭    祭
               (ᮥ)  ⮩  , ⥬ -
               㯭  ࠡ 짮⥫.

⥬, ࠧ ᪨ (shared disk system) ᪮쪮 -
               ஢    ᪮쪨 ஢,  ࠧ-
                  .

  (data dictionary)  ⠡  ஢ (묨
                짮⥫ SYS), 騩 ᭮ -
               筨 ଠ樨  ORACLE RDBMS   짮-
               ⥫.  ⠡ ⠫  ६ ࢮ-
               砫쭮    ᮧ            ⮬᪨
               ন ⥬ ORACLE.

ᮢ  (ᯮ ⠪ ନ "⨢-
                 -  ਬ.  ॢ.) 騩 ନ  ,
               騩  ॡ,    ⮬,
                  易     
                ࠢ쭮 浪,      
                ᮣᮢ.

ᮢ ⥭  ORACLE RDBMS,   ன -
               ࠭,  १, 頥  
               , ।⠢ ᮡ ⨢稢 .

⠢  (composite keys) , ⠢  祬 
                ⮫.

᮪ SELECT  ᮪  ⮫殢  ࠦ,   ᫥ 
                 祢 ᫮ SELECT.

楯 ப (chained row) ப,  ᠭ   祬  
                   ,  ᫥⥫쭮, 
               ᪮쪮 ⥩.   ப (  
               LONG), 祩  ࠧ    ࠧ   ORACLE,
               ᥣ ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ⥩.

易 ६ (bind variable) ६  SQL -  -
               ,      ⢨⥫쭮
               祭 (  ६)  ᯥ譮  -
                .

 砫쭮  㧪 (bootstrap segment) ,  ॡ-
               騩  ६ 믮 樨 CREATE DAYABASE
                ᮧ  砫    (᫮-
                ).

    (creating database)  ⮢ 
                 ࢮ砫쭮 ᯮ짮. 砥
                ᥡ ᮧ 䠩   㧪 室
               RDBMS ⠡.  믮     믮
                CREATE DATABASE.





                                    -- 44 --



CRT ⨫ ⥬ ORACLE, ਬ塞  ।  -
                ᯮᮡ ⢨ ନ   ⥬
               ORACLE.    ᯮ  ।-
               ,   믮  㭪樨.

CRT 䠩 ,  ᮤঠ騩 ଠ   ⨯ ନ, 
               ⮡ࠦ   ணࠬ ORACLE,  ⠪-
                - ESC  -  ᫥⥫쭮,  ।祭
                ࠧ ⠭  ନ.

筮 ࠭⢮  (tablespace)  ᪠  ,  -
               㥬  ।    ⠡  
               ᮢ.

 :
             CHAR - ⨯  ⥬ ORACLE,   -
                ப   255 ᨬ.
             DATE -  ⨯   ⥬ ORACLE  ࠭ .
               ⠭ ଠ : 01-JAN-88.
             LONG - ⨯  ⥬ ORACLE,   -
                ᨬ ப   65536 ᨬ.
             RAW - ⨯  ⥬ ORACLE,    -
                 ⨯ ,  .

窠 ࠭ (savepoint) 窠,  ன ࠭  -
                ࠭樨. ࠭  ᯮ짮 -
                祪  ࠭  ஬  믮-
                権 commit  rollback.

筮 (precision) ⢮  ,  ॠ쭮 ࠭-
                  .  짮⥫  ६ ᮧ
               ⠡  ⠭ 筮 ᥫ  ⮫-
                ⨯ NUMBER.

㯨  (deadlock)   , 
                  짮⥫᪨     
                ᢮ ࠭樨.   砥,  ᫨
                 ஢ ,  ॡ-
                㣮  (ਬ - ப ⠡).
                ⠪ 樨   筮  ।-
               , RDBMS  㦨   ⪠뢠 ࠡ -
                 ⠪ ࠭権.

      ,  ⫨筮  -
               襣. 筮      室  ⮩ 
               ,   㣮 㧫.

 (node) ⤥     .

ࠢ騩 䠩 (control file) 쪨  ⨢ 䠩,
               室  ⥬    ࠡ. -
               ࠢ騥 䠩 易   ,    -
               ஬ ORACLE.   ᪮쪮  ࠢ  䠩
               ।⥫쭥   ᮮࠦ ᭮.

஢ ।樨  ᫮  䨪樮 , -
               饬 த ORACLE.   V6.0.10 ஢ ।樨 - 10.


                                    -- 45 --



  (background  process)        ᮢ,
               ᯮ㥬 ஬ ⨯ᮢ ORACLE
                믮  न樨   짮⥫.
                ६  ࠡ  ࠡ  䮭
               ᮢ: ARCH, DBWR, LGWR, PMON, SMON.

 믮  (execute phase)  믮 SQL - ,
                室 ଠ 롨ࠥ  
               믮.

 ᠭ (describe phase)  믮 ,  ன
               ணࠬ    ଠ    १
               , 饣 믮. detached

 । (define phase)  믮 SQL -  , 
               ன  ணࠬ ।   -
                १ 믮 .

 뢠 (bind phase)  ࠡ⪨ SQL -  ,  
               ६ ன   ६  ⠭  묨
               RDBMS, ⮡  ⠯ ᯮ    뫮  -
               짮  ॠ 祭.

 ᭮    ଠ樨,  ন  樮
               ⥬.

   (database file) , ᯮ㥬  .
                  ⮨   ⠡ ࠭,  
               ᢮ ।   䠩.

 ୠ ୮ 믮

               offline  ࠡ  ० ARCHIVELOG - 䠩 -
               ,  㦥 娢஢
               online  ୠ ୮ 믮,  -
                    娢஢    ᯮ 
               ॣ樨,  ,   娢஢.

 INIT.ORA ,  ᮤঠ騩 ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢, 뢠 
               ६      䨣஢.
               ࠬ  ஢   ,
                ⠪   ࠧ SGA ,  ⠪ ࠧ, 
               ந⥫쭮 .

ࠣ஢   ,  ன ଠ, ਭ-
                ࠧ ⠡栬,  ।   ᥩ
               ,  ᢮ ࠭⢮ ࠧ  訥
               ⤥ 窨.  ࠣ  ᤥ -
                䥪⨢ ᯮ짮    -
                      ᯮ-
               ⮬/⮬.

  - .   

⭮ (integrity)  騩 ନ,  騩 ࠢ-
               , ᮣᮢ  ᭮ . -
               ন RDBMS  ࠡ  짮⥫.


                                    -- 46 --



 ப (row piece)   ப,  ᮤঠ    
                .

 (instance) 騩 ORACLE.  ᥣ   ᮮ-
               ⢨  ஬ ORACLE  SGA. 
               筮 ⮨  SGA,  ᪮쪨 䮭 -
               ᮢ,  ⠪    짮⥫᪨ ᮢ.

ᯮ (export) ⨫ ⥬ ORACLE,  ᯮ㥬  -
                  䠩 樮 ⥬  楫
                ᫥饣  ⠭  ⨫⮩   Import ().

᪠  (Jullian date)   ࠦ   ᫮-
                ଥ, ᯮ騩  㭪樨 JDATE  ଠ-
               ஢ .  ᪨  ᯥ稢 -
               ⥫묨 䬥᪨     㭪ﬨ    
               믮 権  ⠬.

 (kernel)  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,  ন饥   ORACLE
               RDBMS  室饥  ᭮ .







































                                    -- 47 --
