










       EW1    W0


         W1    6                     W0


         W1     SELECT      W0




             ᢥ   SELECT, 
           5  㪮⢠.    ⠫쭮  뢠
          ࠧ  SELECT,   ⠪ 뢠 ᯮ-
         ⥫쭮 ᯮ짮  .

           室 ᫥騥 ࠧ:

                  * ࠧ FROM
                  * ࠧ WHERE
                  * ࠧ GROUP BY  HAVING
                  * ࠧ ORDER BY
                  * ࠧ CONNECT BY
                  *  ꥤ
                  * 譨 ꥤ
                  * 
                  * ५஢ 
                  * । 
                    
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-2





















                                   -- 252 --




E                            F

E         ࠧ FROM                                    F


         祭   ⠡ ( ⠡)  -
                    ஢ SELECT  DELETE.

         ।뫪 .

         ⠪    DELETE:

                DELETE [EFROMF] [user.]table [@databaselink] [alias]
                [WHERE ...]
                ...

                      SELECT:

                    SELECT select_list
                    EFROMF [user.]table [alias] [@databaselink] [,...]
                    WHERE ...
                    ...


         祢   user              ⠡  .
         ᫮     table             ⠡  .
         ࠬ  alias            ६ ,  砥 ⠡-
                                       ⮫  ⢥ -
                                     , 饥   뫠   
                                     ५஢  뫠-
                                         ⠡. ஬ ⮣,
                                           ਬ
                                        ᮪饭 
                                     ⠡.
                    databaselink     ⢨⥫쭠  ,
                                     뫠    㤠  
                                     .  ஡ .  -
                                      CREATE   DATABASE  LINK  
                                      5  㪮⢠.


         砭  FROM - 易⥫쭠 ࠧ  SELECT  -
          ᯮ- 易⥫쭠 -  DELETE.  -
              ⠡,    ன   㤠 ப
                     ⠡(),   롨 ப.

                     REVOKE ⠪  ࠧ FROM,    
                     믮  㣨 㭪樨.   ⮬ 
                     ᠭ  ⭮.

                    ᫨ ⠡  ਭ  㣮  짮⥫,
                     ⠡  ।⢮  ᮮ⢥-
                    饣 짮⥫.  짮⥫ ⤥-
                       ⠡ 窮 (.).
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-3


                                   -- 253 --




         ਬ    ⮡ 㤠  ⠡ EMP  ப,  ᮤঠ騥
                    50  ⮫ DEPTNO, :

                    DELETE FROM EMP
                         WHERE DEPTNO = 50

                    ⮡   ப  ⠡ EMP, ᮤঠ-
                    騥  ⮫ DEPTNO 祭 50, :

                    SELECT * FROM EMP
                         WHERE DEPTNO + 40

                    ⮡  ப,  ᮤঠ騥 祭  40  
                    ⮫ DEPTNO    ⠡ - EMP  EMP2,  -
                     ᫥ :

                    SELECT *
                         FROM EMP, EMP2
                         WHERE EMP.EMPNO = EMP2.EMPNO
                           AND DEPTNO = 40

                    ᫨ ⠡ EMP2 ਭ 㣮 짮-
                     - BEN, :

                    SELECT *
                         FROM EMP, BEN.EMP2
                         WHERE EMP.EMPNO = EMP2.EMPNO
                           AND DEPTNO = 40

         易   SELECT  DELETE   5  㪮-
         ⥬       ⢠.


E                            F

E         ࠧ GROUP BY  HAVING                       F


         祭   㯯 ப,  頥 ᮬ  
                    ࠭祭 (  ࠧ HAVING),  -
                     ࠣ.

         ।뫪 .

         ⠪  SELECTexpr [,expr]...
                        FROM table [,table]...
                        EGROUP BYF expr [,expr] ...
                        EHAVINGF condition
                        ...


         祢   expr             . ᠭ  ᨭ⠪  expr 
         ᫮                       4  㪮⢠.
         ࠬ  table            ⠡  ,    
                                      .
                    condition        . ᠭ ᨭ⠪ condition


                                   -- 254 --



                                       4  㪮⢠.
                                     
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-4


         砭  ࠧ GROUP BY ᯮ  ⮣,  ⮡ -
          ᯮ-  SELECT 뤠  ꥤ ப 
              㯯 ࠭ ப.  㯯 -
                      ᭮  祭  ⮫-
                    殢  ࠦ.

                     ࠦ  expr  SELECT   
                     ᫥:

                    *  ⠭⮩    㭪樥    ࠬ஢
                      (ਬ SYSDATE)
                    * ᮤঠ 㯯 㭪 த SUM, COUNT
                       MAX
                    *  筮 ᮢ  ࠦ expr   ࠧ
                      GROUP BY

                    ࠦ GROUP BY  뫠   ⮫-
                      ࠧ FROM ᨬ  ⮣, 㯮
                        ᯨ᪥ SELECT.

                     ࠧ GROUP BY  HAVING ᫥ ࠧ
                    WHERE  CONNECT BY...START WITH. ᫨ -
                      ࠧ (GROUP BY  HAVING),   -
                       浪.

                     饣  ⢠  ⮢,  ᮤঠ  
                     ࠦ  ࠧ GROUP BY  -
                    ᨬ ࠭祭.

         ࠧ HAVING

                     ࠧ ᯮ  㪠,  㯯
                     GROUP  BY    ⥫ -
                    . ORACLE ࠡ뢠 ࠧ  WHERE,  GROUP
                    BY  HAVING ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                       1.   ப,  㤮⢮騥 ᫮-
                           WHERE.
                       2.   ନ 㯯  㪠 
                          ࠧ GROUP BY.
                       3.   㯯,   㤮⢮騥 -
                           HAVING.

         ਬ    ⮡ 뤠 쭮  ᨬ쭮 
                      ⤥ ⠡ EMP :

                    SELECT DEPTNO, MIN(SAL), MAX(SAL)
                        FROM EMP
                        GROUP BY DEPTNO

                    DEPTNO       MIN(SAL)      MAX(SAL)
                    ---------    ------------- ------------
                    10           1300          5000

                                   -- 255 --



                    20            800          3000
                    30            950          2850
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-5


                    ⮡ ᤥ ⠪      ਬ⥫쭮  
                    ઠ, :

                    SELECT DEPTNO, MIN(SAL), MAX(SAL)
                        FROM EMP
                        WHERE JOB = 'CLERK'
                        GROUP BY DEPTNO

                    DEPTNO       MIN(SAL)      MAX(SAL)
                    ---------    ------------- ------------
                    10           1300          1300
                    20            800          1100
                    30            950          950

                    ⮡ ⠢  뤠 ⮫쪮    ⤥,
                     쭮   $1000:

                    SELECT DEPTNO, MIN(SAL), MAX(SAL)
                        FROM EMP
                        WHERE JOB = 'CLERK'
                        GROUP BY DEPTNO
                        HAVING MIN(SAL) < 1000


                    DEPTNO       MIN(SAL)      MAX(SAL)
                    ---------    ------------- ------------
                    20            800          1100
                    30            950          950


         易   "㯯 㭪樨"    4    
         ⥬       SELECT   5  㪮⢠.



E                            F

E         ࠧ WHERE                                   F


         祭 ࠭ ப,  頥    ⠡  
                     SELECT  ப,  ࠡ뢠 -
                    ࠬ DELETE  UPDATE.

         ।뫪 .

         ⠪  DELETE ...
                         EWHEREF condition

                    SELECT ...
                         EWHEREF condition


                                   -- 256 --



                    UPDATE ...
                         EWHEREF condition


         祢   condition        . ᠭ ᨭ⠪ condition
         ᫮                        4  㪮⢠.
         ࠬ
         
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-6


















































                                   -- 257 --




         砭  ࠧ WHERE  ।祭    ᯥ஢
          ᯮ- ᫮ condition. , ᮤঠ騩  ࠧ
             㤥 ࠡ ⮫쪮  ப,  㤮⢮-
                    騬 ᫮.

                    Condition ।   ᪮ ࠦ.
                    ਬ:

                    DEPTNO = 30

                     ᪮ ࠦ,  ஥ ⨭ (true)
                     祭 DEPTNO, ࠢ 30   (false) 
                     ⠫ .

                    樨 AND    OR  ᯮ짮  -
                    ⠢ ࠦ. ਬ, ࠦ:

                    DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB = 'SALESMAN'

                    ⨭ ⮫쪮 ᫨     -
                    祭 TRUE.

                     NOT  ᯮ  ᬥ 祭 -
                    ࠦ  ⨢. ਬ, ࠦ:

                    NOT (DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB = 'SALESMAN')

                    ⨭, ᫨ DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB =  'SALESMAN' -
                    .


         ਬ    騩  롨ࠥ  ப,  
                    DEPTNO  ࠢ 30:

                    SELECT *
                        FROM EMP
                        WHERE DEPTNO !=30

                     ᫥騩 -   ப,   COMM
                     祭 null:

                    UPDATE EMP
                        SET SAL = (1.1*SAL)
                        WHERE COMM IS NULL

                    , ,  ᫥  ᯮ -
                    ஢   㤠  ⤥,  -
                      ᮤঠ 㦠:

                    DELETE FROM DEPT A
                        WHERE NOT EXISTS
                            (SELECT 'TRUE'
                                FROM EMP B
                                WHERE A.DEPTNO = B.DEPTNO)
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-7


                                   -- 258 --




                       ப  ⠡ DEPT ORACLE 믮
                    ᫥ ᫥⥫쭮 蠣:

                    1. । 祭 DEPTNO  ப.
                    2. ᯮ   祭  ।,  -
                         ⠪ DEPTNO  ⠡ EMP.
                    3. ᫨    ,  ப 㤠.  ᫨
                       DEPTNO    -    ப
                       ⠡ EMP,  㤠 ப.

                    ,     DELETE ᯮ -
                    ५஢ ,  ⠪   뫠 
                      ⠡.  'TRUE' -  ⠭,  -
                      ᨭ⠪      
                    㣮 ⠭⮩  ⮫殬 ⠡ EMP.  -
                     NOT EXISTS ᯥ,   ப 㤥
                    㤠, ᫨   ୥   ப.

         易  ᠭ ᨭ⠪  (query)   ⥪-
         ⥬       .  "樨"      4    
                    DELETE, SELECT,  UPDATE    5  㪮-
                    ⢠.



E                            F

E         ࠧ WHERE (஥ SQL)                  F


         祭 ࠭祭   ப,   頥   ࠬ
                    SELECT, DELETE  UPDATE.

         ।뫪 .

         ⠪  SELECT ...
                       FROM ...
                       EWHEREF [condition | CURRENT OF cursor_name]


         祢   condition        ᪮ ࠦ,    ஥
         ᫮                       뫠  host -  -
         ࠬ                      ᨢ (ࠧ WHERE
                                      SELECT   ᮤ-
                                      ᨢ host - ६).
                                     ᫮ ᪠    
                                     ᥡ .  .   ᠭ
                                     ᨭ⠪ query.
                    CURRENT OF         ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮  
                                     DELETE  UPDATE;  뫠 
                                     ப, ࠡ⠭   ᫥
                                     ஬ FETCH      㪠
                                     .
                                     
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-8



                                   -- 259 --




         砭  ᫨ 饭  ࠧ  WHERE,  ࠡ뢠   
          ᯮ- ப ⠡  . 뫪  host - -
                ᯮ짮 ,   -
                    ⨬ ᯮ짮 ⠭.

