


           III                

         13                

     ⮩   뢠,   ᮧ  .  । 饭 
  室 "ᮧ".   砥  ⮢ 
ᯮ짮 ⥬ ORACLE  砥  ᥡ:

* ⠫ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ORACLE RDBMS (᫨    ⠭
* ᮧ  䠩 (  ⪠       ।
  )
*   䠩 ࢮ砫쭮 ଠ樨
* ॣ 砫 짮⥫ .

砭: ᫥⢨ ⮣,  ᮤঠ  ⮩  - ଠ
ਬ    ᥬ  樮  ⥬,    㤥 ।⠢
筮  .  "㪮⢮ 짮⥫  - ⠫樨"  ᭮
筨 ଠ樨   ⮩  ⥬.  ᫨   㦥  ॠ쭮 ⠫஢ 
ᮧ ,    த , ᯮ짮 㪠
㬥⮬.

    ஬ ⮣,   ᢮  ଠ樥, ᠭ   14
"  ⠭ ", ⮡   ࠢ  樨 ᪠ 
⠭  ORACLE,   ,  ⠪ ᯮ짮 䠩
砫 ࠬ஢  ᪠, 筮 뢠 INIT.ORA.

     ⠪,    ᮧ  ᮢᥬ  易⥫쭮  室 
 ᨨ ORACLE RDBMS  㣮.

         砥 "ᮧ " ?

    । ⥬,   ᯮ짮 ਪ묨 ணࠬ,  
 ᮧ.  ᮧ ⠢  䠩 樮
⥬ ⠪,  ⮡   ࠡ   ORACLE. ᨬ  ⮣,
 ⢮ 䠩 㤥 ᮤঠ    ᪮쪮 ஢ ORACLE
㤥   ࠡ,  ᮧ  . ᫨  饩 
ᯮ  CREATE  DATABASE,  ଠ,  ⢮   
⮣, .

     ᮧ  ᮧ  䠩 ,   㤠 ,
⢮訥   ।饬 䠩 (䠩)  뢠 㤠 砫 ,
室  ଠ쭮  ࠡ  .   ᮧ   ⠪ ᮧ
ࠢ騥 䠩  䠩 ୠ ॣ樨 .

    쭮 ᮧ    ⢫        CREATE DATABASE,
   ⮣ DBA  믮  ।⥫ ⢨,
ᠭ  ᫥ ࠧ.

        ⠯ ᮧ 

    ᭮ ⢨  ᮧ  ᫥騥.     樮
⥬,  । ன ᮧ   믮 ᯥ묨  
樮 ⥬ ᯮᮡ. 楤 ⠫樨    樮
⥬  믮   設⢮   蠣.





                                   -- 129 --



,  ᮧ    ᮡ ᮧ  樠 ᪮쪨
䠩.    ६    樮 ⥬ ᮧ  樠
䠩 믮  ⮬᪨,    㣨 樮 ⥬ DBA 
蠣  ᮧ   믮 ᮧ  ।  䠩.

ᬮ ४㥬 楤  "㪮⢥ 짮⥫  ⠫樨"
 襩 樮 ⥬. ᫨   ᮧ 䠩 , ᤥ
 । 뤠祩 CREATE DATABASE  ᯮ짮 樨 REUSE  ࠢ
䠩,  䠩   䠩 ୠ.

1. ॣ  樮 ⥬     ஬, ॡ㥬 
   ⠫樨 ORACLE.

    ।,     ਭ DBA   
  ⥬ ਢ  ࠢ   ᯮ짮   ⨫ SQL*DBA,
 ਢ஢  (. ਫ ). ॡ㥬 ਢ 
樮 ⥬    "㪮⢥ 짮⥫  ⠫樨".

2. ஢ 䠩 INIT.ORA. ஢  , ⠪  祭 ᯮ㥬
   ࠬ஢.

      ᯮ짮  㬠稢  䠩 INIT.ORA,
室騬   ⠢,  ᪮஢   ⥬ ।஢ 
ᮮ⢥⢨  묨  ॡﬨ. ᫨     㬠稢
䠩,  㤮⮢,     ࠢ쭮 㪠  易⥫쭮
㬥  PFILE   STARTUP.

⥬ ஢ 祭 ࠬ஢.     ࠬ஢  
ᮧ ,   -       ୮ ᮧ
.   室 ஢, :

    *  ࠬ DB_NAME 㪠  ,  饥   8   
ᨬ.        易⥫,  㤮 
   ⮬ .   ᯮ ⠪  SQL -  CREATE
 ALTER DATABASE,  ⠪  STARTUP ⨫ SQL*DBA.

    * 祭 ࠬ஢ MAXDATAFILES, MAXLOGFILES  MAXINSTANCES ࠦ
騥  .
    * ࠬ DB_BLOCK_SIZE 㪠 ࠢ쭮.  稢 祭 ࠢ
2048  4096 ⮢   ᨬ    樮 ⥬.   ࠬ
   ⮫쪮    ᮧ .

    * ࠬ CONTROL_FILES 㪠뢠   ࠢ 䠩.   
ᮤঠ    ᮧ 䠩,   㦥 ,
ଠ    㤥  ९ᠭ.   ஬ 砥 ᯮ   
CONTROLFILE  REUSE    CREATE DATABASE.

    Oracle Corporation ४ ᯮ짮      ࠢ
䠩, ᯮ  ࠧ ன⢠.

    * INIT_SQL_FILES 㪠뢠  䠩,   믮  ᮧ
᫮   ࢨ ꥪ⮢ . 稢 祭  
樮 ⥬        (  ᪫祭  
   ᫮ ᮢ襭⢮ ᫮)

⠫쭮 ᠭ ࠬ஢ 䠩 INIT.ORA ਢ  ਫ D.

    3. ,  㬠稢  ORACLE ४⥭.

                                   -- 130 --



    ᫨   ⠫  ᢮   ,   蠣  祭.
,  ᫨   㦥  ࠡ ⥬ ORACLE,  ,  ⠪  
    CREATE DATABASE,    .
  "㪮 짮    ⠫樨"  ࠢ,  
  ORACLE    ⫨   㣠 
㡥,      ⠭ 騬 ࠧ.

    4. 맮 ⨫ SQL*DBA, 뤠  SQLDBA.

 設⢥  樮  ⥬ SQL*DBA 뢠  ⠪ ࠧ.

    5.   ORACLE.

 ⮩ 楫 ᯮ  ⨫ SQL*DBA.  ᨭ⠪ ⮩ 
ਢ  ਫ .

    SQLDBA> STARTUP NOMOUNT PFILE=filename

    ,   ⮬   ਬ 祭 OPEN  MOUNT.

    6. 令  , ᯮ 祢 ᫮ INTERNAL.

    SQLDBA> CONNECT INTERNAL

祢 ᫮  INTERNAL ᯮ  裡     ⮬ 室
堭 ஢ન  짮⥫ RDBMS.       ᮧ
(,  ᫥⥫쭮, ᫮   ᮤন  짮⥫), ⠪ 
INTERNAL -    ᮥ   ⮢  .  SQL*DBA
஢,      䨪 짮⥫  樮
⥬   ਢ  ॣ樨  祢 ᫮
INTERNAL.    ஡ ଠ樨  ᯮ짮 INTERNAL ᬮ
 2.

    7.    .

 SQL -  CREATE DATABASE. ᫨   ᮧ 䠩 
,  ᤥ ,   ⥬ 믮 ᮧ   ᯮ짮 樨
REUSE  ࠢ 䠩,  䠩   䠩 ୠ.   ᨭ⠪
⮣   뢠   ਫ G.
    CREATE DATABASE _
    [ CONTROLFILE REUSE ]
    [ LOGFILE 䠩 [, 䠩] ...]
    [ MAXLOGFILES 楫 ]
    [ DATAFILE 䠩 [, 䠩] ...]
    [ MAXDATAFILES 楫 ]
    [ MAXINTANCES 楫 ]
    [ ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG ]
    [ SHARED | EXCLUSIVE ]

     㬥 易⥫   砥 ⢨ ਬ 㬠稢
祭.  । 祭 "䠩"   㪮 
⠫樨.      㤮 ࠧ   CREATE
DATABASE    䠩,  ਬ  - "CRDB. SQL"     SQL*DBA
᫥騬 ࠧ:

    SQLDBA> @CRDB



                                   -- 131 --



     蠣  ॡ  ६,  祬 ।騥,  ⠪  믮
⢮ 権.  ᫥ 襭  蠣     SQL*DBA.  
ᮧ,  ᬮ஢,    ⮢  ଠ쭮 ࠡ.

    ᯮ짮 㬥 ARCHIVELOG   CREATE DATABASE
 ᮧ   ० ARCHIVELOG,  ॡ ⥫쭮 
   䠩 ॣ樨    ॣ樨 ⠭ 蠣 
⮢  (⠪  ᮧ  㧪 ᫮ ).  ᫨  
짮   ० ARCHIVELOG (.   15,   ᠭ  
०),      䥪⨢   ᮧ          ० NOARCHIVELOG, 
⥬  ᯮ짮   ALTER DATABASE   ० 
ARCHIVELOG.

    ᫨    訫 ᮧ   ० ARCHIVELOG, ।  
  CREATE   ࠬ LOG_ARCHIVE_START 䠩 INIT.ORA  祭
"true".

           CREATE DATABASE ?

᫥ ⮣  CREATE DATABASE   室  ଠ,  믮
᫥騥 蠣  ᮧ  (  易⥫쭮 -  㪠 浪).
 ᮧ  ᮧ ᫥騥 䠩 樮  ⥬:

ࠢ騥 䠩        ⮫쪮, ᪮쪮 㪠  䠩 INIT.ORA,
                        祬    ᮤঠ.  䠩 
                          ,  㤠. ᯮ짮
                        ᪮쪨 䠩 ।࠭     ࠧ.

䠩()              ⮫쪮, ᪮쪮 㪠   CREATE
                        DATABASE;   -  ﬨ  ⠡筮
                        ࠭- ⢠ SYSTEM. ᫨  㪠  ࠧ,
                         㬮砭 樮 ⥬.

䠩 ୠ -        ⮫쪮, ᪮쪮 㪠  ୮
믮       CREATE DATABASE  (    -  ).
                        ᫨   㪠  ࠧ,   㬮砭
                        樮 ⥬.  䠩 ⠭ ⨢묨
                        䠩 ୠ.

    ⥬ 믮 ⮢ :

    * ᮧ ᥣ ⪠ SYSTEM    ⠡筮  ࠭⢥ SYSTEM
    *   ⠡筮  ࠭⢥  SYSTEM  ᮧ  㦠 ᫮
.   - 짮⥫ SYS.  ᮧ 믮 
SQL, ᮤঠ騥  䠩, 㪠  ࠬ INIT_SQL_FILES 䠩 INIT.ORA.

    *   뢠   ᫨  믮  ALTER
DATABASE ... MOUNT  ALTER DATABASE ... OPEN.

     ᨬ   樮 ⥬  蠣  믮
⮬᪨,    ⤥ 蠣  ⠫樨.

        ᫥ ᮧ  ...