                    ᫨ ࠧ  WHERE    DELETE
                     UPDATE,    sqlwarn (SQLCA)  -
                       'W' (।०)  믮
                    ⢨  EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLWARNING.

                    ᫨  host - ६  ࠧ WHERE -
                     ᨢ,  १ 祭 ⮬,  
                     믮  ࠧ    
                    ᨢ.

                    ᫨ -  host - ६  ࠧ WHERE
                     ᨢ,  ᨢ      
                    ⠫ host - ६.

                    ᫨ ᨢ ࠧ ࠧ୮,  㤥 -
                      ( 祭,  㪠 
                    ࠧ FOR)   । ᫠ ७ -
                    , ᮤঠ饣 ࠧ WHERE.

                    ࠧ WHERE  SELECT     ᮤঠ
                    ᨢ host - ६.

         ࠧ CURRENT OF

                    ᫨ ࠧ  CURRENT  OF  ᯮ  
                    UPDATE,  ।⥫쭮   ।-
                      ࠧ FOR UPDATE   SELECT.  -
                         樮஢   -
                    . ᫨        믮
                    FETCH, ࠧ CURRENT OF     訡  
                    ୥ 㫥 ᫮ ப.


         ਬ        ⥪饩  ப      2000
                    :

                    UPDATE EMP
                       SET SAL = 2000
                       WHERE CURRENT OF CURSOR EMP_CURSOR

         易  ࠧ FOR;      DECLARE  CURSOR,  FETCH,
         ⥬       EXECUTE, SELECT   5  㪮⢠.
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-9









                                   -- 260 --




E                            F

E         ࠧ CONNECT BY  START WITH                 F


         祭 뤠   ᭮  ᪮ -
                    裡.

         ।뫪 .

         ⠪  SELECT ...
                        FROM ...
                        ...
                        [ ECONNECT BYF {PRIOR expr operator expr
                                       | expr operator PRIOR expr}
                        [ ESTART WITHF condition  ] ]


         祢   PRIOR            ᯥ ࠢ 室
         ᫮                      ॢ.  ORACLE  設  
         ࠬ                   PRIOR  ०  設   ⮩
                                     ࠧ.
                    expr             . ᠭ ᨭ⠪ "expr" 
                                     "condition"   ࠧ   "-
                    operation        樨"  4  㪮⢠.
                    START WITH
                    condition


         砭  ࠧ CONNECT BY ᯮ  ᮢ  -
          ᯮ- ᪨ .  ᯥ ப, -
             ࠥ    ᪮   浪       ⠪
                    । ⭮襭,  ᯮ㥬  ꥤ-
                     ப  .

         PRIOR

                    ࠧ PRIOR ।  冷  롮ન  (ᯥࢠ
                    த⥫   設).

                    ࠧ PRIOR   ᯮ짮 ।  
                    ࠦ ࠧ CONNECT BY.    ࠦ,  
                    ன 室  PRIOR,  ।  த⥫ 
                     ⭮襭 "த⥫-⮬"; 㣠 
                    ࠦ । ⮬.  ਬ,  CONNECT
                    BY PRIOR EMPNO=MGR 砥,  CONNECT BY 㤥
                     ஢  (।塞  EMPNO) -
                    । 㦠騬 (।塞   MGR).  CONNECT  BY
                    EMPNO=PRIOR MGR 砥,  ⥯ 㦠騥 -
                     뤠 । ࠬ.

                    ⢮ ஢ ࠧ CONNECT BY ࠭稢-
                     㯭 짮⥫ .





                                   -- 261 --



                    ࠧ CONNECT  BY    ᯮ짮   
                    ᠬ  ꥤﬨ.
                    
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-10


         START WITH

                    ࠧ START WITH  ப ( -
                    ),   ᯮ짮  ⢥ -
                     ॢ,   ᫮, ஬  
                    㤮⢮. ⢨   ⮩  ࠧ  砥
                    砫   ⮫殢,  㤮⢮ ᫮
                    ࠧ WHERE.
                     ࠧ START WITH ⨬ .
                    ᫨       SELECT   ᯮ  ࠧ
                    CONNECT BY,      ᯮ짮 ᥢ-
                    ⮫殬 LEVEL,  頥 1  ,
                    2 -  設, ஦ ୥, 3 -  -
                      ..

         ᯮ짮 ORDER BY

                    ᯮ짮 ORDER BY 蠥 冷,   -
                    ஬ CONNECT BY 頥 ப.  ᯮ짮-
                     CONNECT BY    冷 (ORDER
                    BY). ᫨ ஢ ப , 祬 ஢ -
                    饩 ப,   ᬠਢ  
                     ।饩.  , ORDER BY ᪨ 
                    冷 뤠 ப    CONNECT  BY.  
                    訡   뤠,  ᯮ짮 ORDER BY -
                    栥 १ ࠡ CONNECT BY.

         ਬ     SELECT LPAD(' ',2*LEVEL) || ENAME ORG_CHART, EMPNO,
                                                MGR, JOB
                       FROM EMP
                       CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO = MGR
                       START WITH ENAME = 'KING'


                    ORG_CHART              ENPNO     MGR    JOB
                    ---------------    ---------  ------    ----------
                    KING                    7839            PRESIDENT
                      JONES                 7566    7839    MANAGER
                        SCOTT               7788    7566    ANALYST
                          ADAMS             7876    7788    CLERK
                        FORD                7902    7566    ANALYST
                          SMITH             7369    7902    CLERK
                      BLAKE                 7698    7839    MANAGER
                        ALLEN               7499    7698    SALESMAN
                        WARD                7521    7698    SALESMAN
                        MARTIN              7654    7698    SALESMAN
                        TURNER              7844    7698    SALESMAN
                        JAMES               7900    7698    CLERK
                      CLARK                 7782    7839    MANAGER
                    MILLER                  7934    7782    CLERK



                                   -- 262 --



         易  ᠭ ᨭ⠪ "condition"   4; -
         ⥬        SELECT   5  㪮⢠.
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-11























































                                   -- 263 --




E                            F

E         ࠧ ORDER BY                                F


         祭 ஢ १⮢ .

         ।뫪 .

         ⠪  SELECT ...
                       EORDER BYF {expr|position} [ASC|DESC],...


         祢   expr             ࠦ, 饥  
         ᫮                       ᪮쪨   ⮫  ࠧ
         ࠬ                   SELECT         ⠡
                                     ࠧ FROM.
                    position         ᫮,  饥 
                                     ⮫  ࠧ SELECT.  -
                                     ,  㪠  ⮫-
                                     殢,  㪠  樨
                                     ⮫  ᯨ᪥ SELECT.  -
                                     짮 権      UNION,
                                     INTERSECT, MINUS   ORDER
                                     BY  㪠뢠  -
                                     .
                    ASC|DESC         ᯥ 騩   
                                     뢠騩 冷  ஢  
                                     ᮮ⢥⢨     ᫥⥫-
                                      ᫨ﭨ ᨬ쭮 -
                                     . 祭  null  
                                       ஢    浪
                                     ⠭     砫  -  
                                     뢠. ⥫쭮,     
                                     ᬠਢ  "訥".


         砭  ࠧ ORDER BY ᯥ 冷,    ஬
          ᯮ-  뤠 १ .   -
             ,  ⮫쪮 ⮤  ࠭஢  -
                     ப.

                    ப 㯮冷稢   祭 ࢮ -
                     (expr)   樨  (position).  ப  
                    묨 祭ﬨ 㯮冷稢  ஬
                     (᫨ ⠪ 㪠)  ⠪ .

                    ஢   樨 ,  ᫨ -
                     祭 .  ୮  -
                    ࠦ  ࠧ ORDER BY   㪠 -
                     樨 ࠦ  ࠧ SELECT. ஢
                      室  ᯮ짮 権
                    UNION, INTERSECT  MINUS, ⠪     -
                    ⥫쭮      ᮮ⢥
                    ⮫殢.



                                   -- 264 --



                     ࠧ ORDER BY    뫠  
                    ⮫.
                    
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-12


                     ࠧ  ORDER BY  ᫥騥 ࠭-
                    :

                       *   ᯥ஢ ᫥   -
                         ⠫ ࠧ    ᪫祭 FOR UPDATE OF.
                         ࠧ ORDER BY  FOR UPDATE OF   
                         ⠬.
                       * ᫨  㪠 ࠧ DISTINCT    ORDER
                         BY, ᫥     ᮤঠ ⮫,
                          㯮訥  ᯨ᪥ SELECT.
                       * ࠧ  ORDER  BY   ࠧ襭  
                          ஢ INSERT,  UPDATE, CREATE TABLE
                          CREATE VIEW.
                       *  饣 ᫠ ⮢     ࠦ
                         ࠧ ORDER BY  ࠭祭, -
                         騥  樮 ⥬.

                    ࠧ ORDER  BY  ࠧ襭   ᯮ짮   ᫥
                    CONNECT BY,   ⮣  ४,
                    ⠪  ࠧ ORDER  BY  栥  ﭨ  ࠧ
                    CONNECT BY.

         ਬ      롮ન  ᥩ  த殢   ⠡ EMP 
                    楫 뤠  ᨮ   뢠饬 浪
                     믮 ᫥騩 :

                    SELECT *
                        FROM EMP
                        WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN'
                        ORDER BY COMM DESC

                     롮ન 㦠  ⠡ EMP   ᯮ-
                      浪 ⠭ ⤥,   ⤥-
                     -  浪 뢠 , :

                    SELECT ENAME, EMPNO, SAL
                        FROM EMP
                        ORDER BY DEPTNO ASC, SAL DESC

                     믮 ⮣  ,   ᯮ -
                    樮 , :

                    SELECT ENAME, EMPNO, SAL
                        FROM EMP
                        ORDER BY 2 ASC, 3 DESC

         易   SELECT   5  㪮⢠.
         ⥬
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-13



                                   -- 265 --




E                            F

E         ⮥ ꥤ                           F


         祭 ஢   ᪮쪨  ⠡.  -
                         ᯮ짮  -
                     SQL - .

         ।뫪 室    SELECT    -
                    楬  ᯮ㥬 ⠡.

         ⠪  SELECT [{table|table_alias}.]column
                         [,[{table|table_alias}.]column]...
                      FROM table [table_alias], table [table_alias]...
                      [WHERE {table|table_alias}.column =
                             {table|table_alias}.column

         砭  ꥤ -  ଠ  SELECT,  -
          ᯮ- ஬  ப      ⠡.
             ⥫쭮,  ப १ 㤥 -
                    ঠ    祬   ⠡.  -
                     砥, ᫨  ࠧ FROM 
                    SELECT    ⠡. 易-
                    ⥫쭠  ࠧ  WHERE  ।,   ࠧ
                     ப ⠡.  쭥襥 㦤-
                      । ꥤ   ⠡,  
                    ਬ  ꥤ    ⠡栬.

                      騩  ⨯  ꥤ  -
                    ⮥ ꥤ,  饥 ப  
                    ⠡  ᭮ ᫮ ࠢ⢠.   ᫮-
                     ।⠢  ࠧ WHERE ᫥騬 -
                    :

                    <table1.columnname> = <table2.columnname>

                    ப table1   ப  table2 
                     १  ப  ࠢ묨 -
                    ﬨ table1.columnname  table2.columnname.

                     ⮫殢    ࠧ  WHERE    易⥫쭮
                       . ᫨   -
                    , 室    筮
                    ।   ᮮ⢥ ⠡.
                    ᫨  ࠧ FROM   ⢨⥫쭮 
                    ⠡ ᯮ ,     ᯮ짮-
                         ,   뫪
                     ⠡  ᯨ᪥ SELECT  ࠧ WHERE.
                    ORACLE  뢠  ࠭祭   -
                     ⮫  ⠡:   뤠-
                      ⮫,    㤥 뤠
                    .   ࠧ,  ⮫,  㪠뢠 
                    ࠧ WHERE  易⥫쭮   ⢮
                     ᯨ᪥ SELECT.



                                   -- 266 --



                    ⮥ ꥤ     ⠪     뢠    
                    "equi-join" (-) -  ᯮ짮  
                    ࠧ WHERE 樨 ࠢ⢠.
                    
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-14


         ⮢ ந

                    ⮢ ந 砥,   -
                     ⠡  ᯮ ࠧ WHERE. -
                    ⢨ ⮩ ࠧ ਢ  ஢ 
                    ப      ⠡.  ⮢  ந
                    ᥣ  讥 ⢮ ப,  -
                     । 뢠 묨.  ਬ,  ᫨
                      ꥤ塞  ⠡  ᮤন    
                    ப, १  㤥  ᮤঠ    
                    ப.

                     ࠧ,  ᫨      ⢨⥫쭮
                    ᪮஢   ப  ⠡  ᥬ
                    ப 㣮,  易⥫쭮 砩  ꥤ-
                     ࠧ WHERE.

         ਬ    饥 ⮥ ꥤ ⢥砥  :
                    "    ⤥,    -
                    ⠥  㦠騩 ?":

                    SELECT ENAME, EMP.DEPTNO, DNAME
                        FROM EMP, DEPT
                        WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO

                    ENAME         DEPTNO       DNAME
                    ------------  -----------  ---------------
                    CLARK         10           ACCOUNTING
                    MILLER        10           ACCOUNTING
                    KING          10           ACCOUNTING
                    SMITH         20           RESEARCH
                    SCOTT         20           RESEARCH

                    ꥤ     砥 ॡ -
                    ⮣,   ࠭   ࠧ ⠡-
                    . ப ꥤ  ᮮ⢥⢨  ᫮-
                    :

                    EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO

         易  ᠭ ᨭ⠪ "譥  ꥤ"  -  
         ⥬       ᫥饬 ࠧ.    SELECT      5
                     㪮⢠.



E                            F

E         譥 ꥤ                           F



                                   -- 267 --



         祭 ꥤ   ⠡  ஬ ⮣,  -
                     ப  ⠡,  騥 אַ -
                    ⢥⢨  㣮.

         ।뫪 室  ਢ SELECT   -
                    楬   ⠡.

         ⠪  SELECT ...
                        FROM table1, table2 ...
                        WHERE table1.column = table2.column(+)
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-15















































                                   -- 268 --




         砭  譥 ꥤ     ⮣
          ᯮ- ꥤ. 譥 ꥤ  頥  
             ப,  㫮  ⮥  ⥫-
                     頥 ப   ⠡,   ᮯ-
                    ⠢訥    ப 㣮. ਬ,
                     롨ࠥ  㦠  ⠡ EMP   
                     ࠡ  ⠡ DEPT.  ⨬,   ⠡-
                     EMP  㦠騥,  祩 ⤥   
                    ⠡ DEPT,     ⥫     
                    ⨬ 㤭.

                    譥 ꥤ  ᮤঠ  ࠧ WHERE
                        :

                    table1.column = table2.column (+)

                    table1.column (+) = table2.column

                    ⥫ "" (null) ⮫  -
                     ᮧ  ⠡  樥 譥-
                     ꥤ  "(+)"    ꥤ    ᥬ
                    ப 㣮 ⠡,    
                     ଠ쭮 ꥤ.

                     譥 ꥤ  ࠧ WHERE 
                    ᫥ ।⢥  ⮫殬.

                       SELECT ⠡  -
                     ᨬ쭮 -   譥 ⠡楩.

         ਬ     ⮡ 뤠 㬬୮ 筮   ᥬ
                    ⤥  ᯮ짮  譥  ꥤ,
                    :

                    SELECT DEPT.DEPTNO, DNSME, SUM(SAL) MONTHLY SALARY
                        FROM EMP, DEPT
                        WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
                        GROUP BY DEPT.DEPTNO
                        ORDER BY DEPT.DEPTNO


                    DEPTNO     DNAME       MONTHLY SALARY
                    ---------- ----------- --------------
                            10 ACCOUNTING            8750
                            20 RESEARCH             10875
                            30 SALES                 9400
                    
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-16










                                   -- 269 --




                    ⮡ 뤠  筮   ᥬ ⤥,
                     ᫨ ⤥  ᮤন 㦠  (  
                    譥 ꥤ), :

                    SELECT DEPT.DEPTNO, DNSME, SUM(SAL) MONTHLY SALARY
                        FROM EMP, DEPT
                        WHERE EMP.DEPTNO(+) = DEPT.DEPTNO
                        GROUP BY DEPT.DEPTNO
                        ORDER BY DEPT.DEPTNO


                    DEPTNO     DNAME       MONTHLY SALARY
                    ---------- ----------- --------------
                            10 ACCOUNTING            8750
                            20 RESEARCH             10875
                            30 SALES                 9400
                            40 OPERATIOS

                     ।饬  ਬ ⤥ DEPARTMENT 
                     室 १ ᬮ  ,     
                     ࠡ⠥   㤭.

                    ࠪ᪮ ࠢ  -  ᨬ 譥
                    ꥤ ᫥   ⠡,    ᮤঠ饩
                    ࠢ ப.

         易..ᠭ ᨭ⠪  ⮣ ꥤ ࠭ 
                    ⮩ ;  SELECT   5  -
                    ⢠.



E                            F

E          (query)                                F


         祭  SELECT,  ᯮ㥬  㣮 SQL
                    -   祭 ஬ १-
                    ⮢.

         ।뫪   ᯮ㥬 SQL - .

         ⠪  SELECT [ALL|DASTINCT]{* | table.* | expr [c_alias]}
                                   [,{table.* | expr [c_alias] } ]...}
                       FROM [user.]table [t_alias]
                                       [,[user.]table [t_alias]]...
                       [WHERE condition]
                       [CONNECT BY condition [START WITH condition] ]
                       [GROUP BY expr[,expr]...[HAVING condition] ]
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-17






                                   -- 270 --




         砭     ᯮ짮    ᫥ SQL -
          ᯮ- :
         
                    CREATE ... AS query
                    DELETE ... WHERE expr operator (query) ...
                    INSERT ... query
                    SELECT ... WHERE expr operator (query)
                           ... HAVING expr operator (query)
                           ... START WITH expr operator (query)
                    UPDATE ...
                       SET (column, column, ...) operator (query)
                    ... WHERE expr operator (query) ...

                     "ଠ"  SELECT  㦤 
                    ࠧ ORDER  BY    FOR  UPDATE  OF.  
                    SELECT 뢠 query (),    -
                       ࠧ  WHERE    SELECT 
                    ࠧ SET  UPDATE.    뢠
                    ⠪ "묨  ᠬ"  "஥묨
                    ᠬ".     㪮⢥   ᯮ
                    ନ "".

                     ᯮ  ᫥ :

                       *  । ⢠ ப, ⠢塞
                          楫  ⠡        ஢
                         INSERT, CREATE TABLE  COPY
                       *  ।        祭,
                         砥 騬 ப  
                         UPDATE
                       *  祭 祭  ࠢ  -
                          WHERE,  HAVING  START  WITH  ஢
                         SELECT, UPDATE  DELETE.

                    ஢    ࠭祭.

                     ᯮ  ⢥  ,  -
                    騥  ᪮쪨 ⥩. ਬ,  ⢥
                       " ࠡ⠥  ⤥ ?" -
                    室 ᯥࢠ   ⢥ "   -
                     ࠡ⠥  ?".     த⥫᪮
                     ᬮ ⢥  ᭮ .  -
                    ⥫᪨   -     SQL - ,
                    ᠬ ᮤঠ .

                     믮   ᥣ த⥫᪮-
                       ⫨稥  ५஢ ,
                     믮    ப  த⥫-
                    ᪮ .  .  ᠭ ५஢-
                     .
                    
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-18






                                   -- 271 --




         ਬ     ।,    ࠡ⠥  ⤥ ,
                    :

                    SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO
                        FROM DEPT
                        WHERE DEPTNO =
                            (SELECT DEPTNO
                                FROM EMP
                                WHERE ENAME = 'TAYLOR')

                       ᥬ  㤭  ⠡ EMP,
                     稢訬 ६ (..  -   ᮤঠ  
                    ⠡ BONUS),  室  믮  ᫥騩
                    :

                    UPDATE EMP
                        SET SAL = SAL * 1.1
                        WHERE EMPNO NOT IN (SELECT EMPNO FROM BONUS)

                     ᮧ ⠡ NEWDEPT,  㡫饩  DEPT,
                    :

                    CREATE TABLE NEWDEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)
                      AS SELECT DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC FROM DEPT

         易  饥  ᠭ ५஢ ;
         ⥬        SELECT   5  㪮⢠.



E                            F

E         ५஢                         F


         祭 믮    ப  த⥫᪮
                    SQL - .

         ।뫪   ᯮ㥬 SQL - .

         ⠪  SELECT column_list
                      FROM table1 table_alias1
                      WHERE expr operator
                        (SELECT column_list
                           FROM table2 table_alias2
                           WHERE table_alias1.column operator
                                          table_alias2.column)

                    UPDATE table1 table_alias1
                      SET column =
                        (SELECT expr
                           FROM table2 table_alias2
                           WHERE table_alias1.column=table_alias2.column)

                    DELETE FROM table1 table_alias1
                      WHERE column operator
                        (SELECT expr

                                   -- 272 --



                           FROM table2 table_alias2
                           WHERE table_alias1.column=table_alias2.column)
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-19


         砭  ५஢  -  ଠ ,  -
          ᯮ-         SELECT,  UPDATE  
             DELETE. 㦤 㤥 䮪஢  -
                      SELECT,      ਬ  ᥬ ⨯
                    ५஢ ᮢ.

                    ५஢  ᯮ, ⮡ -
                     ORACLE  믮      ப
                    த⥫᪮  (  ࠧ  
                    ).
                     ⨯  ਬ  ⢥   ᫮-
                     ,  (⢥)   祭
                     ப  த⥫᪮  .  ਬ,
                    ५஢     ᯮ짮 
                    ⢥: " 㦠騥   
                    ।  ⤥?".  ५஢  -
                      ᫥ ।    -
                     ⤥.
                    ORACLE ᯮ,     ᯮ짮
                    ५஢ ᮬ,    
                    뫠  ⮫,  ਭ騩 ⠡  
                    த⥫᪮ . ⮫, ਭ騥 -
                    ⥫᪮ ,  । ᮬ, ᮮ-
                    騬 த⥫᪮ ⠡.

                     ⮫殢    ५஢  
                     ᭮ ।   ⠡    
                    ᮬ. 뫪   ⮫  த⥫᪮ -
                      ᮤঠ  ⢥  䨪 
                    ⠡  ᮬ, ᫨ ⠡ ᮤঠ ⮫-
                       묨  .   ஢
                    ⮫ ᯥࢠ  ᪨  ⠡ த⥫-
                    ᪮ ,  ⥬ - ᫥饣,  饣
                    த⥫᪨  ⠪ .