    ᫥ 襭   ⠫樨  ⠥ ࠡ騬,  
⮩  㯭  쭥襣 ᯮ짮.    ࠡ  
    ᯮ짮  STARTUP  SHUTDOWN ⨫ SQL*DBA 
ᮮ⢥⢥     ⠭ ⥬.

                                   -- 132 --



᫨    ⠫஢  㣨  த   ORACLE  ࠡ 
⮩ ,    ⠫樮 㬥樨  ᮮ⢥騬
த⠬.    ॡ ᮧ ⥫ ⠡   ᫮
.     "㪮  짮⥫   ⠫樨"   뫮 
 த⠬. 筮  ᮧ  ⠡ ᯮ ᯥ樠
 䠩.

ਡ⨢ ⥫   ᮤঠ ࠧ SQL - 䠩,  
믮  ᯥਬ⮢  ⥬,  祭 SQL       ᮧ
⥫  ⠡,  ஢   ᨭ.

 ᮧ   ⮫쪮  짮⥫:  SYS   SYSTEM. ஫
   짮⥫  ਢﬨ DBA    ࠧ  
ᮧ  (.   2).         ॣ஢
 짮⥫   ਢﬨ DBA, ⠪   .

         14                   

 ⮩   뢠 ᯮ짮 ணࠬ SQL*DBA  ᪠ 
⠭  ORACLE.    ।,    㦥 ᮧ    
SQL  -  CREATE DATABASE (᫨ - , ୨   13). ଠ
⮩  ⭮ ⮫-      (DBA)  ᮤন:
    *   ⠭ ஢
    * ஢  ⨥ 
    * ⨥  ࠧ஢ 
    * 樨, 㯭   ⥬
    * 䠩 INIT.ORA,   ࠬ    ᯮ  ࠢ 
      ⨬樨 ࠡ ⥬.

஬ ⮣,    ᫥騥 ࠧ ⮩ :
    *  13       ࢮ砫쭮 ᮧ 
    * ਫ    ࠢ筨  SQL*DBA
    * ਫ D   ࠢ筨 ࠬ஢ 䠩 INIT.ORA
    * 㪮⢠ 짮⥫  ⠫樨.

           ⠭

⥬ ORACLE  易⥫쭮 ࠡ⠥  ६,   ࠡ⠥ 樮
⥬     ⮬᪨   樮 ⥬,  ᫨ 
ᯥ樠 ࠧ    㪠.  筮   ᪠    ⠭
DBA.  ⥬ ORACLE  ࠢ    ࠡ,  ⠪  㪠뢠
 樨    ⠭ ⥬.

ணࠬ SQL*DBA ᯮ    ⠭ ⥬ ORACLE,  ⠪
 믮 ன  ਭ , ਬ  - 砫쭮 ᮧ
,  १ࢭ ஢    ⠭. 樨 
ᯮ짮 SQL*DBA  ࠢ筨  SQL*DBA 室  ਫ .
  ⥬ ORACLE ॡ  蠣:
    1.   ORACLE.
    2. ஢  .
    3. ⨥  .

筮   ⠭  ॡ  蠣:
    1. ⨥  .
    2. ஢  .
    3. ⠭  ORACLE.



                                   -- 133 --



,   ⥬   ᪮஢  ⥭樠쭮 ᨬ
:    .  ନ    1.

 ࠧ    ORACLE ᫥ 뢠 䠩 ࠬ஢
(筮 뢠 INIT.ORA).  ⥬, ᭮뢠  祭 ⠭
ࠬ஢,  ORACLE ᮧ SGA,   㤥 易   ஬
⮫쪮,  ᪮쪮  㤥 ⢮.   ࠡ騩  
஢    .

 ,   ⮢   ० DBA,  
 ࠡ   ⮫쪮 짮⥫, 騬 ᮮ⢥
ਢ.

        ஢   

       ᨬ  ஢,   㯠  
  ॢ  online ஬ ORACLE.   ॢ  
ﭨ online ॡ  蠣: ஢  ⨥. ⮡ 
⮩,    ᬮ஢,     ᬮ஢   

஢            易    ஬.
                       㯭  짮⥫  DBA,    㤥
                     - ஬ ORACLE.

஢,      易  ஬ ORACLE,    -
           㯭 ⮫쪮  DBA    ।  楫, 易 
                     ன.    㯭   짮⥫᪨
                     権.   -   ஢  ࠧ塞 
                     ᪫⥫쭮 ०;  ࠧ塞 ० ॡ 
                     ,    㤥  ࠧ  ᪮쪨
                     ࠬ  ORACLE  -  ⥬, ࠧ .

                         ஢,      
                     믮 DBA ᫥ 㭪権:

                     *  㤠,     २ 䠩
                     ॣ樨 
                     *  祭    몫祭  娢஢ ୠ 
                     楫 ⠭ ⥫ (४祭  ०
                     ARCHIVELOG    NOARCHIVELOG)

                     *  믮 ⠭ ⥫  (⠭
                     ᮤন    backup - )

               ,   ⠪  ஢.   㯭
                      믮 ଠ  権.    ⮬,
                     ஢   , ᠥ ⮫쪮 DBA.  ᫨
                     짮⥫ 易  ,  㦥   (,
                     ᫥⥫쭮, ஢).

                     DBA  ࠢ  ﭨﬨ     
                     STARTUP  SHUTDOWN ணࠬ SQL*DBA, ⠪ SQL-
                     ALTER DATABASE (  ﬨ  OPEN, CLOSE, MOUNT, DISMOUNT).

       ணࠬ SQL*DBA




                                   -- 134 --



SQL*DBA -  ࠪ⨢  㬥⠫쭮  ।⢮,  ᯮ㥬 DBA
(筮 १   ORACLE)  믮 ᫥ 㭪権:
    *   ORACLE
    * ⠭ 
    *  
    *     㯠 ⮫쪮  DBA
    * 믮  SQL - 
    * ਭ ⥪饩 ࠡ  (.  12  ਫ. )
    * 믮 backup   (.  15)
    * 믮 ⠭   (.  15)

      ᫥ 権    믮     쭮,
⠪   㤠 .    뢠 ᯮ짮 SQL*DBA  
 ⠭  ORACLE.  ਫ  뢠 맮 SQL*DBA  ᠭ 

          SQL*DBA

       㭪樨, 뢠 ணࠬ SQL*DBA,  ࠢ쭮
饭   ।⠢ ᭮  ,    ᯮ짮 
  饭  쬠  ࠭祭   . ᭮ 짮⥫ ⮩
ணࠬ 筮  DBA.

   SQL*DBA  ⥬묨 ਢ஢묨  ॡ
ᯥ樠쭮 㯠.   ⭮ ᫥騥:

    STARTUP
    SHUTDOWN
    CONNECT INTERNAL

᫨ 짮⥫ 뤠    , SQL*DBA ஢   ⥬
ਢ    ᮮ⢥⢨  蠥   த ࠡ.  ,
 SQL*DBA  ஢  짮⥫  ⥬ ORACLE,  ஥  
.  ⮣  ஢ ਢ 짮⥫, 맢襣
SQL*DBA.

 짮⥫    SQL*DBA  ⮫,  ᪮  
ࠢ 㯠  ਢ஢ ⥬ . ࠢ 㯮 
SQL*DBA 㦤   "㪮⢥ 짮⥫  ⠫樨".

          ORACLE   

 STARTUP ⨫ SQL*DBA 㤮 ꥤ   ᥡ   蠣 
:
    SQLDBA> STARTUP OPEN dbname

,  ⥫쭮 믮  蠣 ⤥쭮:
    1.           STARTUP  ணࠬ SQL*DBA.
    2. ஢ , ᯮ SQL -  ALTER DATABASE.
    3. ⨥    SQL -  ALTER DATABASE.

 ᠭ ࠧ ⮤ .

          ⨥ 

     ⮫쪮   㯮,    ⥪饣 , ஢
     ⢥ :



                                   -- 135 --



    SQLDBA> STARTUP OPEN dbname

    dbname -  ,     . ᫨   㪠 
             ࠬ  DB_NAME 䠩 INIT.ORA,    :

    SQLDBA> STARTUP OPEN

  㪠    㦥 ᮧ. (।,   㤥
㪠 䨪 ;  ⮤ 㪠   ⥬ 
⥬  ᠭ  "㪮⢥  짮⥫  ⠫樨").

 STARTUP, ᯮ  OPEN:
    1.   ORACLE:
        * ᮧ  樠 SGA, ᯮ ࠬ ⥪饣 䠩
          INIT.ORA
        *  䮭 
    2.   :
        * 室  뢠 ࠢ騥 䠩
    3. 뢠 ஢ :
        * 室  뢠 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮  ⨢
          (online) 䠩 
        * ᫨ ॡ, 믮 "⪠ ।" ( ᭮ ୠ
          ୮ 믮)
        * 砥 ୠ ୮ 믮
        * ᫨ ॡ, 믮 "⪠ " (࠭樨).

     ⠭ ,   㤥   ⮢  ࠡ
짮⥫.
    ਢ ਬ:

    SQLDBA> STARTUP

    ORACLE instance started.
    Database mounted.
    Database opened.
    Total  System   Global   Area   372520  bytes
    Fixed   Size                12312  bytes
                 Variable   Size    286480  bytes
                Database Buffers     65536  bytes
                    Redo Buffers      8192  bytes

     ,   ६  㪠뢠 ࠧ SGA

        ஢  ⨥   ᪮쪮 ⠯

       ⮢  ORACLE  ஢  
, ⮡ 믮  蠣 ⤥쭮.   ॡ  믮
஥ 㭪権.   ᫥⥫쭮 蠣 뢠 ࠧ
. 筮,  ᨬ  ७, DBA ⥫쭮 믮 
    1. ࢠ 㥬 :
       SQLDBA> STARTUP NOMOUNT

    2.  ஢   ᮥ  INTERNAL:
       SQLDBA> CONNECT INTERNAL

    3. 㥬 .    室 㪠  .
       SQLDBA> ALTER DATABASE dbname MOUNT


                                   -- 136 --



    4. 뢠  .   室 㪠뢠   ⠪ 
       । ஢.  SQLDBA> ALTER DATABASE OPEN

          ⮫쪮  ࠡ DBA

     ࠭祭 ⮫쪮 DBA. ਬ, ᫨  室
㤠 䠩 ॣ樨       ࠬ 䠩 INIT.ORA,
 ⠭   ६   ⨢  믮 ॡ㥬
⢨.
⮡ ⮢   㯮 ⮫쪮 DBA, :

    SQLDBA> STARTUP DBA OPEN dbname

᫨    ࠧ  ⠫ 짮⥫, ⠭  
   樨 DBA.

           樥 FORCE

ᯮ ⮩ 樥,  ᫨  ⠭  筮 樨
SHUTDOWN ABORT  ⮢ .      ᯮ ।,  
ਬ  ண ⠭     .

       뢥묨  offline ⠡묨 ࠭⢠

        ⠡ ࠭⢠ 室  ﭨ online
 offline,  ᨬ   ﭨ   ᫥ ⠭ .
 ࠭⢠   ॢ  offline  ᫥   
 SQL - :

    ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace OFFLINE [ NORMAL | IMMEDIATE ]

       ᠭ ⮩     16  ਫ
.   ஡ ଠ樨    ॢ  ⠡ ࠭  ﭨ
offline ᬮ  4.