                     砥 ᯮ짮  ஬ UPDATE -
                    ஢   ᯮ짮   -
                     ப  ⠡  ᭮ ப -
                     ⠡.  ਬ,  ᫨      
                    ⠫ ⠡  த,    -
                       ,  ᯮ짮 -
                    ५஢ ᮬ.

                     砥  ஬ DELETE ५஢ -
                      ᯮ짮   㤠  ⮫쪮  
                    ப,    㣮 ⠡.

         ਬ        㦠,  祩  ࠡ⮪  ॢ蠥
                    ।   ⤥,  室   ᯮ짮
                    ५஢ ᮬ. ० ᥣ, 
                      ⠡ EMP,  ᮤঠ饩  ଠ  
                    ௫  㦥   뫠  :

                                   -- 273 --



                    SELECT DEPTNO, ENAME, SAL
                       FROM EMP X
                       WHERE SAL > (SELECT AVG(SAL)
                                      FROM EMP
                                      WHERE X.DEPTNO = DEPTNO)
                       ORDER BY DEPTNO
                    
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        6-20



















































                                   -- 274 --




                       ப  EMP த⥫᪨  -
                     ५஢      ᫥
                    ।    㤭 ⮣  ⤥-
                    . ५஢  த뢠  
                    ப ⠡ EMP ᫥騥 ⢨:

                      1. । DEPTNO.
                      2. ᯮ DEPTNO  믮 .
                      3. ᫨     ப  ।-
                           ⤥, ப ਭ.

                     ࠧ,    믮     
                    ப ⠡ EMP.

                    ਬ ᮢ    ஢  CREATE TABLE 
                    UPDATE ਢ  ᠭ ᮮ⢥ -
                    ஢   5  㪮⢠.

         易   DELETE,  SELECT    UPDATE    5 -
         ⥬       "ࠢ筨  SQL - ࠬ" -   -
                    .



E                            F

E         ।                         F


                      ࠧ 㦤 ।  -
                       । ⥪ ORACLE.  
                    ⥪       㤠-
                        SQL*Net  ORACLE RDBMS. 
                    ⥫쭮 ଠ樥     22
                    "।     । -
                    ࠡ⪠" 㬥 "ORACLE RDBMS 㪮⢮  -
                      ",  ⠪ -  "㪮-
                     짮⥫   SQL*Net"    ᯮ㥬
                     ⮪.

         ஢ 㤠 ⠡

                    뫪   ⠡    ᮤঠ 
                     裡:

                    [user.] table [@database_link]

                    騩 ਬ  ꥤ     ⠡
                    DEPT  ⠡ EMP  㤠  HOUSTON:

                    SELECT ENAME, DNAME
                       FROM EMP@HOUSTON, DEPT
                       WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
                    
                      ࠧ  SELECT                 6-21



                                   -- 275 --




         ࠭祭  । ᮢ

                    ORACLE RDBMS  饥 ६ 뢠  -
                     ࠭祭    ।  ࠡ,
                     ᬠਢ .

                     뫪  ⠡ ন ⮫쪮
                     ᫥ :

                      * ࠧ FROM   SELECT,INSERT INTO...
                        SELECT, CREATE TABLE ...  AS  SELECT  CREATE
                        VIEW ... AS SELECT
                      * ࠧ FOR ஢ CREATE SYNONYM
                      * 䨪  ⠡  ⮫,  뫠騩
                         ।騥 .

                     㤠 ⠡  롨 ⮫  -
                      LONG.

                      㤠 ⠡栬,  ᯮ騥 ࠧ
                    CONNECT BY,  ᫥騥 ࠭祭:

                      * 祢  ᫮  PRIOR    ᯮ짮
                        ⮫쪮 ᮢ⭮  ࠧ CONNECT BY
                      * ࠧ START WITH   ᮤঠ -
                        ᮢ
                      *  ࠧ START WITH,   CONNECT BY   
                        ᮤঠ   ᥡ  㭪  USERENV(ENTRYID),
                        । 짮⥫ 㭪樨   ᥢ-
                        ⮫ ROWNUM.

                       믮  묨 㤠 ⠡
                    樨 INSERT, UPDATE  DELETE.  ⮣ -
                    室 १ SQL*Net ॣ஢  -
                     짮⥫ 㤠 .
                     






















                                   -- 276 --










       EW1    W0


         W1                    W0


         W1                  W0





           ᮤন ଠ :

                    * ꥪ  
                    * 짮⥫  
                    * ᮡ, ந襤   

           ⮩ ଠ樨  १  ஢,  -
           뢠   ਫ.
         
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        -2






























                                   -- 277 --



E                            F

E          ᫮                          F

                     ⮬ ࠧ 뢠   .
                    ଠ ࠧ   ⠪   -
                     ᫮  "DICTIONARY".

                      ஢ ᫮   -
                    䨪 "DBA".    㯭  짮-
                      ਢ DBA.  ⠫  㯭
                    ᥬ 짮⥫.

                     ᫥饩  ⠡  ਢ    ᫮
                    :


E                                  ᠭ        F
           

           ACCESSIBLE_COLUMNS          ⮫ ⠡,    ஢   
                                       ஢, 㯭 짮-
                                       ⥫.
           ACCESSIBLE_TABLES              ,   㯭
                                       짮⥫.
           ALL_CATALOG                 , ,  ᨭ   
                                       ᫥⥫쭮, 㯭
                                       짮⥫.
           ALL_COL_COMMENTS            ਨ   ⮫殢 ⠡-
                                         ஢, 㯭 -
                                       ⥫.
           ALL_COL_GRANTS                COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
           ALL_COL_GRANTS_MADE         ਢ  ⮫殢, -
                                       묨   짮⥫ 
                                          ।⠢ -
                                       .
           ALL_COL_GRANTS_RECD         ਢ  ⮫殢,  -
                                       ⠢  짮-
                                       ⥫  PUBLIC.
           ALL_CONSTRAINTS             ࠭祭         ⠡,
                                       㯭 짮⥫.
           ALL_CONS_COLUMNS            ᭮, 㭨  譨
                                       祢 ⮫  ࠭祭-
                                       , 楬  -
                                        짮⥫     ⠡-
                                       , 㯭 짮⥫.
           ALL_DB_LINKS                 裡,    㯭
                                       짮⥫.
           ALL_DF_AUDIT_OPTS           稢 樨 ॣ樨
                                       㯠    ᮧ
                                       ꥪ⮢.
           ALL_INDEXES                  ⠡   ஢,
                                       㯭 짮⥫.
           ALL_IND_COLUMNS             ⮫, 騥   
                                        ⠡   ஢,  -
                                       㯭 짮⥫.
           ALL_OBJECTS                 ꥪ, 㯭 짮⥫
           ALL_SEQUENCES               ᫥⥫쭮, 㯭

                                   -- 278 --



                                       짮⥫.
           ALL_SYNONYMS                , 㯭  짮-
                                       ⥫.
                                       
                                                -3


E                                  ᠭ          F
           
           ALL_TABLES                  , 㯭 짮⥫
           ALL_TAB_COLUMNS               ACCESSIBLE_COLUMNS
           ALL_TAB_COMMENTS            ਨ  ⠡  -
                                       ஢, 㯭 짮⥫.
           ALL_TAB_GRANTS                TABLE_PRIVILEGES
           ALL_TAB_GRANTS_MADE         ࠢ  ꥪ⮢, 楬
                                          짮⥫
                                         ।⠢ ࠢ  -
                                       㯠   㣨 짮⥫
           ALL_TAB_GRANTS_RECD         ࠢ 㯠  ⠡栬, -
                                       ⠢  짮⥫ 
                                       PUBLIC.
           ALL_USERS                    짮⥫  
           ALL_VIEWS                   , 㯭 짮⥫
           AUDIT_ACTIONS                     ୠ -
                                       樨 㯠  ꥪ⠬
           COLUMN_PRIVILEGES           ࠢ 㯠     ⮫殢,
                                         짮⥫ -
                                         楬, ।⠢,
                                       稫   PUBLIC
           CONSTRAINT_COLUMNS          ⮫ 譥 ,   -
                                       ࠭祭, 楬 
                                        짮⥫     
                                       ⠡,  㯭.
           CONSTRAINT_DEFS             ࠭祭   ⠡,  -
                                       㯭 짮⥫.
           DBA_AUDIT_CONNECT             USER_AUDIT_CONNECT
           DBA_AUDIT_DBA                ୠ   ॣ樨
                                       㯠  ⢨,  ॡ-
                                        ਢ DBA.
           DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS             ୠ   ॣ樨
                                       㯠     ⢨,
                                       襣 訡   -  -
                                       ⢨       㪠
                                       ꥪ.
           DBA_AUDIT_RESOURCE            USER_AUDIT_RESOURCE
           DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL               USER_AUDIT_TRAIL
           DBA_CATALOG                  ⠡,  , ᨭ
                                        ᫥⥫쭮, ࠭-
                                          .
           DBA_CLUSTERS                   
           DBA_CLU_COLUMNS             ⮡ࠦ ⮫殢 ⠡
                                        ⮫ ஢
           DBA_COL_COMMENTS            ਨ   ⮫殢 
                                       ⠡  ஢  
                                       
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        -4



                                   -- 279 --




E                                  ᠭ                F
           
           DBA_COL_GRANTS               ࠢ    ⮫   
                                       
           DBA_CONSTRAINTS             ࠭祭    ꥪ⮢
                                        
           DBA_CONS_COLUMNS             ⮫   ,  -
                                       㥬  ࠭祭
           DBA_CROSS_REFS              ४ 뫪    
                                       ஢, ᨭ  ࠭-
                                         
           DBA_DATA_FILES                
           DBA_DB_LINKS                   裡  
                                       
           DBA_EXP_FILES                ᯮ
           DBA_EXP_OBJECTS             ꥪ,  뫨  ᯮ-
                                       ஢ ⥫쭮
           DBA_EXP_VERSION              ᨨ ᫥ ᥠ
                                       ᯮ
           DBA_EXTENTS                 ⥭, ⠢騥     
                                       ᥣ  
           DBA_FREE_SPACE               ⥭      
                                       ⠡ ࠭⢠   
                                       
           DBA_INDEXES                    
           DBA_IND_COLUMNS             ⮫, ⠢騥 ,
                                          ⠡    ஢
                                        
           DBA_OBJECTS                  ꥪ  
           DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS            ⪠
           DBA_SEGMENTS                , ।     
                                        ᥣ⮢  
           DBA_SEQUENCES                ᫥⥫쭮    
                                       
           DBA_SYNONYMS                 ᨭ  
           DBA_SYS_AUDIT_OPTS          騥 ⥬  樨   -
                                       樨 㯠
           DBA_TABLES                   ⠡  
           DBA_TABLESPACES              ⠡ ࠭⢠
           DBA_TAB_AUDIT_OPTS          樨 ॣ樨  㯠 
                                        ⠡     ஢  
                                       
           DBA_TAB_COLUMNS             ⮫   ⠡,  -
                                           
           DBA_TAB_COMMENTS            ਨ    ⠡ 
                                       ஢  
           DBA_TAB_GRANTS               ਢ     ꥪ⮢
                                        .
                                       
                                                -5








                                   -- 280 --




E                                  ᠭ                  F
           
           DBA_TS_QUOTAS                   짮⥫   
                                       ⠡ ࠭⢠
           DBA_USERS                    짮⥫  
           DBA_VIEWS                      
           DICTIONARY                      
           DICT_COLUMS                 ⮫  ⠡    
                                        
           DUAL                         ⠡,     ᮤঠ
                                        ⮫   ப
           TABLE_PRIVILEGES            ࠢ 㯠   ꥪ⠬, 
                                         짮⥫ 
                                       楬, ।⠢, -
                                       稫   PUBLIC
           USER_AUDIT_CONNECT           ୠ   ॣ樨
                                        祭    ⪫祭
                                       짮⥫   
           USER_AUDIT_RESOURCE          ୠ   ॣ樨
                                        ⢨  ᮧ 
           USER_AUDIT_TRAIL             ୠ   ॣ樨
                                       㯠, ⭮騥  짮-
                                       ⥫.
           USER_CATALOG                , ,  ᨭ   
                                       ᫥⥫쭮,  ਭ-
                                       騥 짮⥫.
           USER_CLUSTERS               , ਭ騥  -
                                       ⥫.
           USER_CLU_COLUMNS            ⮡ࠦ ⮫殢 ⠡ 
                                       ⮫  짮⥫.
           USER_COL_COMMENTS           ਨ   ⮫殢 ⠡-
                                         ஢ 짮⥫.
           USER_COL_GRANTS             ਢ ⮫殢,  -
                                        짮⥫  -
                                       楬, ।⠢     
                                       砥.
           USER_COL_GRANTS_MADE        ਢ  ⮫殢 ꥪ-
                                       ⮢ 짮⥫.
           USER_COL_GRANTS_RECD        ਢ  ⮫殢,  -
                                       ⠢ 짮⥫.
           USER_CONSTRAINTS            ࠭祭, 楬  -
                                         짮⥫.
           USER_CONS_COLUMNS           ࠭祭       ⮫殢,
                                       楬     
                                       짮⥫.
           USER_CROSS_REFS             ४ 뫪   -
                                       ஢, ᨭ    ࠭祭
                                       짮⥫.
           USER_DB_LINKS                裡,   楬
                                         짮⥫.








                                   -- 281 --



                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        -6


E                                  ᠭ                F
           
           USER_EXTENTS                ⥭, 室騥  ᥣ,
                                       楬     
                                       짮⥫.
           USER_FREE_SPACE              ⥭  ⠡
                                       ࠭⢠, 㯭 -
                                       ⥫.
           USER_INDEXES                 짮⥫
           USER_IND_COLUMNS            ⮫, 室騥     
                                       짮⥫    
                                       ⠡  ஢,  ਭ-
                                        짮⥫.
           USER_OBJECTS                ꥪ 짮⥫
           USER_SEGMENTS               , ।     
                                       ᥣ⮢,  楬 
                                        짮⥫.
           USER_SEQUENCES              ᫥⥫쭮,  ਭ-
                                       騥 짮⥫.
           USER_SYNONYMS                ᨭ 짮⥫.
           USER_TABLES                 , ਭ騥 짮-
                                       ⥫.
           USER_TABLESPACES             ࠭⢠,   -
                                       㯭 짮⥫.
           USER_TAB_AUDIT_OPTS         樨 ॣ樨  㯠 
                                       ⠡  ஢,  ਭ-
                                        짮⥫.
           USER_TAB_COLUMNS            ⮫      짮⥫᪨
                                       ⠡,   .
           USER_TAB_COMMENTS           ਨ  ⠡  -
                                       ஢ 짮⥫.
           USER_TAB_GRANTS             ਢ  ꥪ, ਭ-
                                       騥 짮⥫,   ⠪
                                       ,       ।⠢
                                       㣨  ।⠢ .
           USER_TAB_GRANTS_MADE        ਢ  ꥪ⠬, ਭ-
                                       騬 짮⥫.
           USER_TAB_GRANTS_RECD        ਢ  ꥪ⠬, ।-
                                       ⠢ 짮⥫.
           USER_TS_QUOTAS               짮⥫  ⠡
                                       ࠭⢠.
           USER_USERS                  ਢ ⥪饣  짮-
                                       ⥫.
           USER_VIEWS                  , ਭ騥  짮-
                                       ⥫.
                                       
                                                -7









                                   -- 282 --




E                            F

E         ॢ                  F

                       ᫮      筮
                     .       ᯮ㥬
                    ஢ ᫮ ᤥ 騥 ᨭ:

E                    ॢ                F
                    
                    CAT                   USER_CATALOG
                    CLU                   USER_CLUSTERS
                    COLS                  USER_TAB_COLUMNS
                    DICT                  DICTIONARY
                    IND                   USER_INDEXES
                    MYPRIVS               USER_USERS
                    OBJ                   USER_OBJECTS
                    SEQ                   USER_SEQUENCES
                    SYN                   USER_SYNONYMS
                    TABS                  USER_TABLES


E                            F

E          DUAL                                  F


         祭 DUAL  -   ⠡,     ᫮ .
                     ᮤন  ⮫,  DUMMY CHAR(1)   
                    ப  祭 'X'.   DUAL 筮 -
                    ,    ᫨ ⠭⭮
                    ࠦ       SELECT.   
                    ⠡ ᮤন ⮫쪮    ப,  ⠭
                      饭  .  ᫨  ⠡-
                     DUAL  ᪮쪮 ப,  ⠭ -
                    頫   ࠧ   ப.

                    ⠭, ᥢ⮫  ࠦ  -
                       㯭  ⠡,      
                     㤮⢠  ࠡ   DUAL.

                     DUAL  ᮧ   ᮧ -
                    ஢ ᫮ .  ਭ 짮-
                    ⥫ SYS,       짮-
                    ⥫.

         ਬ      뤠 ⥪饩  :

                    SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL

                           ⠡  EMP,    
                    ⮬ 砥  뤠  14  ⥪  -  -
                     ப ⠡.  -  -
                    ⢥ ப ।⥫쭥 ࠡ  ⠡-
                    楩 DUAL.
                    


                                   -- 283 --










       EW1    W0


         W1                    W0


         W1    SQL               W0





          ਫ ᮤন ᨭ⠪  SQL -  -
         .   ᠭ  ਢ    5 - "ࠢ筨 
         SQL - ࠬ".
         
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        B-2



































                                   -- 284 --





E         ALTER CLUSTER                                 F
                    ALTER CLUSTER [user.]cluster
                       [PCTUSED integer] [PCTFREE integer]
                       [SIZE integer]
                       [INITRANS integer] [MAXTRANS integer]
                       [STORAGE storage]


E         ALTER DATABASE                                  F
                    ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
                       {ADD LOGFILE  filespec  [,filespec ...]
                       |DROP LOGFILE 'filename' [,'filename'] ...]
                       |RENAME FILE 'filename' [,'filename'] ...
                       TO filename [,filename] ... ]
                       |ARCHIVELOG
                       |NOARCHIVELOG
                       |MOUNT [SHARED | EXCLUSIVE]
                                        
                       | DISMOUNT
                       |OPEN
                       | CLOSE [NORMAL | IMMEDIATE]}



E         ALTER INDEX                                   F
                    ALTER INDEX [user.]index
                       [INITRANS integer] [MAXTRANS integer]
                       [STORAGE storage]


E         ALTER ROLLBACK                                F
E         SEGMENT                                       F
                    ALTER [PUBLIC] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
                       STORAGE storage



E         ALTER SEQUENCE                                  F
                    ALTER SEQUENCE [user.]sequence
                       [INCREMRNT BY integer]
                       [MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE]
                       [MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE]
                       [CYCLE | NOCYCLE]
                       [CACHE integer | NOCACHE]
                       [ORDER | NOORDER]



E         ALTER SESSION                                 F
                    ALTER SESSION
                       SET SQL_TRACE {TRUE | FALSE}






                                   -- 285 --



E         ALTER TABLE                                   F
                    ALTER TABLE [user.]table
                       [ADD ({column_element|table_constraint}
                       [,{column_element|table_constraint}]...)]
                       [MODIFY (column_element [,column_element]...)]
                       [DROP CONSTRAINT constraint]...
                       [PCTFREE integer] [PCTUSED integer]
                       [INITRANS integer] [MAXTRANS integer]
                       [STORAGE storage]
                       [BACKUP]
         
                           ⠪ SQL                     B-3


E         ALTER TABLESPACE                              F
                    ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
                       {ADD DATAFILE filespec [,filespec [REUSE] ] ...
                       |RENAME DATAFILE 'filename' [,'filename'] ...
                       TO 'filename' [,'filename']...
                       |DEFAULT STORAGE storage]
                       |ONLINE
                       | OFFLINE [ NORMAL | IMMEDIATE ]
                       | {BEGIN BACKUP | END BACKUP}}



E         ALTER USER                                    F
                    ALTER USER username [IDENTIFIED BY password]
                       [DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace]
                       [TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace]



E         AUDIT (ଠ I)                               F
                    AUDIT {system_option [,system_option]... | ALL]
                       WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL]



E         AUDIT (ଠ II)                              F
                    AUDIT {table_option [,table_option]... | ALL}
                       ON { [user.]table | DEFAULT}
                       [BY {SESSION | ACCESS}]
                            
                       [WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL]



E         CLOSE cursor                                  F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL CLOSE cursor_name


E         CONSTRAINT ( ⮫)                      F
                    [NULL] | [NOT NULL [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] ]
                    [{UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY} [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] ]



                                   -- 286 --



                    [REFERENCES [user.]table [(column)]
                     [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] ]
                    [CHECK (condition) [CONSTRAINT constraint] ]



E         Column -                               F
                    column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column constraint]



E         COMMENT                                       F
                    COMMENT ON { TABLE [user.]table
                               | COLUMN [user.]table.column }
                        IS 'text'



E         COMMIT                                        F
                    COMMIT [WORK]



E         COMMIT                                        F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] COMMIT [WORK] [RELEASE]
                  
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        B-4































                                   -- 287 --




E         CONNECT                                       F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL CONNECT :user_password
                        [AT dbname]
                        [USING :dbstring]

                    

                    EXEC SQL CONNECT :user IDENTIFIED BY :password
                        [AT dbname]
                        [USING :dbstring]



E         CREATE CLUSTER                                F
                    CREATE CLUSTER [user.]cluster
                       (column datatype [,column datatype] ...]
                       [PCTUSED integer] [PCTFREE integer]
                       [SIZE integer]
                       [INITRANS integer] [MAXTRANS integer]
                       [TABLESPACE tablespace]
                       [STORAGE storage]



E         CREATE DATABASE                               F
                    CREATE DATABASE [database]
                       [CONTROLFILE REUSE]
                       [LOGFILE filespec [,filespec] ...]
                       [MAXLOGFILES integer ]
                       [DATAFILE filespec [,filespec] ...]
                       [MAXDATAFILES integer ]
                       [MAXINSTANCES integer ]
                       [ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG]
                                     
                       [EXCLUCIVE]
                        


E         CREATE DATABASE                               F
E         LINK                                          F
                    CREATE [PUBLIC] DATABASE LINK link
                       [CONNECT TO user IDENTIFIED BY password]
                       USING 'connect_string'


E         CREATE INDEX                                  F
                    CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index ON
                       {table (column [ASC|DESC][,column [ASC|DESC]]...]
                       | CLUSTER cluster}
                       [INITRANS n] [MAXTRANS n]
                       [TABLESPACE tablespace]
                       [STORAGE storage]
                       [PCTFREE n]
                       [NOSORT]



                                   -- 288 --




E         CREATE ROLLBACK                               F
E         SEGMENT                                       F
                    CREATE [PUBLIC] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
                       [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
                       [ STORAGE storage ]
              