    ⮡  ॢ ࠭⢮  online , :
    ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace ONLINE

            ⮬᪨     㧪 樮 ⥬

       ᯮ 楤  ⮬᪮   
᪮쪨 ஢ ORACLE    樮 ⥬.
楤   樮 ⥬.   ⠫쭮 ଠ樨 
 ᢮ "㪮 짮⥫  ⠫樨".

         㤠 ஢ ORACLE

    楤     ⠭  㤠  ஢  祭 ᨫ쭮
  ⮪ 裡   樮  ⥬.   ᫥  筮
騥  ࠢ  (騥  VMS)  㤠  ORACLE.

    1.  㤠 㧫 ᮧ 䠩    ⠭  ࠢ쭮 䨣樨
䠩   (⮡ 㪠  ࠢ () ࠢ騩 䠩, 䠩 ,
ୠ ୮ 믮  INIT.ORA).





                                   -- 137 --



    2.  쭮 㧫 । ப  ࠩ  㤠
ॣ樨  짮⥫ (login).   짮⥫  
ᮮ⢥騥  ਢ    쭮  㧫    . SQL*Net
ॣ  㤠 㧫   ⮣ ⭮   믮
䠩,  ᮧ   蠣  1   㪠  ࠢ .

    3. 筨 ᥠ SQL*DBA  쭮 㧫.
    4. ᯮ    SET  INSTANCE  ⨫ SQL*DBA  ࠩ஬,
       ।  蠣 2:

    SQLDBA> SET INSTANCE driverstring

    5.      STARTUP:
    SQLDBA> STARTUP ....

᫨   㪠 㤠 䠩 INIT.ORA,  㤥 ᯮ짮 .

    6.  ⠭ 㤠    :
    SQLDBA> SHUTDOWN

         ࠬ஢ INIT.ORA

 ࠧ    ஬  ORACLE  ᯮ 
ࠬ஢,  । ࠪ⨪  ࠡ ⮣ .  ࠬ
室  䠩, 筮 뢠 INIT.ORA (  ਠ樥 த:
INITdbname.ORA).

 INIT.ORA ᮤন ࠧ ⨯ ࠬ஢,      
।⢥   ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ORACLE.  ਬ, 
ᮤন 祭 ࠬ஢, 室  ।⢥  
 ORACLE (  ࠢ 䠩)  ࠬ, ⠭騥
ࠧ ࠧ ⮢ SGA.  ᫥ ࠬ, 
㢥稢  㬥 ࠧ SGA (⨢ )  ⨬    
ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ORACLE.

    ᯮ짮 ୠ⨢   INIT.ORA

     ࠬ஢  易⥫쭮    뢠  INIT.ORA.  ᫨ 
  ⫨砥   ਭ⮣  㬮砭,  室 㪠   
 㬥 PFILE, ਬ:

    SQLDBA> STARTUP PFILE=OURPARM.ORA

     ⮭宦 ⮣ 䠩   樮 ⥬
(    "㪮 짮⥫  ⠫樨"  襩 樮
⥬).  襬 㪮⢥  ᯮ㥬  INIT.ORA,   
㣮 .

        ਬ 䠩 INIT.ORA

    ਬ 䠩 INIT.ORA 祭  ਡ⨢ ⥫  ⥬ ORACLE. 
ᮤন ࠬ, ਬ  設 ࢨ ⠫権   
ORACLE.  ᫥  ⮣,     ⥬ ஥  ६  ࠡ⠥    
ਮ  ,      ᯥਬ஢  
ࠬࠬ 䠩 INIT.ORA. ਬ INIT.ORA   㭪 14-1.




                                   -- 138 --



    db_name=PRODDB
    log_checkpoint_interval = 1000
    row_coche_enqueues = 200
    sessions = 50
    calls = 50
    processes = 50
    ddl_locks = 200
    dml_locks = 200
    control_files = disk$dev2:[oracle]controll.ora


    㭮 14-1 ᮪ ࠬ஢ INIT.ORA  ⥬ DEC VAX/VMS.

        㯯 ࠬ஢ INIT.ORA

 ࠬ  䠩  INIT.ORA  㠫쭮 뢠  ਫ D.
設⢮ ࠬ஢ INIT.ORA     ᫥ 㯯:
    * ࠬ, 騥 ꥪ (ਬ - 䠩)
    * ࠬ,  ⠭騥 ࠭祭 ( ᨬ - 祭)
    * ࠬ,  騥   ꥬ,  뢠  ६묨 ࠬࠬ.

᫥ ࠬ 筮 室   DBA,  ⠪   ।⢥
易  ந⥫쭮    .

        祬   ࠬ ?

ࠬ     楫 㢥祭 ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ORACLE.
  筮 ࠬ  襩  ⥯    ந⥫쭮
襩 ⥬ -   讣 ᫠ ࠪ⨪ .  
⢮ ⮤ 襭 奬 ,  ࠧࠡ⪨ ਫ, ࠬ஢
樮 ⥬.  ᠭ  ⮬  㣨 㬥   ⥬
ORACLE.     ன 樮 ⥬,  ।  ࠬ஢
室  ⥪  ந⥫쭮, ᫨ 祭 塞
ࠬ,   १,  ⥬   १, ⮡
業,   ⨣.

⥫ ।   ன    ORACLE   ᪠  
20.  ⠪  "㪮 짮⥫  ⠫樨" 
⥬ᨬ묨 ४ﬨ  ன.

        ⠭  ORACLE  

⠭ ⥬ ORACLE 砥  ᥡ ᫥騥 蠣:
    1. ⨥    SQL -  ALTER DATABASE.
    2. ஢       SQL  -    ALTER DATABASE.
    3. ⠭  ORACLE  SHUTDOWN ⨫ SQL*DBA.

ᯮ 樨  SHUTDOWN,  ꥤ  蠣  .

        ଠ쭠 ⠭

 騩 ⮤ ⠭  ORACLE -  뤠

    SQLDBA> SHUTDOWN [NORMAL]





                                   -- 139 --



  SHUTDOWN  権 筠 SHUTDOWN  NORMAL.   ⨯ ⠭:
    *  ᮥ ⥪ 짮⥫
    * 頥  ᮥ
    * 뢠  ࠧ 
    * ⠭  ORACLE.

     ᫥  ଠ쭮  ⠭   ॡ ⠭
 (rollforward - ।  rollback - ).

    ᫨ SHUTDOWN NORMAL  ࠡ⠥ -    ஡, 
ᯮ짮    SHUTDOWN.

        SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE

     ਠ ⠭  ᯮ짮, ᫨    
⪫祭 짮⥫ :

    SQLDBA> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE

 ⮩  祭 SHUTDOWN NORMAL  ᪫祭:
    * ⥪騥 맮    ⥬ 뢠
    *   ᮥ ⥪ 짮⥫ .

      PMON ନ  ⥪騥 ᥠ 짮⥫, 믮
rollback (⪠),    뢠  ࠧ. ਪ ணࠬ
  ᮮ饭    訡,      ࠡ⠭  
ਥ  ਫ ᯮᮡ.

     ᫥ SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE  ॡ ⠭  
(rollforward  rollback).

        SHUTDOWN ABORT

SHUTDOWN ABORT -  ⮩    㯭  ᯮᮡ ⠭.
   襭 ⥪ 맮  ᮥ,   ⠭
 ORACLE ⠪  ,   ⮫쪮 .

SHUTDOWN ABORT    믮,  ⮫쪮  ᫨  㣨 ᯮᮡ ⠭
 稫   ࠡ⠥ ࠢ쭮.  ᫨ SHUTDOWN [NORMAL] 
ࠡ⠫, 易⥫쭮 ஡ 믮 SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE । 믮
ABORT.

 ⥬ ᫥ 믮 SHUTDOWN ABORT    室 㤥
믮  ⠭   (rollforward  rollback).

      15                

 ⮩   뢠 ᫥騥 ,  易  १ࢭ
஢ (backup)  ⠭ (recovery):
    * ⨯ ⪠, ॡ騥 ⠭
    *  ORACLE RDBMS  ஢/⠭ 
    * ⮢  ⠭   ࠧ ⨯ ஢
    * ᯮ짮 ० ࠡ  ARCHIVELOG  NOARCHIVELOG
    * ⠭  ࠧ  ⪠
    * ᯮ짮  SQL*DBA ARCHIVE  RECOVER
    * ஫ ⨫ Export/Import  ⥣ ஢
    * ᮢ  롮 ⥣ ⠭


                                   -- 140 --



஬ ⮣,  ଠ    ᫥ 㬥:
    *  3 -  ,  ᠭ ୠ ୮ 믮.
    *  4 -  ࠭⢠  ᥣ,  ᠭ ᥣ- ⮢ ⪠
    * 㪮⢮  짮⥫   ⠫樨 ᮤন ⠫ ଠ 
      ஢  ⠭      ⥬ । 䠩
      ॣ樨 
    * 㪮⢮ 짮⥫  ⨫⠬ ORACLE 뢠 ⨫ Export 
      Import.
    *   21 뢠 ⥫ ॡ  ⠭ 
      ࠧ塞 ᪮ ⥬.

 ⨯ ⪠ ॡ  ᮡ    ।஦  蠣
⠭.   ⮩  業 २⢠ ⤥ ᯮᮡ
   ⪠   ᮮ⢥騥 㤮   믮.

ORACLE  ⨫,  ᯥ樠쭮 ।祭  ஢  ⠭-
 ᢮ .     ᯮ  ᢮  ࠡ ⠭
।⢠  樮  ⥬   த⮢, ਬ - 
஢ ᪠.

        祬 ⠭ ⮫  ?

᭮   DBA - ⮢   ⪠ ⥬.  砥
 ⪠    ⠭    쭮
묨 ﬨ 짮⥫.

  ⪠ ⠭ ॡ  DBA :
    * ।,    ஭  ॡ - ⠭
    * 믮 ᮮ⢥ 蠣  ⠭
    *    ⠭  ଠ쭮 ࠡᯮᮡ
    * 㡥,    ࠡ  ய     ⠫
      ४ 

 ⮣  -    ଠ쭮 ࠡ  ॥     ६ -
㡥 짮⥫       ஡, 易  묨 ﬨ
 㡫஢ ࠡ.

     ⠭   ⨯ ⪠  ࠧ஢  ,  
 ⪠ .  ᫨ 䠩    ࠤ, ⠭  
ᢥ    ⮬     ORACLE.

    ,  ,   ।  ⨯ ⪠   
⮢  ⥣  ⠭.    롮 ⥣ ⠭
室 室  ୠ⨢,  易   "⠭" 
⠬   .   饬 砥,  祬  ࠭ ,  ⥬
    ॠ   ஭ DBA.