                           ⠪ SQL                     B-5



















































                                   -- 289 --




E         CREATE SEQUENCE                               F
                    CREATE SEQUENCE [user.]sequence
                       [INCREMENT BY n]
                       [START WITH n]
                       [MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE]
                       [MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE]
                       [CYCLE | NOCYCLE]
                                
                       [CACHE n | NOCACHE]
                       [ORDER | NOORDER]
                                


E         CREATE SYNONYM                                F
                    CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM [user.]synonym
                       FOR [user.]table [@databaselink]



E         CREATE TABLE                                  F
                    CREATE TABLE [user.]table
                       ( {column_element | table_constraint}
                       [, {column_element | table_constraint} ]...)
                       [PCTFREE n] [PCTUSED n]
                       [INITRANS n] [MAXTRANS n]
                       [TABLESPACE tablespace]
                       [STORAGE storage]
                       [CLUSTER cluster (column [,column]...)]
                       [AS query]



E         CREATE                                        F
E         TABLESPACE                                    F
                    CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace
                       DATAFILE {filespec [,filespec] ...}
                       [DEFAULT STORAGE storage]
                       [ONLINE | OFFLINE]
                        


E         CREATE VIEW                                   F
                    CREATE VIEW [user.]view [(alias [,alias]...)]
                       AS query
                       [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint]]



E         DECLARE CURSOR                                F            
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR
                       FOR {SELECT subststment | ststment}






                                   -- 290 --



E         DECLARE DATABASE                              F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL DECLARE dbname DATABASE



E         DECLARE                                       F
E         STATEMENT                                     F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL DECLARE ststement_name STATEMENT



E         DELETE                                        F
                    DELETE [FROM] [user.]table [alias] [WHERE condition]
                   
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        B-6










































                                   -- 291 --





E         DELETE                                        F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] [FOR :host_integer]
                       DELETE [FROM] table [alias]
                           [WHERE {condition | CURRENT OF cursor}]


E         DESCRIBE (-                             F            
E         ᪨ ஥                             F
E         SQL: ⮤ 4)                                 F
                     易 ६:

                    EXEC SQL DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES FOR statement_name
                        INTO descriptor_name

                     ⮢ ᯨ᪠ SELECT:

                    EXEC SQL SESCRIBE [SELECT LIST FOR] statement_name
                        INTO descriptor_name


E         DROP CLUSTER                                  F
                    DROP CLUSTER [user.]cluster
                       [INCLUDING TABLES]


E         DROP DATABASE                                 F
E         LINK                                          F
                    DROP [PUBLIC] DATABASE LINK link


E         DROP INDEX                                    F
                    DROP INDEX [user.]index


E         DROP ROLLBACK                                 F
E         SEGMENT                                       F
                    DROP [PUBLIC] ROLLBACK SEGMENT segment


E         DROP SEQUENCE                                 F
                    DROP SEQUENCE [user.]sequence


E         DROP SYNONYM                                  F
                    DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM [user.]synonym


E         DROP TABLE                                    F
                    DROP TABLE [user.]table


E         DROP TABLESPACE                               F
                    DROP TABLESPACE tablespace
                       [INCLUDING CONTENTS]


                                   -- 292 --




E         DROP VIEW                                     F
                    DROP VIEW [user.]view


E         EXECUTE (-                              F
E         ᪨ ஥                             F
E         SQL: ⮤ 2)                                 F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] [FOR :host_integer]
                       EXECUTE statement_name [USING values_list]
                                              
                           ⠪ SQL                     B-7















































                                   -- 293 --




E         EXECUTE                                       F
E         IMMEDIATE                                     F
E         (᪨                                 F
E         ஥ SQL:                               F
E         ⮤ 1)                                      F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname]
                       EXECUTE IMMEDIATE [:host_string | string_literal]


E         EXPLAIN PLAN                                  F
                    EXPLAIN PLAN
                       [SET STATEMENT ID = char]
                       [INTO [user.]table]
                       FOR sql_statement


E         Filespec                                      F
                    'filename' [SIZE integer [K|M] [REUSE]


E         FETCH                                         F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [FOR :host_integer]
                       FETCH cursor_name
                         INTO host_variable_list

                     ᪮ SQL, ⮤ 4:

                    EXEC SQL [FOR :host_integer]
                       FETCH cursor_name
                          USING descriptor


E         FOR - ࠧ                                   F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    FOR :host_integer


E         GRANT (ଠ I)                               F
                    GRANT database_priv [,database_priv] ...
                       TO user [,user] ...
                       [ IDENTIFIED BY password [,password] ...]



E         GRANT (ଠ II)                              F
                    GRANT RESOURCE [ (quota [K|M]) ]
                       ON tablespace
                       TO { PUBLIC | user [,user] ...}


E         GRANT (ଠ III)                             F
                    GRANT {object_priv [,object_priv] ...} | {ALL
                          [PRIVILEGES] } ON [user.]object
                       TO { user | PUBLIC } [,user] ...
                       [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]


                                   -- 294 --




E         INSERT                                        F
                    INSERT INTO[user.]table [column [,column] ...)]
                       {VALUES (value [,value]...) | query}
                  
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        B-8





















































                                   -- 295 --





E         INSERT                                        F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] [FOR :host_integer]
                     INSERT INTO [user.]table [(column [,column]...)]
                     {VALUES(values_element [,values_element]...) | query}


E         LOCK TABLE                                    F
                    LOCK TABLE [user.]table [, [user.]table]...
                       IN lockmode MODE [NOWAIT]


E         NOAUDIT (ଠ I)                             F
                    NOAUDIT {system_option [,system_option]...| ALL}
                       WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL]


E         NOAUDIT (ଠ II)                            F
                    NOAUDIT {option [,option]... | ALL}
                       ON {object | DEFAULT }
                       [WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCSESSFUL}


E         OPEN cursor                                   F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                   EXEC SQL OPEN cursor_name [USING host_variable_list]


E         PREPARE (᪨                         F
E         ஥ SQL)                               F
                    EXEC SQL PREPARE statement_name
                       FROM {:host_string | string_literal}


E         RENAME                                        F
                    RENAME old TO new


E         REVOKE (ଠ I)                              F
                    REVOKE { [CONNECT] [,RESOURCE] [,DBA] }
                       FROM user [,user] ...


E         REVOKE (ଠ II)                             F
                    REVOKE space_privilege ON tablespace
                       FROM user [,user] ...


E         REVOKE (ଠ III)                            F
                    REVOKE { object_priv [,object_priv]... | ALL }
                       ON [user.]object
                       FROM { user | PUBLIC } [,user]...





                                   -- 296 --



E         ROLLBACK                                      F
                    ROLLBACK [WORK]
                       [ TO [SAVEPOINT] savepoint ]


E         ROLLBACK                                      F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] ROLLBACK [WORK]
                       [TO  [SAVEPOINT] savepoint]
                       [RELEASE]
                  
                           ⠪ SQL                     B-9















































                                   -- 297 --





E         SAVEPOINT                                     F
                    SAVEPOINT savepoint

                      ஥ SQL:

                    EXEC SQL SAVEPOINT savepoint


E         SELECT                                        F
                 SELECT [ALL|DISTINCT] {* | table.* | expr [c_alias]}
                                       [, {table.* | expr [c_alias]}]...
                    FROM [user.]table [t_alias][,[user.]table [t_alias]]...
                    [WHERE condition]
                    [CONNECT BY condition [START WITH condition]]
                    [GROUP BY expr [, expr]...[HAVING condition]]
                    [{UNION|INTERSECT|MINUS} SELECT ...]
                    [ORDER BY {expr|position} [ASC|DESC]
                                               
                            [,{expr|position} [ASC|DESC]] ]...
                                               
                    [FOR UPDATE OF column [,column]...[NOWAIT] ]


E         SELECT                                        F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] [FOR :host_integer]
                    SELECT select_list
                      INTO :host_variable [,:host_variable]...
                      FROM table_list
                      [WHERE condition ]
                      [CONNECT BY condition [START WITH condition]]
                      [GROUP BY expr[,expr]...[HAVING condition]]
                      [ {UNION|INTERSECT|MINUS} SELECT ...]
                      [ORDER BY {expr|position} [ASC|DESC]
                              [,{expr|position} [ASC|DESC] ] ]...
                      [FOR UPDATE OF column [,column]...[NOWAIT] ]


E         SET TRANSACTION                               F
                    SET TRANSACTION {READ ONLY}


E         STORAGE - ࠧ                               F
                    STORAGE (
                       [ INITIAL integer ]  [ NEXT integer ]
                       [ MINEXTENTS integer ]  [ MAXEXTENTS integer ]
                       [ PCTINCREASE integer ] )


E         Table CONSTRAINT                              F
                    [{UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY} (column [,column]...)
                         [CONSTRAINT constraint] ]

                    [FOREIGN KEY (column [,column]...)
                      REFERENCES [user.]table [(column [,column]...)]
                         [CONSTRAINT constraint] ]

                                   -- 298 --



                    [CHECK (condition) [CONSTRAINT constraint] ]
         
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL        B-10
























































                                   -- 299 --




E         UPDATE                                        F
                    UPDATE [user.]table [alias]
                       SET column = expr [,column = expr]...
                       [WHERE condition]

                    

                    UPDATE [user.]table [alias]
                       SET (column [,column]...) = (query)
                         [,(column [,column]...) = (query) ] ...
                       [WHERE condition]


E         UPDATE                                        F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] [FOR :host_integer
                    UPDATE [user.]table
                      SET column [,column]...=({value[,value]...|query})
                       [WHERE {condition|CURRENT OF cursor_name}]

                    

                    EXEC SQL [AT dbname] [FOR :host_integer
                       UPDATE [user.]table
                          SET column1 ={(value)|query}
                        [,SET column1 ={(value)|query} ]...
                      WHERE {search_condition|CURRENT OF cursor_name}]



E         VALIDATE INDEX                                F
                    VALIDATE INDEX [user.]index


E         WHENEVER                                      F
E         (஥ SQL)                              F
                    EXEC SQL WHENEVER {NOT FOUND|SQL ERROR|SQLWARNING}
                       {CONTINUE | GOTO label_name | STOP}

                                                     


















                                   -- 300 --







       EW1    W0


         W1                      W0


W1                             W0

E            (Database Administrator - DBA) F
           짮⥫ ⥬ ORACLE,    ।-
         ⠢    㣨 짮⥫    ⥬,
         ஢ 樨 ⥬,  騥  ࠡ  -
         ⥫,  ⠪ 믮 㣨  ⨢ 㭪樨.
         筮 뢠 "DBA".

E          (alias)                 F
         ६ , 砥 ⠡  ⮫ ⠡
          SQL -   ᯮ㥬  뫪  ,   
           ᠬ.

E         㬥 (argument)             F
         ࠦ, 祭  ᪮,  ᯮ㥬   㪠
         祭  ᯮ짮  㭪樨.


W1                                     W0

E           (database)        F
           ᪮쪮 䠩 樮  ⥬,    ன
         ⥬ ORACLE ࠭ ⠡,   㣨 ꥪ. -
          ⮣,  ⠪ 뢠 ⢮ ꥪ⮢   ,  -
         㥬  ਫ.

E          (block)                  F
            ,  ᯮ㥬 ORACLE  -
            ⠡  ᮢ.   ORACLE -
          ஢  ᨬ  樮  ⥬,  
         । ன  ࠡ⠥ (host - ⥬).
           ORACLE 筮 ⥭  host - ⥬.

E         ஢ (lock)             F
         ६ ࠭祭 㯠   㣨 짮⥫.

E         ஢ ⨯ share update  F
         ஢,  ࠧ蠥 㣨 짮⥫   -
         訢, ⠪  ஢ .









                                   -- 301 --



          ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL    ਩ - 2



W1                     W0                    

E         㠫 ⮫ (virtual column)  F
         ⮫  १ ,   祭    
         ᭮ 祭 㣨 ⮫殢.

E         譨  (foreign key)            F
           ᪮쪮 ⮫殢,  祭   -
         祭 ᭮  㣮 ⠡.

E         譥 ꥤ (outer join)      F
          ꥤ, 騩 祭   ⠡, -
            㤮⢮ ᫮  ⥫쭮 ,  
         㤮⢮ ᫮.  ࠭塞 ப ꥤ-
            䨪⨢ ப 㣮 ⠡,   ன  
         ᮤঠ null.

E         ६ ᥣ (temporary segment) F
           ⠡筮 ࠭⢠,  ᯮ㥬  -
          ஬ १⮢ SQL -  ஢. ਬ,
         ६ ᥣ ᯮ  ஢ .

E         ࠦ (expression)                F
               ⮢  ,  ꥤ塞    
         ﬨ  㭪ﬨ.  뤠 祭 ⨯ number, char
          data.

W1             W0

E          (nesting)         F
         ࠪ⨪ 饭   㣮   ࠧ.

E         㯯 㭪 (group function)    F
         㭪,  ⢥ 㬬୮ 祭 (-
          -  㬬    ।)  㯯 祭   -
         ⢥ 祭.

W1             W0

E         ॢ  (tree-structured query)    F
         , १⮬  ண  ᪠ -
           ப ⠡. . ࠧ CONNECT BY.

W1             W0

E          (record)               F
           ப (row)

E          (query)                F
          SQL   롮ન     ᪮쪨 ⠡-
         .   稭  祢 ᫮ SELECT.




                                   -- 302 --



                                                 ਩ - 3


E         १ࢨ஢ ᫮ (reserved word)       F
         , 饥 ᯥ樠쭮 祭  SQL  , ᫥⥫쭮,
            ᯮ짮   ꥪ ( ⫨稥 
         "祢 ᫮", ஥  ᯮ짮  -
          ꥪ⮢,  ஥   饬   १-
         ஢).

W1                     W0

E          (index)                F
         ꥪ    ,      ஬  ⢫
           אַ   ப     ᪠஢
         ⠡.       祭 -
         㥬  ⠡  㪠⥫  ᮮ⢥ ப.

E         ᪫⥫쭠 ஢ (exclusive lock)    F
         ஢,         㣨     짮⥫
         訢 ,       ;   ⫨砥 
         ஢ ⨯ SHARE,    㣨 짮-
          믮  ⨯ ஢    . -
         ஢ ⨯ SHARE ࠧ蠥 ᪮쪨 짮⥫ -
          ஢     .

E          짮⥫ (username)           F
         , ஥       짮⥫ host -
         ⥬   짮⥫ ORACLE.    짮-
         ⥫ 樨 ஫.

W1                     W0

E          (cluster)             F
         ꥪ   ,      ᮤঠ   
         ⠡. ப  ⠡, 騥  祭 -
          , ࠭    䨧᪨ .

E           (cluster index)       F
         ,   ந  ⮫,  ।⠢ ᮡ
          .

E          ⮫ (cluster columns)    F
            ⮫殢  㯯  ਧ  ⠡,
          ᯮ  । ⮣,   ப -
          ࠭ .  ,   " ".

E          (key)                    F
         ⮫  㯯 ⮫殢,  ᯮ㥬  䨪樨
         ப.   筮  "".  .  ⠪ "᭮
         ", "譨 ", "㭨 ".

E         祢 ᫮ (keyword)              F
          ᨭ⠪᪮  ᠭ,      
         ⠪,  ᠭ.

E          (command)                     F
         . .

                                   -- 303 --



          ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL    ਩ - 4



E          ப (command line)       F
         ப  ࠭ ᯫ,  ன  । 
         .

E         ⥭ (concatenation)          F
         ꥤ   ᨬ  祭,   ।⠢饥
         樥 "||" ( ⠩  ꥤ ⠡). ਬ,
         ⥭  ᨬ ⠭ 'ABC'    'XYZ'  㤥
         뢠   :  'ABC'||'XYZ'   १ 
         祭 'ABCXYZ'.

E         ७ (root)                         F
          ⠡   ॢ ன - 砫 ॢ; ப,
           த⥫   ⮬,  㪨  ..  ⠢
         ॢ.   ॢ   ப, ᯥ஢
          ࠧ START WITH.

E         ५஢  (correlated query)     F
         ,  믮   祭 ப -
         , 롨ࠥ ᭮ ᮬ.   
         믮       祭   -
         쪨  ப - ;  㣨 ᫮ - -
          ५  ᭮ ᮬ.

W1             W0

E          (leaf)                   F
          ॢ ⠡ - ப,   ப-⮬.

E         ᪮ ࠦ (logical expression)     F
         ࠦ, 쨬 १⮬   TRUE  FALSE.  -
          "᫮".

W1                     W0

E           (database link)      F
         ꥪ, ࠭騩 쭮  ,  ।-
          㤠    ,      ⮩       (
         易⥫쭮)  짮⥫  ஫  㤠 .

E         ⢥ ᫮ (set condition)         F
         ᪮ ࠦ, ᮤঠ饥 , ਬ:
         'JOB IN (SELECT...)'.

E         ⢥  (set operator)         F
           ᫥ 権: UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS.

E          ⭮襭 魮⥩ (Entity-Relationship model) F       
         , ᯮ㥬  ஢ ⥬  ५-
           .    ⥬   ⥣-
         ਨ: 魮  ⭮襭.




                                   -- 304 --



                                                 ਩ - 5



E          ଠ (format model)         F
         ࠧ,  ࠢ  ᥫ,    ᨬ-
          ப.     ଠ⮢      ⮫殢   ⨯   DATE
         ᯮ   㭪  ८ࠧ    (ਬ  -
         TO_DATE).

W1                     W0

E         ᨬ  (data independence)      F
         ⢮  । ⠡,  饥   
         䨧    ,      ⮬
          ࠡ ਫ,   ⠡.

W1                     W0

E          (view)                  F
         ꥪ   ,  騩  ᪨  ।⠢
         ⠡.   ந  ⠡,   ᯮ-
          ,     ࠡ ⠪ ,    ⠡楩.

E         ꥤ (join)                    F
         1. , 騩      ⠡; 2. -
         , ஥  ।   ।  ⮣,  
         ப   ࠭.

E         ꥤ騩 ⮫ (join column)            F
         ⮫, ᯮ㥬  ꥤ  ⠡    -
         .  ᯥ ꥤ騩 ⮫, ᯮ ࠧ
         WHERE,   ।  ⭮襭     ꥤ騬
         ⮫栬   ⠡.

E         ꥪ   (database object)          F
          ᮧ  ࠭饥   .   ꥪ⠬ 
          ⭮: ⠡, , ᨭ, , ᫥-
         ⥫쭮, , ⮫.

E         ࠭祭 (constraint)                      F
         . "࠭祭 楫⭮".

         ࠭祭  ⮫ (column constraint)
         ࠭祭 楫⭮, ⭮饥  । ⮫
          ⠡.

E         ࠭祭  ⠡ (table constraint)    F          
         ࠭祭 楫⭮, ਬ塞  ᪮쪨 ⮫殢
          ⠡. . "࠭祭  ⮫".

E         ࠭祭 楫⭮ (integrity constraint)        F
         ࠢ, ࠭稢饥     ⢨⥫  祭
         ⮫. 頥    ᮧ  ⮫.  .  ⠪
         "࠭祭  ⮫"  "࠭祭  ⠡".




                                   -- 305 --



E          (statement)                  F
            ⥬  ORACLE   몥 SQL,   
         ࠧ.

          ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL    ਩ - 6



E          (operator)                   F
           १ࢨ஢ ᫮, ᯮ㥬, ᯮ-
           믮 樨,  ⠪  ᫮  ࠢ-
         ,  ⠬ ࠦ.  ਢ  ਬ  
         権: *  (㬭),  >  (ࠢ " 祬"),  ANY
         (ࠢ ண 祭   祭,  뤠-
          ᮬ).

E         樮 ⥬ (operating system)       F
         ணࠬ, ࠢ  ᠬ      
         騬   ன  ਪ묨 ணࠬ.

E         ᭮  (primary key)                   F
         ⮫ (⮫),  ᯮ㥬  㭨쭮 -
         ஢ ப  ⠡.

E         ⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮                     F
         ⢮, ࠭饥  祭   ⮫ -
           祭  㣮 ⮫.  ᢮⢮ ᯥ稢-
            "࠭祭 楫⭮".

E         ⭮襭 (relation)                  F
         . ⠡.

W1                     W0

E         ஫ (password)                     F
         ப ᨬ,       ॣ樨 
         樮 ⥬   祭  ⥬ ORACLE. -
         ஫ 室 ࠭  ⠩.

E          (subquery)                  F
         , 祭  窨  ᯮ騩  ࠧ
         SQL - . . ⠪ "५஢ ".

E          (field)                          F
          饬 砥 - ᨭ  ⮫,   筮 ᯮ-
           祭 ⢨⥫쭮 祭 ⮫.

E         ᫥⥫쭮 (sequence)                 F
         ꥪ  , 騩 ஢ 㭨 -
           ᯮ짮  ⢥ ᭮ 祩.

E         ࠢ ⭮⥫쭮  楫⭮  (referential   integrity
         rule)           F
         "࠭祭 楫⭮",  ஥ ᯥ稢 ⭮⥫-
          楫⭮.




                                   -- 306 --



E         ਢ (privilege)                        F
          ⢨  ⠡楩,   ஥  ᮧ⥫  ⠡
           ࠧ襭 㣮 짮⥫. ORACLE ᯮ-
          ᫥騥  ਢ:  ALTER,  DELETE,  INDEX,   INSERT,
         REFERENCE, SELECT,  UPDATE. 祢 ᫮ ALL 砥 -
         ⠢  ਢ,    ᮧ⥫ ꥪ.

                                                 ਩ - 7



E         ᮥ, 祭 (connect)          F
         ᯮ ⥬  ORACLE   ஢  
         짮⥫ ⥬   짮⥫ (username)  -
         ஫(password).

E         ᫥⥫쭮 ᫨ﭨ (collating sequence)       F
         ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ,      ᨬ  
         ,    ⠫ ᨬ.  ᫥⥫쭮
         ᫨ﭨ ᯮ  㯮冷祭  㯯஢ ᨬ-
          ⮫殢. ᫥⥫쭮 ᫨ﭨ   -
          ⥬  ᭮뢠  ᯮ㥬 ᨬ쭮  -
         . 設⢮  樮 ⥬ ᯮ ᨬ
           ASCII,  - EBCDIC.  ᫥⥫쭮 ᫨-
         ﭨ  ⠪ ࠬ LANGUAGE 䠩 INIT.ORA;  ࠧ-
          모  ࠧ ᫥⥫쭮 ᫨ﭨ.

E         ᥢ⮫ (pseudo-column)                 F
         "⮫",   饭 뤠 祭,    -
          ॠ ⮫殬 ⠡. (ਬ - ROWID).


W1                     W0

E         塞 ஢ (share lock)           F
         ஢, ࠧ   㣨  짮⥫  訢
         ,   ஢ .