        ᮡ ⠭ ⥬ ORACLE

⥬ ORACLE ।⠢ 楫  ⥩  ᯥ祭 
⥬ ⠭:
* ⠭  ⪠ ⥬,   ணࠬ ᯥ祭
* ⮬᪮  ⠭  ORACLE   
* ⮭ ஢  ⠭  ⠡ ࠭ 
  䠩    㧪 
* 易⥫쭮 ।⢮  ⠭
*  ⥫ ⨢   - ⮢  ⪠


                                   -- 141 --



  㤮
*  砥 ⪠ ⥬ - 襭 ࠢ ⠭
* ᯮ    楫 娢樨  ⠭ 

         ⪠, ॡ騥 ⠭

     ⥫⢠    ⠭   ORACLE 
    . ਬࠬ  㦨 訡 饭 
᪠,  ᮤঠ騬 䠩   訡 樮 ⥬    饭
 䠩,  ᮤঠ騬 ணࠬ ⥬ ORACLE.

 ਢ  ⨯ ⪠.      ⠭
믮  ⮬᪨  ॡ  ⢨  ஭
짮⥫  DBA.

      짮⥫᪨ 訡

     ।० 訡  짮⥫     ।ਭ
  ⢨,   奬 ⠭ 㤥 쬠 䥪⨢.
ਬ,  砥 ⥫쭮 ஢   筮 ६ 㤠 
⠡ 짮⥫    ⠭.   設⢥ 砥
⠪  訡    ஢    祭 ࠡ   
ਪ묨 ணࠬ.

      訡  SQL

 訡   訡  ᪮ ਬ SQL - .
⥬ ORACLE  ਪ ணࠬ   訡  ᮮ⢥-
饥 ᮮ饭.  筮 訡 ⠪  த  ॡ  ஭ DBA 
⢨.
     砥  訡  SQL -   १ ⮬᪨ ⪠뢠
     ࠢ  짮⥫     ணࠬ.  ᨬ
 樨 ணࠬ 짮⥫   ᠬ ࠡ뢠 ।
訡,  짮⥫ ᠬ 믮 , ࠢ 訡.

  ॡ ⥫⢮ DBA  㢥祭  ⥬ ᮢ
(䨪 ࠬ஢ 䠩 INIT.ORA)  砥,  訡 .

      訡 

訡  -  ଠ쭮  襭  짮⥫᪮ 
(ਬ   -  訡筮  ⪫祭,  襭  訡 樨).
   த ࠡ,   ६   - .

       ⥬  ORACLE  PMON 㦨 ਩  
蠥 ஡ ⥬ ⪠ ࠭樨 ⮣   ᢮ 
ᯮ㥬 ᮢ.  ⢨ 믮 ⮬᪨   ॡ
⥫⢠  .

      訡  ORACLE

    訡 ⠪ த ,    ஡   
ORACLE த ࠡ.     易   訡 㤮,
ਬ - ⢨ ⠭,  訡 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ਬ
- 樮 ⥬.  訡  ⠪ ந -  ⪠  
⥬ ORACLE.   騩 ਧ ⮩ 訡 - ଠ쭮 襭
   ᪮쪨  䮭  ᮢ  ⥬  ORACLE (DBWR, LGWR, ARCH,
SMON  PMON).

                                   -- 142 --



訡  ॡ  ⠭.    ॡ ⢨
 ஭ DBA,  筮 믮 ⮬᪨   䠩,
室  ᪥.

᫨ ਩  訫  ⥬,   ࠧ    ࠧ塞
⥬ -  ,  DBA    믮 ⮫쪮 ⠭   
. ⠭  믮 ⮬᪨  ६ 

᫨ 訡 ந諠  ⥬, ࠧ饩 ᪨, ⠢訥 ࠡᯮᮡ묨
  믮 ⠭ ਩ 稢襣 (.  21).

      訡 ⥫

    ᪠, ⠭ 訡      ⪨ 
 ⥭ 䠩, ॡ饣  ࠡ . ਬ஬ ⮣  㦨
    ᪮  ⥫, ਢ      䠩 
⥫.   㤮    ࠧ 䠩,   䠩
, ୠ  ࠢ騥 (易     ⠡  ࠭⢮  SYSTEM
 ). ⥣ ⠭  ⮬ 砥 㤥     ⮣,
 䠩 ࠤ.

        ᭮ ⠤ ⠭

⠭  ॡ   ⨯ ⢨:
    ⪠ ।       ஢ન,  ⢥ত  -
    (rolling forward) 訥   ࠭樨, ᠭ  .  
                      室 ⢨ ࠭権 믮-  .

    ⪠         ஢ન,  ࠭樨,  
    (rolling back)     믮 ⪠, "㤠"     砥
                      室 ⢨  ࠭- 権 㫨.

᫨   ࠡ   믮  ࠭,    
  ஢.   ॠ묨 묨 RDBMS ᯮ
६ ࠡ稥 ,  뢠  㫮 .    
ᮤঠ  ᠭ,   ᠭ ,    짮⥫
  믮 rollback,     - ন ⢮
ࠫ ᮣᮢ  ⥭ ஢     ⠡.

室  ⮣,  ᫮ ஢  ࠭祭,    ᯮ ୮
, ᫥⥫쭮, ॡ    ᢮ ᮤঠ.   㬥襭
᫠ ஢  뢠     ᭮  ⬠  "Least
recently used" - " ਪ" (LRU).  ,  ᯮ짮訥
 , 뢠  .

 ࠧ,    ᯮ㥬  室   
(ᨬ  ⮣,  믮      commit).  ,
  ᯮ㥬  뢠   ᨬ  ஢
樨 commit.

     ଠ쭮 襭 ࠭樨 (commit)   ୠ ୮
믮  ᨭ஭  ᭮묨 묨.  砥, 
짮⥫᪠ ࠭ ⠭ ﭭ ⮫쪮   
ୠ.  DBWR 뢠     ᭮ ⬠ LRU.
ଠ쭮  襭 ࠭樨  砥,    "⪠祭"  ⠫
 ⢨⥫묨   , ⠪   ॠ 䠩 .



                                   -- 143 --



    ,        ᮤঠ  ,
஢  ᠭ ࠭樥;  易  ᯮ짮
ᮬ DBWR ⬠ LRU.   ,    ६   
ᮤঠ   ᠭ ࠭権.   易  ⥬,  DBWR
ࠡ⠥ ᨭ஭  믮 樨 commit.  १  
樨:

    *   ᮤঠ  ⢥ত ,  ⠪   뫨
ᥭ  १ ࠡ ⬠ LRU.   砥 ⥯  
⠭     㤠.

    *   ஢     ᠭ    
믮 commit,     ୠ ୮ 믮,  ᫥ 
ᮤঠ ,  騥  ,     㤠
ᥭ.

 ࠧ襭  ஡ ORACLE RDBMS ᯮ   ⨯ :

 rollback   ᥣ ᯮ  ⪠  ࠭権 (
                   ᠭ ). ᠭ  ᥣ⮢   
                   .4.

ୠ ୮   ୠ ᯮ  ⪠ ।
믮         ࠭権 (⢥ত,    - ᠭ  
                   ).   .3  ᠭ 䠩 樮
                   ⥬, ⠢ ୠ;   ⠪ - ন
                   ଠ  ࠡ ⮣ ୠ.

  ⪠ ।  ᯮ짮 ୠ ୮ 믮

ୠ ୮ 믮 ।⠢  ᮡ  譨  ⭮襭  
䠩 樮 ⥬,        (ᠭ,
⪠祭   ᠭ).    ⠭    
ୠ ਬ   .  ୮ 믮  ࠭ ஢
  뢠 "⪠⮬ ।".

⪠ ।  믮  ⮢  䠩  ୠ, 室 
ﭨ online,  ⠪  ॡ ⠭   䠩,
࠭    ன⢠, 筮 -  .

    ⪠ ।   ୠ ୮ 믮     ६頥
 ।  ६. ᫥ ⪠ ।   ᮤন ଠ 
ᠭ ࠭権,  ⠪  ࠭権, 室   ᡮ  
믮.

      ⪠   ᯮ짮 ᥣ⮢ ⪠

    ⪠ । -  ⮫쪮  楤 ⠭; ᫥ ⮣
室 ⬥  ,   뫨 ⢥ত (commit).  
 믮 ᫥ ஢ , 易  ⪠⮬ ।.

     ⪠ -   , ᮤঠ ଠ,  
ࠫ樨   ᠭ    .   ⪠
ᯮ  㦥  ⬥ ࠭権,  ⨢묨  
⪠.   뢠 ⪠⮬  (rolling back).




                                   -- 144 --



(,  ᪮ ᥣ ⪠    ,   ⠪
饭  ୠ ୮ 믮  ᡮ 㤮  
⠭   ⪠ ।).

⪠  -   ,  믮塞  ⮬᪨   
     ⠭ .  ORACLE ᠬ⥫쭮
। ,  ᥣ ⪠ ᮤঠ ⢥ত     
ॡ - ⥫ ⢨  믮 ⪠ .

᫥ 믮 権  ୠ    ᥣ⠬  ⪠ 
⠭  ⨢稢 ﭨ.

      ⠭ 

    ⠭  (᫨   ⮬   室), 믮
⮬᪨     (筮 ᫥ SHUTDOWN ABORT   - ᫥
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE  NORMAL).  ⥫ ⢨  
  DBA  ॡ.

    ஬ ⮣, ⠭  ORACLE ॡ  砥, ᫨  
 த ࠡ.  ਢ  騥 稭 ⪠ :
    * ⪠  (CPU)
    * 訡  १㧪 樮 ⥬
    * 몫祭 ⠭
    * 訡 㯠  ॡ㥬 䠩 
    *    䮭 ᮢ ORACLE

    ᫨  ।,    ਮ⠭ ࠡ, ⠭  
  SHUTDOWN  ⨫  SQL*DBA  ਬ  IMMEDIATE  
室 - ABORT. (ଠ SHUTDOWN ।⥫쭥, ⠪  ॡ
 ६    ⠭). ⥬      
ࠧ,  ᯮ STARTUP.   稭  
⠭.

     ⠭    ਢ  ﭨ,
।饬 ⪠.  ⮬ 믮 ᫥騥 樨:

* ⪠ ।  ᯮ짮 ⨢ (online) 䠩 ୠ ॣ樨
.    ⠭ ⢥ত ,  ᠭ
 ;   ⠭   ᠭ  ࠭権,    뫨
ᠭ  ୠ;    ⠭ ᮤন ᥣ⮢ ⪠

* ᯮ ᥣ ⪠, ⪠뢠 ࠭樨,    
뫠 뤠  rollback,       뫨 ᠭ
* ᢮ ᮢ, ঠ ࠭ﬨ

᫨   ࠪ⨪ ⪠  ந室  ⪠   䮭
ᮢ,  室   䠩, 㥬 ⨬ ᮬ.  
䠩 室  ,  㪠 ࠬ஬ BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST 䠩
INIT.ORA,      ᭥ 稭 ⪠.

      ⠭ ⥫

    訡 㤮 ,   䠩  ன⢮   
⠭ ⠪  ࠧ襭  .  訡  ⥭  뢠
易  ६묨 ஡ ⥬ ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  
㤮.      ⠭ 室.


                                   -- 145 --



    ⥫쭮, ᫨  ᭨,   䠩, 易   ࠧ襭 
,  室 믮  ⠭  訡 㤮
 ⠭     襩   ( ᯮ  
 ࠧ ).