E         ⥫᪨  (parent query)            F
          譨  ( 뤠  ⥫  १-
         )  , ᮤঠ饬 .

W1                     W0

E          (session)                               F
         , ந室訥  ⮬ 祭  짮-
         ⥫  ⥬  ⪫祭.

E          ⪠ (rollback segment)             F
           ⠡筮 ࠭⢠,  ன ࠭ -
         ଠ, ᯮ㥬    ࠭஢  楫⭮   
          ⪠  ᯥ祭 ᮣᮢ ⥭  -
         쪨 ࠭権.

E          (network)                                F
              ࠬ,    -
           ଠ樥.


                                   -- 307 --



E          (synonym)                             F
         , 砥 ⠡     㤮 뫪
          .  ᫨      ⠡ 㣮 짮-
         ⥫,     ᨭ   ⮫쪮  -
         ,    짮⥫.

E         ⠪ (syntax)                            F
          ࠢ,  ।騩    ஢  ࠢ
             (ਬ -  SQL).
 
          ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL    ਩ - 8
















































                                   -- 308 --






E         ⥬ ࠢ   ५樮       (Relational
         Database Management System - RDBMS)             F
         ୠ ணࠬ   饣  祭,  ᯥ稢
         ࠭  롮 , ࣠  ⠡, -
         騥    ᪮쪨 ⮢ ଠ樨,  뢠-
          ப,     -  ᢮  ।  ᮤন
           ⮢  (⮫). ORACLE - -
          ࠢ ५樮  .

E           (Data Dictionary)              F
          ⠡  ஢,  ᮤঠ ଠ    ꥪ
          ,  짮⥫,  ਢ, ᮡ   -
         짮  .

E         ᮢ ⥭ (read consistency)     F
         ﭨ, ࠭饥,   ,  묨 ⠫-
           ( ࠭) ।⠢ ᮡ ᮣ-
          ⢮    祭  ᥣ ६ ࠡ 
         (࠭樨). .  SET TRANSACTION.

E         ⠢  (composite key)                F
         ᭮  譨 ,  騩     ⮫-
         殢.

E         䨪   (database specification)     F
         㪢஢ ,  騩   ORACLE 
         ᯮ騩  ᯥ஢    ࠡ 
         SQL*Net   ।  裡.

E         設⢮ 権 (precedence)                     F
         稢 冷,   ஬ ORACLE 믮 樨 
         ࠦ.  ࠦ "2+3*X" ᯥࢠ  㬭  X, 
          १  2, ⠪  㬭  ᫮.

E         ⮫ (column)                              F
         (1) ,  ।⠢騥   ⠡ । த -
         .  ਬ - , ᮤঠ騥   ⠡ EMP.
         (2) , ।⠢騥 । த 室 ,
         祭  १ .

E         ࠭ (page)                               F
          ᪮ . . "".

E         魮 (entity)                             F
         ,   ,  ।⠢塞    ⠡.  
         ⠡  ப ।⠢ ᮡ 魮.

E         ப (row)                                  F
         (1)     ⠡. ਬ - , ।-
         ⠢騥   㦠饣  ⠡ EMP.  (2)  
         ⢠, ⠢饣 室 १ .





                                   -- 309 --



                                                 ਩ - 9



W1                     W0

E          (table)                               F
                ⥬ ࠢ ५樮
          .  ᮤন    ⮢ -
         樨 (ப),  ,  ᢮ ।,   祭
          ⨯ (⮫殢).

E           (table alias)                   F
         ६ ⠭      ⠡,  । 
         ࠧ FROM  SELECT.

E          ⮫ (table column)                F
         ⮫, ਭ騩 ⠡. . "⮫".

E         筮 ࠭⢮ (tablespace)           F
           㯯 䠩,  ᯮ㥬   ࠭  .
           ORACLE ⮨  ⠡筮 ࠭⢠ SYSTEM
         , , 㣨 ⠡ ࠭.

E           (datatype)                         F
           ⠭  ,   ORACLE  -
           ࠡ뢠.  ⠭ ⨯  ORACLE ⭮-
         : CHAR, DATE, NUMBER, LONG, RAW  LONG RAW.

E         窠 ࠭ (savepoint)                  F
         窠  ࠭樨,   ன   믮  -
         . 窨  ࠭    ⪠  ⥪饩
         ࠭樨. .  ROLLBACK.

E         ࠭ (transaction)                      F
         ᫥⥫쭮 SQL  -  ஢,  ࠪ㥬  ⥬
         ORACLE   .  䨪権 ⠭ -
         ﭭ ᫥ 뤠  COMMIT.  ࠭   
           筮 ⪠祭    ROLLBACK.

E         㯨  (deadlock)                 F
         (㪢쭮 - ᬥ⥫쭠 ஢). ,  
            짮⥫  ᪫⥫쭮  ஢  ,
           室 த ࠡ 㣮 짮-
         .   ,  ਬ,  砥,  
         짮⥫ ஢ ࠧ ⠡,  ⥬ 
           ⠥   ⠡,  ஢  -
         . ORACLE  ᯮᮡ ⮬᪨   ࠧ -
          樨.

W1                     W0

E            (remote database)       F
          ,  ᯮ    "㤠  ";  
         ⭮ ⠪ 뢠 , ᯮ㥬 १ 
         .



                                   -- 310 --



E           (remote computer)         F
         ନ, ᯮ騩  祭 , ஬ 襣,
           .

          ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL    ਩ - 10



E          (node)                                   F
         1. ⤥쭠 ப  ॢ ⠡;  2.   - -
         ⮯ ⤥쭮 .

E         砭 (default)                           F
         ࠧ  祭 樨, ᯮ㥬  砥,  -
          㣮  㪠.

E           (unique key)                  F
           ᪮쪮 ⮫殢,    㭨묨
           ப ⠡. . "", "᭮ ".
         ஢ (level)
          ॢ ⠡ ⢮ ப    ୥-
         . ୥ ப  ஢ 1,  ⮬ 2,  ..

E         ᫮ (condition)                           F
         ࠦ, 쨬 १⮬  TRUE  FALSE.  -
         : X > 100.

W1                     W0

E         ᪨  (physical block)              F
           ᪥, 筮 ࠧ஬  512 . ⫨砥  
         ⥬ ORACLE. . "".

E         ࠧ (clause)                                F
            ᪮쪮  १ࢨ஢ ᫮,  ᯮ
           SQL -    ᮯ஢ ࠬ-
         ஬. ਬ, :
         SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP
         ᮤন ࠧ SELECT  FROM.

E         㭪 (function)                            F
         ࠭ ।  (ਬ -  "८ࠧ  
         孨 ॣ",    믮 ⥬ -
             㬥⮢  SQL - .

W1                     W0

E         ⥭ (extent)                              F
          뢭 ⪠ ,   ⠡楩  
         ᮬ  ।塞 ६   ६ ࢮ-
         砫쭮 ᮧ ⠡  ,      
          ⥫쭮 .







                                   -- 311 --



                                                 ਩ - 11



W1         A            W0

E         ASCII                                 F
         襭   ᯮ짮 ᫮   ।⠢-
          ⠥  ᨬ.  ASCII  -     ॢ   
         American Standard  Code  for Information Interchange (-
         ᪨ ⠭    ଠ樥).

E         audit (ॢ, ॣ)          F
         ᯮ  㪠 ⥬ ORACLE ᮡ ଠ
          ࠧ ᯥ⠬.  ਬ - ॣ 㯠  -
         । ⠡.

W1         C            W0

E         CHAR - ⨯                      F           
           ⨯  ⥬ ORACLE,   
          ᥡ  ⠥ ᨬ,  ਬ "", "3"  "-
         ".    ࠧ୮   ᨬ   -
         쭮  ࠧ୮, ।  ⮫. -
         ᨬ ࠧ ⮫ CHAR - 255 ᨬ.

E         CONNECT BY                            F
         易⥫쭠 ࠧ  SELECT.

W1         D            W0

E         DATE - ⨯                      F
            ⠭  ⨯  .  ⮫  묨 ⨯
         DATE  ᮤঠ     1 ﭢ 4712 . 
         ..  31  4712 . ..

E         DBA                                   F
         . "  ".

W1         E            W0

E         equi-join                             F
         ꥤ,   ஬  ⢥ 樨 ꥤ -
         㯠 ࠢ⢮, ਬ:
         WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO

W1         H            W0

E         host                                          F
         ,  ஬ ࠡ⠥ ORACLE RDBMS.

W1         L            W0

E         LONG - ⨯                              F
         ⠭ ⨯  ⥬ ORACLE,    ᮤ-
             ""  ᨬ,  ਬ  "A","3","&"  
         "஡".     0  65535 ᨬ.  ⠡-
              ।  ⮫쪮    ⮫  ⨯ LONG.

                                   -- 312 --



         ⮫ ⠪ ⨯    ᯮ짮    㬥
         㭪権,  ࠦ, ࠧ WHERE,  ⠪  
         ⥫ ࠭祭.

          ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL    ਩ - 12



E         LONG RAW - ⨯                          F
         ⮫ ⠪  ⨯  ᮤঠ ࠡ⠭ 
         ,   㣮 ஭   ⮫ LONG.  -
           ⮫ LONG RAW   ⭠筮 樨.

W1         N            W0

E         non-equi-join                                 F
         ꥤ, ᫮    ண   뢠   ⭮襭,
         ⫨  ࠢ⢠ (=).

E         null                                          F
         祭, 饥:  "祭  ਬ"  "祭
         ⭮".   롨  ஢ 祭
         null   .  㯯 㭪樨 筮 
         ⠪ 祭.  Null  ࠢ - 祭, ࠢ-
            ᥣ  FALSE.

E         NUMBER - ⨯                            F
           ⠭ ⨯  ORACLE,     -
         ঠ  ᫮      筮 窮  ,
         ⠪   .   ।  1  105 権 
          ᥫ, 祬 ⮫쪮 38  騬.

W1         P            W0

E         public                                        F
         1)      㯭 ᥬ 짮⥫.  public
           ᨭ   裡.  ꥪ ⮣  ⨯
          ᮧ ⮫쪮 DBA.  짮⥫  ।-
         ⠢ ࠢ 㯠 public  ⮫쪮    ᢮  ꥪ⠬.  2)
         㯯,  ன ਭ  짮⥫  
         -  ⮩ 㯯.

W1         R            W0

E         RAW - ⨯                               F
         ⮫ ⨯ RAW ᮤঠ  ᨬ   ⮣,  
           ᠫ.   ⮫ ᯮ  ࠭-
           ( ᨬ) .

E         RDBMS                                         F
         . "⥬ ࠢ ५樮  ".

E         ROWID                                         F
         ७  ப  ⠡.  ROWID ப   
         ࠭     SELECT  ᥢ⮫ ROWID. 
          ८ࠧ뢠      㭪権   ROWIDTOCHAR   
         CHARTOROWID.


                                   -- 313 --



W1         S            W0

E         soundex                                       F
         쭠 㭪,  ।⠢  ᨬ쭮  -
          ᫮.      ᪥ ᫮,  ᠭ -
         쪮 , ਬ  "SMITH"  "SMYTHE".





















































                                   -- 314 --



                                                 ਩ - 13



E         SQL                                           F
         ஬諥 ⠭  몠,  ᯮ㥬    ࠡ  
         ५樮묨  .    ᯮ  -
          ORACLE  DB2. ந "ᨪ".

E         SQL*Net                                       F
         易⥫ த,   ⥬ ORACLE -
           ᪮쪨   ஢  १
         .
 













































                                   -- 315 --