 믮 ⠭  訡 㤮 室:
    *  १ࢭ  ࠧ襭 䠩 
    * ᯮ짮 ୠ ୮ 믮  ० ARCHIVELOG
    *   娢஢ (offline) 䠩 ୠ, 稭騥
        믮 backup - 

    ⠭  訡 㤮 砥    蠣,  
⠭    (⪠ ।   ⪠ ).  ⢥
ࠧ ⮨  ⮬,        ண  
६  ॡ  (室騥  offline) 䠩 ୠ.

    ᫨   ⮢   ⠭    ⪠ 㤮
  ଠ樨,  室 ࠡ  ० ARCHIVELOG  ࠭
⨢ 䠩 ୠ. ᫨  ᮣ  ࠡ,  ᤥ 
窮 backup  ⪠ 㤮, 室 ⠭  ,
ᤥ  ,    ࠡ⠫,  ⥬ 㦥  ࠡ.

訡 㤮   ஭   ࠧ   ⥬ ORACLE:
    * 䠩 ,  ਭ騩 ⠡筮 ࠭ SYSTEM
    * 䠩 , ਭ騩 ⠡筮 ࠭ SYSTEM
    * ⨢ 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮
    * ࠢ騩 䠩

    楤 ⠭      ᠭ  .   ⥩襬
砥,   ࠢ饣 䠩,    ᪮஢.  
 砥 ⠭ 砥  ⠭ ⠡筮
࠭⢠, ᮤঠ饣  䠩  ᥩ .   ⠭  
᭮ ଠ樨 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮 ਬ ⨫
SQL*DBA.

       ⠭ 

᫥ ⨯ ⠭ -  ⮥ ⠭    ﭨ
   娢樨.   ⮬ 砥 ᮧ   䠩 .
祭  뢠   ࠡ饩    ਮ᪨ ஢  
 䠩 .   backup, 믮塞   ࠡ饩 , 砥
 ᥡ  䠩 ,  ⨢ 䠩 ୠ   ࠢ騥 䠩.  
⠭  믮 ਬ -    䠩 ୠ ୮
믮.

         ࠡ⠥ ୠ ୮ 믮

ୠ  ᯮ짮      ०:  ARCHIVELOG   NOARCHIVELOG.
 ० 㪠뢠   CREATE DATABASE      
  ALTER  DATABASE  (    ⮬  ﭨ
offline).

        ⮪ ᨬ  ࠭ ०. 
쭥襬, -⠪ ᨬ  ࠭ ०,  ଠ 
 ᯮ짮  ⠭ .




                                   -- 146 --



 롮 ०   ⢥  ᫥騥 :
*    ⮢   ⠭  ⪠ 㤮?
*       믮  ਮ᪮ ஢ online 䠩 ୠ
   ᯥ祭  ﭭ 㯭?
*    ⥫쭮 ⢥  ࠡ,  易  娢樥 
  ୠ ( ।⠢ , ࠭ ᥩ  .)?

    ᫨   ᯮ짮 ⥫  ⠭,
室 ० ᬮ  ⥫    ஢,
⠪  ᫥ 䠩  ,  ⠪ - 믮 ॣ୮
஢ (backup).  룮   ⮩ ࠡ ⮨  ⮬,    ᥣ
ᬮ ⠭    ࠡ   ⨯ ⪠ ணࠬ
ᯥ祭   . ஬ ⮣,  ᬮ 믮 backup  
ࠡ  (⠪ ஢ ॡ 娢樨 䠩 ୠ  ୮
믮).

    믮 娢樨 ᮢ襭      ந⥫쭮, ⠪ 
  ୠ ୮ 믮 ந ⥬  ᨬ 
࠭ ०. ⥫쭠 ࠡ  易     祭  
 䠩 ୠ  믮 ਮ᪨   .

      ᯮ짮 ୠ  ० ARCHIVELOG

     ⮬  ०  䨪樨  ࠭,  ⠪    
४஢  砥  ᡮ  㤮.   ARCHIVELOG ॡ
 䠩 ୠ   ﭨ online, ⠪   offline  믮
ਮ᪮    ஢ .

 ᫨  backup 㤥 䨧᪨ ( ࠧ ᪠),   ᪨
(ᯮ)      䠩, 易   ⠡
࠭⢮. Backup  믮,     ଠ쭮
ᯮ짮.  ⮥  ஢  ।⥫쭮, ⠪   ⮬ 
⠭ ॡ 襥 ⢮ 䠩 ୠ.

     ࠧ,  ଠ쭮 ࠡ   ୠ ୮ 믮
뢠  ࠭樨    ᫥  믮  backup  
᫥饣.    뢠    ⨢ (online) 䠩 ୠ  ᫥
 娢  .

      ⨢ ୠ ୮ 믮 (online)

⨢ ୠ  ᨬ  ࠭   ०:  ARCHIVELOG
  NOARCHIVELOG   ।⠢  ᥡ  䠩 樮 ⥬,
ᯮ㥬 ORACLE RDBMS   ⥪ ࠭権.  믮
⠭  ॡ ⮫쪮  䠩.

      ⠪ 䠩 ।  ᯮ짮   
娢஢ (筮 -  ).   ० ARCHIVELOG ORACLE ।頥
ᯮ짮 ⮣ 䠩  믮  娢஢. 娢஢  䠩
ୠ  ୮ 믮    ⮬᪨, ⠪  .
  㦤 .

      ⨢ ୠ ୮ 믮 (offline)

    ⨢ 䠩 ୠ ୮  믮   ⮫쪮 
० ARCHIVELOG  ।⠢  ᥡ  娢஢ 䠩. 筮



                                   -- 147 --



 䠩    㯭    ॡ   ॢ  online
 ⢨.  室  筮 ⢮    
࠭  ଠ樨  窠 backup.

    ⨢ 䠩  ॣ樨   ᫥⥫묨
ࠬ,  砥묨  娢஢.   稭  1  㭨
  䠩. DBA ⢥砥  ᫥ ᫥⥫ ஢ 䠩
ୠ ⠪   ᫥⢨  ᯮ  ⠭.

      ᯮ짮 ୠ  ० NOARCHIVELOG

     ⮬ ० 䠩 뢠 筮 ⠪ ,    ० ARCHIVELOG,
  ᯮ짮 ୮    娢஢.  ⨢ 䠩 ୠ
ᯮ  "㣮" ਭ樯 (  ᫥ 䠩, ORACLE
頥  ࢮ  稭   뢠   ଠ),  ⠪ 

       㯭 ⮫쪮    "ᢥ"   . 
⮣ ⥪  ᮮࠦ:

    1. ୠ ୮ 믮   ᯮ짮  ⠭,
᫨ ⪠ ந襫  ,  室 䠩 ୠ 뫨 ⨢.
  NOARCHIVELOG  ᥣ   ⠭    訡 ,
 筮  ᯠᠥ  訡 㤮, ⠪   ᮤন ᥩ
室  ⪠ । ଠ樨.

    2. ᫨  १ ன 訡  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮ ⠫
㯭,      ᬮ த ᯫ ,  ࠭⢮
 㤥 ⠭  ⬥.  易  ⥬,   쭥襩
ࠡ  ୮ ᯮ짮 䠩 ॣ樨 ,   㦭
 ⠭ ⮣ ࠭⢠.

    3.  ᬮ 믮 backup  ⮫쪮 ᫥  ⠭.

        ஫ 窨

直 ࠧ,   ࠭樨 믮  commit, ᮮ⢥騥
 ୠ ୮ 믮 뢠  ᮮ⢥ ஢
 ୠ.   ⠪  ந   襭  ࠭権
 ,   ୠ ९  ᫨   ଠ
室      ᠭ ࠭樥.

 ஫쭮  窥  ஢   ஢ 뢠 
,   ࠭        -  믮
 ⮣ ६  ଠ樨  ୠ ୮ 믮  
ॡ   ⠭  ORACLE.  ஫ 窨
樨  믮 ⮬᪨.

믮 ਮ᪮ ࠭      , ஫ 窨
믮  :
* 㬥 ६, ॡ㥬  ⠭  (᫨ 
  室)
*  믮 娢   ୮  ᯮ짮 ⨢
 䠩 ୠ.

    ᫨   ६  ࠡ    ஫쭮 窨 樨 㣠,
ࢠ ⠭  稭 ࠡ .  ஫쭠 窠
믮 ࠡ  .


                                   -- 148 --



    ஫쭠 窠 砥    ᫥饣 ,
 㤥 뢠  䠩 ॣ樨,   ஢   ,
  -     ࠢ騩 䠩  䠩 . ,
᫨ १ ஥ ६ ᫥ ஫쭮 窨 ॡ ⠭,
     .

      믮 ஫쭮 窨  易  ,  ࠡ
    ४頥       ⥪ ࠭. ᫥⢨ ⮣,
  DBWR ﭭ 뢠 ଠ  ஢   ,
஫쭮 窥  ॡ 뢠 ࠧ    .    ⮣,
믮 ஫쭮  窨   砥,      ,
믮  ।饩 ஫쭮 窨, ᠭ  .

     ஫ 窨  ࠡ ,   樨஢ 
ࠧ묨 ᯮᮡ, ᠭ묨  ᫥  ࠧ.     
।⢥  ⠢  믮 ஫쭮 窥,    
ࠢ ⮩  믮.     , ⥬ 
ॡ ६  ⠭ .

      ஫ 窨  ᪮७ ⠭

    ஫ 窨 믮 ᫥   㪠  ᫠
 䠩  ॣ樨    㦠  ஬묨  窠 
⠭.  ,  ।騥 ஫쭮  窥
"࠭"  ⠭  稭  , ᫥-
  ஫쭮 窮.

     ࠢ ⮩  ஫ 祪 ⠭   䠩
INIT.ORA ࠬ LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL ᫮  ୠ, ᫥ 
 믮 ஫쭠 窠.

    訥 祭 ⮣ ࠬ 㬥 ६, 室 
⠭  訡 ,   㢥稢 饥 ⢮
஫ 祪 ,  ⥬ ᠬ, ⥫쭮    ந⥫쭮
(⠪      ஫쭠  窠 ॡ  DBWR ⥫ 
/뢮).

      ஫ 窨  ९ 䠩 ୠ

஫ 窨 ᯮ ⠪   ⮣,  ⮡    䠩
ୠ ᯮ짮 .   ஫ 窨 믮  
 । 䠩  ୠ  砫    ᫥騩.   ०
NOARCHIVEMODE ஫쭠 窠   믮    砫
୮   䠩.  ० ARCHIVELOG    ୮ ᯮ짮
஬ ஫쭮 窨   믮 娢஢ 䠩.

        襭 롮   ⠭

DBA   롮 ਠ⮢, 易  ⮢ 
⠭, 騥 ᫥騥 ᯮ⥫ :
    * 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮
    * ᥣ ⪠
    * ࠢ騥 䠩

     ᫥ ࠧ 㦤   .
 ⥫쭮 ଠ樥    3.

   ⨢ ୠ ୮ 믮

                                   -- 149 --



    ⨢ ୠ  ୮ 믮 ⮨     䠩
樮 ⥬.  ᮧ ୠ ୮ 믮  (  
ᮧ )    CREATE DATABASE,   㪠:
    *  ० 㤥 ᯮ짮 ARCHIVELOG  NOARCHIVELOG
    * ⢮ ⨢ 䠩 ୠ
    * ࠧ  䠩
    * ⮯  䠩.

஬ ⮣,          ᫥饥:
    * ࠧ LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL
    * ⮫쪮  ࠧ ᪨ ⥬ - ࠧ LOG_ALLOCATION
         (.  21)
    * ᯥ䨪樨  ⨢ 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮- .

    襭  ᮢ     ஫ 祪 , ᫨
 ࠡ⠥  ० ARCHIVELOG, ,   㤥  
娢஢.  ࢮ砫쭮 䠩  ୠ  ୮ 믮 ᮧ
 믮  CREATE DATABASE.  ⠪  㪠뢠  
 䠩:

    CREATE DATABASE ... [ LOGFILE filespec [, filespec ] ]

     filespec  ଠ:
    filename [ SIZE integer ] [ REUSE ]

᫨   㪠  SIZE,   REUSE,  । REUSE,  SIZE - ࠧ
䠩  . ਬ:

    SQLDBA> CREATE DATABASE TESTDB
        LOGFILE 'ONELOG.RDO' SIZE 50000, 'TWOLOG.RDO' SIZE 50000;

᫨   易⥫ 㬥 LOGFILE,  ⮬᪨ ᮧ訥
 쪨 䠩 ୠ   ࠡ. ,  ࠧ 
⮯  ᮧ  ⮬ 砥 㬠稢 䠩 ୠ  
樮 ⥬;  ⠫      "㪮⢥ 짮⥫ 
⠫樨"  襩 ⥬.

      롮 ० ࠡ ୠ ୮ 믮

  CREATE DATABASE  㪠    権:
ARCHIVELOG  NOARCHIVELOG. ᫨ 祣  㪠, ࠧ㬥
NOARCHIVELOG.

  ᫥⢨ ,  ᯮ   ALTER DATABASE 
஢,    ⮩ .

      롮 ⢠ 䠩 ୮ 믮

    ⨢ ୠ  ୮ 믮      䠩,
     .  ⢨⥫쭮    
஭:
    *  ᪮쪮 ᥣ    ?
    *   ࠧ   ࠧ    䠩 ?

     쭮     䠩,  ४ ᯮ짮
襥 ⢮.  ᯮ짮 襣 ᫠ 䠩   
஢ ⥣ 㫫.  ਬ,  ᫨    室  


                                   -- 150 --



ୠ  10000         । ᯮ짮  㫫 ,
騥  2000  - ࠧ ୠ   䠩  ⮣  㤥  
 ࠧ 뢠  .

    ᨬ쭮 ⢮  䠩  ୠ,  ஥ -  
ᯮ짮,  㪠뢠 ࠬ஬ MAXLOGFILES  CREATE DATABASE.  
ᨬ쭮 ⢮ 䠩 । ࠬ஬ LOG_FILES 䠩
INIT.ORA.   ࠬ    ६ ४ 祭 MAXLOGFILES,
 ⮫쪮   ஭   -  .  稢 祭  
 ࠬ஢ ࠢ 16,  ᨬ쭮 - 256.

  祭 ࠧ஢ 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮

       饬  ⢥ ॡ㥬    ୠ, 
室     ⢥  ࠧ.   
ࠢ  롮 ࠧ஢ ⨢ 䠩 ୠ.

     ⨢  䠩  ୠ   ࠧ஬  - 50
⮢; ࠭祭 ᢥ  .  ୠ  易⥫쭮
   ࠧ,  筮  㤮- ⢠   ⠪.

᫨  ࠫ 訥 䠩 ୠ,  :
    *    㤥  
    *  ४祭 䠩 ॡ  ஫ 祪
    * 娢஢ 䠩 ୠ  ஢  
    * ⠭  㤥 믮 ᪮쪮 , ᫨ 
      㬥 ࢠ ஫ 祪

祭 ன  䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮

 ୠ   饭  ன⢠, ⫨  ᮤঠ 䠩
  ᫥騬 稭:
    *  㬥襭 ᪠ ६    䠩    
      ୠ  砥 ⪠ 㤮
    *  ᭨ ७樨  ᯮ짮  ᪠  (  ६
      让 ⨢  㢥稢  ⨢ ୠ)

       ६  뢠 ⮫쪮  䠩 ୠ,  ᫠
।   ࠧ ᪠.

       ୠ

     䨣  ୠ  ୮  믮   ᫥騬
ᯮᮡ:
    *   䠩
    * 㤠 䠩
    * २ 䠩
    * ४祭 ०  ARCHIVELOG  NOARCHIVELOG

  䨣樨  ० ᯮ짮 ୠ  ୮ 믮
 ஢  ,  ஢ ᪫⥫쭮  ஬,  
 ⮩ .   ஡ ଠ 室   16.

       ० ᯮ짮 ୠ





                                   -- 151 --



    ᯮ  ALTER DATABASE,      ० ࠡ
ୠ.    믮  ⮩  樨    ஢,  
  ஬ ORACLE.  ᮥ    믮 
ࠬ஬ INTERNAL,  ⠪  室 믮  ALTER DATABASE 
⮩ .

    ᫨   ४砥  ०   NOARCHIVELOG      ० ARCHIVELOG,
᫥    믮  backup ( ᯮ !)  䠩 . 
  ᤥ,  㤥 ⠭.  ୠ  ࠢ騥
஢  .
᫨  ४砥  ० ARCHIVELOG  ० NOARCHIVELOG, ⠭
 ⪠ 㤮 㤥  ࠭稢 ६ ४祭  
⠭  ⮫쪮  .

      롮 ࢠ  ஫ 祪

    ࢠ ஫  祪  -  ᫮  䠩 ୠ, 㦠饥
ண  믮 ஫쭮 窨.    祭 ⠭
ࠬ஬    LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL    䠩 INIT.ORA. 稢 祭
  樮 ⥬      ࠭祭   
ᨬ.  ᫨ ࢠ ॢ蠥 ࠧ 䠩 ୠ,  ஫ 窨
 믮 ⮫쪮  ४祭 䠩.  㬥襭 ࢠ:

* ஫ 窨  믮  
* ६,  室   ⠭  ,  㤥 ᮪ (⠪
   ⮡ ᤥ   ⥪騬,   ࠡ 襥 ⢮
   ୠ).

       ᥣ⮢ ⪠

     믮   CREATE DATABASE ᮧ 砫 ᥣ
⪠;   ⮬ ᯮ  㬠稢  祭.   ᥣ
室      ⥬ (  ⠡ ࠭⢮)  
⥬   ⨢. , 設⢮ DBA    ࠧ饭
襣 ⢠ 짮⥫,  ⨢ ࠭権,   ⠪ 
ᮧ  ⥫ ⠡  ࠭    ࠧ ᪮ -
 ⥫ ᥣ ⪠.

  ᥣ ⪠ ᯮ SQL - :

    CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT

樨   ᥣ⮢ ⪠ ਢ     16.   砫
ᯮ짮   ᥣ⮢ ⪠ 室 ⠭   ⮢
⥬.
筮    ਭ ᫥騥 襭 ⭮⥫쭮
ᥣ⮢ ⪠:
    * ᪮쪮 ᥣ⮢ ⪠ ᯮ짮 ?
    *  ।    ᥣ ?
    *   ᥣ ⪠    騬 ?
    *    ⠡ ࠭⢠  室 ᥣ ⪠ ?

 ਭ  襭   ᬮ:
    * ᪮쪮       ⤠  ᥣ ⪠ ?
    *  ।  ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ࠫ ࠭権 ?
    *   ॡ  ந⥫쭮 ?
    * ᬮ   । ᥣ ⪠  ࠧ ன⢠


                                   -- 152 --



      /뢮 ?
    * 㤥   ᪠   ORACLE  ࠡ 
      ० ࠧ ᪮ (᪮쪮 ஢) ?

     롮 ⢠ ᥣ⮢ ⪠

饥 ⢮ ᥣ⮢ ⪠, ॡ㥬 ,  :
    *  ᨬ쭮 ⢠ ࠫ ࠭権
    * ⢠ ࠭権   ᥣ ⪠
    * ⢠ ஢ ORACLE ( ࠧ ᪨ ⥬)

祭 ᫠ ᥣ⮢ ⪠ 㬥蠥  ᮯ୨⢮   ᥣ⮢.
᫨     MONITOR ROLLBACK SEGMENTS  㢨 讥 ᫮  ⮫
"Header  Waits/Sec",  室 㢥 ⢮ ᥣ⮢ ⪠.

     ⪠ ন ଠ ࠭樨   楫,
 ᮣᮢ ⥭.  ⪠   ࠭祭 ᫮
࠭権;    뢠  ⢮ "᫮⮢  ࠭権".   ᫮ -
㭪 ଠ樨  ⨢ ࠭,    ᥣ ⪠.
  ࠭樨  ᥣ ⪠   ᮧ ,   
㤠,   ࠭  㤥 襭 (믮 commit   rollback).

    , ।塞  ᥣ ⪠    ࠭樨, 
䨪஢ ࠧ.   ⢮ ࠫ ࠭権 
㭪樥 ⢠ 짮⥫    ⨢ ⥬.   ࠧ,
饥 ᫮ ᥣ⮢ ⪠    ⢮ ६
࠭権. 襩 業  ᫠ ᥣ⮢  㦨:

    # segmrnts = 2 x [max # transactions / ( (block size) / 32 ) ]

 ᫥ ᥣ⮢ ⪠  ⠪ 짮 ᫥騬 ࠢ :
  ᫮ ࠫ                 㥬 ⢮
    ࠭権                         ᥣ⮢ ⪠
    
     16                          4 ᥣ
    16 - 32                            8 ᥣ⮢
    32                           n/4,    50

      ।   ᥣ⮢ ⪠

     ᥣ,  ᥣ  ⪠  । 㯯 b,
뢠 ⥭⠬.  ⠭ ࠬ஢   ᥣ⮢ ⪠ 
室:
    *  ᥣ  ࠧ
    * ᯮ짮  讥  祭 MAXEXTENTS,  ⮡  墠⪨
        ᥣ ⪠

⮡ ᯮ,  ࠭樨 뢠  ᥣ ⪠,   
ࠧ  4 "ঠ ᥣ ⪠"  " । ᥣ
 ⨢ ࠭権".

      㣨 ⨯ ᥣ⮢, ᥣ ⪠   筮 
 ࠭ .  ᫨ ᥣ ⪠ ⠥ । ⥫
⥭,    (ਬ - ᫨  ⠡筮 ࠭⢥   
। ⥫쭮 ⥭), ⥪ ࠭  
訡.



                                   -- 153 --



     ࠡ騥    㢥稢 㬬 室 ,  ⠪
  ⪠  ন      ⠡  ᥬ
殮 ᪠஢.  ᫨ , 室  ஢ 
ᮣᮢ  ⥭   ४,   訡 "snapshot too
old" (᭨  ᫨誮 ), 뢠   12.

        娢஢ ୠ ୮ 믮  ० ARCHIVELOG

᫨ ⥬  ࠡ⠥    ० NOARCHIVELOG,     ⠭ 
訡 㤮 ஬    ⠭    ,  ᤥ
  뫠  offline.    ᫨  ࠡ⠥  ० NOARCHIVELOG,
ଠ ⮩     ⭮.

    ᫨      客   訡 㤮, 室
⠭  ०  ARCHIVELOG    ﭭ  믮 ᬥ 樨:
    * ਮ᪮  ஢ 
    * 娢஢  online 䠩 ୠ

    娢஢ -         ⨢ (online)
䠩  ୠ    筮  饥   ன⢮ (筮 -  
).  娢஢  ॡ 뢠 ࠡ .  ( ᫨ ६
  娢஢   䠩 ୠ,  ࠡ  㤥
ਮ⠭  襭  娢஢).

     ୠ ୮ 믮   娢஢   
ᯮᮡ: ⮬᪨  .   ᯮᮡ ᠭ ᠭ 
᫥ ࠧ,    ஡ ଠ     "㪮⢥
짮⥫  ⠫樨",    ।⠢ ⭮  ⭮襭 
। 樮 ⥬.

      ᫥⥫  䠩 ୠ

ᨬ   ᯮᮡ 娢஢ (筮  ⮬᪮)  ⢥砥
   娢஢  䠩.  䠩 ୠ  -
஢ 㭨 ᫥⥫ ஬.   砥  ६
娢஢  ॡ  ᫥饬 ⠭.  ᫥⥫
 ୠ 稭  1  㢥稢  1   ⨨  ।
䠩.

     楫 ⠭   ࠭   室 - 
室 㦭 䠩 ୠ, ᭮뢠   ᫥⥫쭮 .
筮 ⨢ 䠩 ୠ  ஢ 祭 ୠ
   ᫥⥫쭮  .   ⠫쭮 ଠ樥   
ᯮ 䠩 ୠ   ਫ   "㪮
짮⥫  ⠫樨".

   ᫥⥫   䠩 ୠ  ᬮ  
 ARCHIVE LOG LIST ⨫ SQL*DBA.

      ⮬᪮ 娢஢

      樮 ⥬  ⮬᪮ 娢஢
䠩 ୠ   䮭  ARCH.     娢஢
   ।⢥  .     ࣠,  
樮 ⥬   ஢ ,    ⮫쪮   
ARCH   ⮬ 室.



                                   -- 154 --



    ⮬᪮ 娢஢   祭  ᯮᮡ:
ᯮ 䠩 INIT.ORA  ⨫ SQL*DBA.    ⮬᪮
娢樨 頥  ᮬ  ARCH    䠩 .   
뢠 ६ 砫  襭  娢樨.  ᬮ  , 
稫 ⮬ 娢,   믮  .

      祭 ⮬᪮ 娢஢ १ INIT.ORA

     ⮣  ந  ࠬ 䠩 INIT.ORA.  ⠭ 祭
TRUE  ࠬ  LOG_ARCHIVE_START     ⨢ (offline) ୠ 
 ࠬ LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST.    ⮣ 祭  
樮 ⥬  ⠫쭮 ᠭ  襬 "㪮⢥ 짮⥫ 
⠫樨".

    ᫥ ⠭ ⮣ ࠬ ⮬᪠ 娢   
।    ORACLE.   ࠬ । ⠪ 樨
娢஢, 騥 ᫥ ।  ,   
ARCHIVE LOG   ६ ७.

      祭 ⮬᪮ 娢஢ १ SQL*DBA

 ⮣  뤠  SQL*DBA:

    SQLDBA> ARCHIVE LOG START [ destination ]

       室       娢஢ 䠩,  
祭 ⮬᪮ 娢஢.  ⮬ 砥 䠩 㤥 娢஢
ࠧ ,   ⮫쪮  ⮬  室.

     ⪫祭 ⮬᪮  娢஢    㪠  STOP
 START.  ᨬ  ᫥ 祭,   ⮩ ,
᫨  ࠬ LOG_ARCHIVE_START 䠩 INIT.ORA 㪠  TRUE,   ।
  筥 ⮬᪮ 娢஢.

      祭  娢

 ⮬᪮ 娢஢ 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮 䮭
 ARCH  ,     ᮧ .   ⮯
뢠 ᮬ 娢     ᯥ஢   १ ࠬ
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST 䠩 INIT.ORA, ⠪      ARCHIVE LOG. ᮬ
祭   ⮫쪮 ᪨  .  ⭮ ᯥ஢
権   樮 ⥬   ⠫쭮  ᠭ   "㪮⢥
짮⥫  ⠫樨".

      ⪫祭 ⮬᪮ 娢஢

⪫ ⮬᪮ 娢஢   ᯮᮡ.   ६
⠭ ⮬᪮ 娢஢   ᯮ짮 
SQL*DBA:

    SQLDBA> ARCHIVE LOG STOP

    ⮡ ⮬᪮  娢஢ 뫮 몫祭  㬮砭, 室
⠭  ࠬ  LOG_ARCHIVE_START   䠩 INIT.ORA 祭 FALSE. ⮡
 祭 ⠫ ⨢, 室 ⮢  ORACLE.




                                   -- 155 --



     饬 砥    娢஢ ⠭
⮬᪨     ᨬ  祭 ࠬ
LOG_ARCHIVE_START.

    訡   ⮬᪮ 娢஢  ⪫  ⠪ , 
᫨   뤠  ARCHIVE LOG STOP.   樮 ⥬
ᮮ饭   訡  㤥  뤠   ⥬ ᮫   ᨬ 
⥬ 㤥 ᥭ ᮬ ARCH  䠩 . ᫥ ࠧ襭 襩
஡    娢஢  LOG ARCHIVE START.

      娢஢ 

    筮 娢஢ ॡ  DBA   ⥬ ।⢥
뤠  SQL*DBA.   ⮤      ࠢ
ᮬ 娢஢,    ॡ  ⢨ (ਬ -
஢ ).

    筮 娢஢ ࠧ㬥   㬮砭  (砫쭮 ࠬ
LOG_ARCHIVE_START ⠭  FALSE).

     筮  娢஢     ।  ।,  䠩
 娢஢.     ᤥ     樨 LIST 
ARCHIVE LOG.

 ࠧ, 娢஢ ਬ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:
    SQLDBA> ARCHIVE LOG [ NEXT | n | ALL ] [ destination ]

 ਢ    娢樨  㪠  䠩().   ᠭ
   ਫ .

        믮 BACKUP

 ⠭  訡 㤮   :
* ࠧ ⥩ ,  ⠭,  ⠪ ୠ ॣ樨
   (online  offline) 
* ᮣᮢ   䠩  ( 䠩 ୠ  ࠢ騥)

     ࠧ  -   䠩 --,   ⫨稥  ᯮ,
।⠢饣 ᮡ    ,  뢠  ᨬ  
 䨧᪮ ᯮ.   ࠧ    :

    *  ⠭   ।    ६   諮
    *  ⠭     ⥪騩  - 

     ࢮ  砥  backup  ᮤঠ ᮣᮢ , ୠ 
ࠢ 䠩,  ᤥ  ⮩ .    ᯮ 
⠭ ᮤন   ।  ६  諮.
 ⠭   㤮  믮, 䠩  
⠭.

     ஬ 砥 backup  (  ) 筮 ᯮ  
⠭ ᫥ ⪠  㤮. Backup  믮   
    ࠡ. ⠭  backup  ࢮ  
⠭    ᡮ 㤮. ᫥ ⮣   䠩 ୠ
 ਢ  ﭨ, ।饬 ᡮ.




                                   -- 156 --



 ࠧ (backup):
    *  믮   ॣ୮
    *   ᤥ   ⮩, ⠪  ⮩ 
    *  믮  ᭮  ⠡  ࠭,     
      ᥩ 

   ⥭樠쭮 㬥 ६,  ॡ㥬  ⠭
 ⪠ 㤮.  ⤥ ⠡ ࠭ 
믮 ⠭  , ⠪       
室  ⠭  ⠡ ࠭⢠ ⭮⥫쭮 
 ६.

p楤 ஢/⠭    ࠧ 樮
⥬  ⭮  㦤    "㪮⢥ 짮⥫  ⠫樨".

      ஢ ⮩ 

᫨  ,  믮   .   뢠
ᮣᮢ     ᫥⢨  ᯮ짮   
ﭨ    ஢. ⮡ ᪮஢  , 室:
    1. ⠭  ORACLE
    2. ᯮ짮  ⨫⮩ ஢ 樮 ⥬ 
       ஢  䠩 , 䠩 ୠ  ࠢ.
    3. ᫨ 㦭, ⮢ 

      ஢ ⮩ 

᫨ ᯮ ० ARCHIVELOG,  ᪮஢     
  ࠡ;   뢠 " ".   
⠭    ⠡  ࠭⢠  砥 訡 㤮.

Backup, 믮  ࠡ饩 ,   ᫥騥  ࠪ⨪:

*    믮 짮⥫   ଠ   
  ( 䨪樨).  ࠧ,   ࠡ  㥬
  ⠡ ࠭⢮.
*  ᯮ짮  ⠭      ᢥ
  ﭨ ,   ।饬
*  ⮫쪮 䠩 , 易  ⠡묨 ࠭⢠,  
  ࠢ騥   ୠ

 ஢ ⠡筮 ࠭⢠ ⮩  ᯮ 㪠
 蠣. ⮡ ᪮஢  , 室      蠣 
 ⠡筮 ࠭⢠  (   ࠭⢮ SYSTEM).

    1.  ० ARCHIVELOG   娢஢  䠩  ୠ, ᫨ 
       .
    2. ᫨ ⠡筮 ࠭⢮,  ᮤঠ饥 㥬 䠩, 室 
       ﭨ online, 室 뤠 :

    SQLDBA> ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace BEGIN BACKUP

᫨       ⠡筮  ࠭⢮  뢥   offline, 
।饬   室.





                                   -- 157 --



    3. ᯮ ⨫⮩ 樮  ⥬  ஢  
䠩,  易  ⨬ ⠡ ࠭⢮. ஡  ᠭ 
"㪮⢥  짮⥫   ⠫樨".    ᮤঠ 
,  ந     ஢  (᫨  ந
 ७ᥭ   䠩  ).

    4. 믮 SQL - :

    SQLDBA> ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace END BACKUP

  뤠   .          
짮⥫, 㦥    , RDBMS ᯮ   
䨪樨  ୠ  ୮  믮, ᮧ  
믮 .

᫨  㤥 뤠  ALTER  TABLESPACE  ...  BEGIN BACKUP 
᫥  ⠭   㤥 ଠ쭮,  䠩 ⠡筮 ࠭⢠
  ᪮஢ ४⭮      ᬮ ᯮ짮  䠩 
⠭.

    ᫨    㤥 뤠  ALTER TABLESPACE ...  END BACKUP 
⥬ 㤥 த ࠡ,   ⥬    ORACLE,
RDBMS  ।,  室 ⠭  ॡ ⠭
娢஢  ୠ  ୮ 믮.

        楤 ⠭ ⥫

騥 ࠧ 뢠 楤 ⠭  ⥫,  -
  䠩 ⥬ ORACLE 㯥 (   ᠭ  ⠭).
⠭ 䠩   ⥪饬 ﭨ ॡ 娢஢ 䠩
ୠ, ᫨   (ୠ ᯮ  ० ARCHIVELOG).
砭:  ⢥砥  娢஢ 䠩 ୠ  宦  
ᮮ⢥⢨  䨪஬, 뢠 ᫥⥫ ஬ ୠ.

  ⠭   ,  ⠪  ⤥쭮 ⠡筮 ࠭⢮.
   ⠪   ⠭  ⤥  䠩 ⠡筮 ࠭⢠  楫
⠭  ᫥.   ⠭  ॡ,  ⮡   䠩
⠡筮 ࠭⢠ ६ 뫨 ॢ  ﭨ offline.


⠭ 䠩 ,  ਭ饣 ⠡筮 ࠭ SYSTEM

᫨ ⥬ ORACLE ।,      䠩, ਭ騩
⠡筮 ࠭,  ⫨筮  SYSTEM,  訡  樮
⥬,      㤥 த 㭪樮஢, 뤠 ᮮ饭 
訡  直  ࠧ,   㤠筮 뢠 .

    ᫨ ⥬ ORACLE ।,      ଠ  䠩,
 ਭ騩 ⠡筮  ࠭  SYSTEM,  뤠  ᮮ饭  
訡  뢥 ᮮ⢥饥 ࠭⢮  offline.

    ᫨  訡  䠩 ,    ਭ饬  ࠭ SYSTEM,
 :
    * ⠭  ⮫쪮  ࠤ襥  ⠡筮 ࠭⢮, ⠢
⮩  ࠡᯮᮡ ⠢  .   ⮬ 砥   
⠭  饬 (⥯譥) ﭨ.



                                   -- 158 --



    * ⠭   믮      ⠭.   ⮬ 砥
짮⥫     ⠭ 㯠     
⠭  ந쭮  ६ (.  ࠧ "窠 ⠭

      ⠭ ⠡筮 ࠭⢠

     ⠭ 䠩  ⠡筮  ࠭⢥,  ⫨筮
 SYSTEM, த ᫥騥 蠣.  室   
ନ ⥬ ( -  樨஢  믮 -
, 㣮  -  ஢   ⠭ -
娢஢ 䠩 ୠ   ,  室    ﭨ
online).

1. 室  ⮢    .   ⮬ 짮⥫
    ࠡ  ⥬,   ⮢   ० 㯠
   ⮫쪮 DBA.
2.   ନ, ࠡ饣  ⨫⮩ SQL*DBA, ᮥ  
    DBA.
3. ॢ ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  ०  䠩  offline:

        SQLDBA> ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace OFFLINE

4. ᯮ   樮 ⥬  ⠭ 
ᢥ      䠩,     ⠭. 室
⠭ ⮫쪮  䠩,   묨  ஡,   
砥  ⠭  䠩  , ⠢ ⠡筮
࠭⢮. (᫨ ,  ⠭  ⥫ 䠩).
ࠢ騥 䠩 ⠭  .

5.  ᫥  SQL*DBA ( ᨭ⠪ ᠭ  ਫ ):

    SQLDBA> RECOVER TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ... ]

6. ᫨  믮 ⠭  ॡ  offline - 䠩 ୠ
   (⠪   ⮣ 筮 online - 䠩 ୠ), ᪮  㢨
   ᮮ饭  ⮬,   ⠭ 襭.

᫨ offline  -  䠩  ୠ -⠪ 室,  SQL*DBA  
᫥⥫ .

 㣮 ନ      ⨫ 樮 ⥬ ७
室 䠩    .    ᯮ,  㤠 ७
䠩,  SQL*DBA ᠬ 㤥   ⮬ 訢.    䠩 ⠪
訢 SQL*DBA.  ORACLE ஢,     䠩,  
室, ஢  ᫥⥫ .

ୠ⨢  ⠭ ଠ ।⢥  , ᫨
 ஢   㪠  ᯥ䨪   ⢥   ⨫
SQL*DBA.

 SQL*DBA 㤥 訢 ᫥騥 室  䠩 ୠ 
⠭    ଠ .

᫨  ,   offline -  䠩  ୠ  室,  
প,  易  ᠬ । 䠩.   ᪮  
 ࠭.   㦭   䠩  - ,   뢠   ,



                                   -- 159 --



  backup ᠬ ண 䠩,    ⠭.
᫥ 室  䠩  ୠ  -   뢠  ॢ
⠡筮 ࠭⢠  offline.

7. ୨ ⠡筮 ࠭⢮  online:

    SQLDBA> ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace ONLINE

      ⠭  

   ⠡筮 ࠭⢠,  ⫨筮  SYSTEM,  ⠭,
⠭   .  믮塞  蠣  ।騬,  
짮⥫    ࠡ    祭 ᥣ ६ ⠭.

1. 室 ⮢ , ஢   ० EXCLUSIVE,  
   뢠.

2. ⠭  室  䠩   backup - .  室
   ⠭  ⮫쪮  䠩,    묨   ஡,   ᫨
    ⠭  䠩  .   ⠭ 
   ࠢ 䠩.

3.  SQL*DBA   :
    SQLDBA> RECOVER DATABASE

4. ᫨  믮 ⠭  ॡ  offline - 䠩 ୠ
   (⠪   ⮣ 筮 online - 䠩 ୠ), ᪮  㢨
   ᮮ饭  ⮬,   ⠭ 襭.  ᫨  offline  - 䠩
   ୠ 室 - ᬮ 蠣 6 "⠭ ⠡筮 ࠭⢠"

5. ᫥  ᮮ饭  襭 ⠭    
    (᫨   ࠡ  ᪫⥫쭮 ०). ⮡ 
       㣨 ࠬ, 室 믮 樨:
   DISMOUNT, SHUTDOWN, STARTUP, MOUNT SHARED  OPEN.

      뢠  ⠭

 ⠭  ࢠ  ᫥騥 :
    *  ⢥   । 䠩 ୠ ⢥ CANCEL
    * । ࠡ  ⠭ 䠩  뤠 ᨣ 뢠
      樮 ⥬.

      த  ⠭

 த ⠭ :

    SQLDBA> RECOVER TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ...]

    SQLDBA> RECOVER DATABASE

⠭ த  ⮣ ,    ஬  뫮 ࢠ,  
稭 . ᫨    ⠭   ࠭ 䠩,
 ⠭    .

     ⠭ 䠩 ,  ਭ饣 ⠡筮 ࠭ SYSTEM




                                   -- 160 --



᫨       뢠 ଠ  䠩, ਭ騩
⠡筮 ࠭ SYSTEM,    ⠭   㤥 
㯭 짮⥫.  筮 ࠭⢮ SYSTEM ॡ  
   ᫥⥫쭮 㤥 㯭   ⠭.

 ⮩  樨  室  ⠭ ᫥ 蠣, ਢ
 ⠭   (  ⠡筮  ࠭⢠ !).

      ⠭ online - 䠩 ୠ ୮ 믮

    ᫨  訡 ⥫ ࠤ online - 䠩 ୠ,  ⠭
 訡 ⥭/ 樮 ⥬. ᫨   稭 訡 
㢥७,    , ⠩  ⮢  
ORACLE  ⠭.

    ᫨   ॢ,    ୠ   , 
   ਠ⮢:

    * ⠭    ᯮ짮  ᮣᮢ   backup -
䠩 ( 䠩 , ୠ  ࠢ騥). ᮢ 
砥,  䠩 뫨 ᠭ  ६  ⠭ . ᫥
⠭  㤥  ࠦ ﭨ   믮
஢ (backup).

    * ⠭  ,    ᠭ  ࠧ "⠭ "  
䠩 RECOVERY.DOC (१ ᫥ ⠥  䠩  ॣ樨 ).
 ࠧ,  ⠭ , ᠭ (commit)   窨;
, 믮 ᫥ ⮣ ,   . .  ࠧ
"窠 ⠭".
    *        믮  , ᯮ 䠩
      ᮢ㯭  ⥫쭮 ᯮ.   ୥     
      ᫥ ⥫쭮 ᯮ.

      樮 ⥬  㬥   䠩 ୠ
୮ 믮, ᯮ  㡫஢ 樮 ⥬.
᫨  㣮  ᪥  ࠭  ୠ  ॠ쭮 ६, 
⭮     ୠ  砥 ⪠ ⥫.

      ⠭ ࠢ 䠩

    ᪮ ࠢ騥  䠩 ᮤঠ ଠ, 室   
⠭ ,     ࠭஢ 饭  訡.
 饬 砥 , ⠭    䠩 믮
⮬᪨, ॡ  DBA  ⢨  祭  䠩 
ࠧ ᪨.

    ਧ ࠧ襭  ࠢ饣 䠩   ਩ 襭
 ORACLE   .

᫨   ࠢ騥 䠩  ࠧ襭,    ᪮ 訩  䠩.
㥬  ஢ ࠢ饣 䠩 ᫥騩:

    1. ⠭ .
    2.  訩 ࠢ騩 䠩   .   ஦-
          ᯮ  ࠧ襭  䠩  - ᪠ ஢
       宣 䠩  ४ 襣.



                                   -- 161 --



    3. ࠢ  䠩 INIT.ORA 祭 ࠬ CONTROL_FILES.  
       ண     䠩.
    4. 믮  .

    ᫨ ࠧ襭  ࠢ騥 䠩,     -
⠭    ᫥ ᯮᮡ:

    * ⠭  ,  ᯮ   ᮣᮢ backup ( ,
ୠ  ࠢ 䠩, ᤥ      ६  ⮩
).   ﭨ   ।  諮  backup -
ﬨ ࠢ 䠩.

    * 믮 ⠭ ⥫ ,  ᯮ backup - 
ࠢ饣 䠩.   䠩 RECOVERY.DOC.  ୥   ।
 諮  backup - ﬨ ࠢ 䠩.

    *       믮   䠩 ᫥ 
ᯮ    ᥬ ᮢ㯭묨   ⥫묨 䠩 ᯮ.
 ୥    ᫥  ᯮ  ᣥ 
ࠢ騥 䠩.

      窠 ⠭

ଠ쭮 ⠭ 筮 砥 ⠭ ᥩ   ⥪饬
 ६.  ᪫⥫ ⥫⢠   
⠭    ஬    諮.   䠩
RECOVERY.DOC, 室饬  ਡ⨢ ⥫.     ᮤঠ
樨  ࠭祭  ⠭  । .   䠩
뢠 蠣  ⠭    । 䠩 ୠ  
㪠  ६.

砭: ᫨  । 㦤  ⠭ ⠪ ⨯, 室
 ⠪ ᮣᮢ  ࠧ ࠢ饣 䠩 (ᠭ 
RECOVERY.DOC)     ᫥   䨣樨 䠩  (ਬ  -
 ⠡ ࠭   䠩  ⬥ ࠭).

              Export/Import

⨫ Export/Import    娢஢  ⠭  ORACLE,
ᯮ 䠩 樮  ⥬.    ⨫   
ᯮ짮  ⠭ ,  ᭮ 㭪樨 ᪮쪮  
  ᥡ:

* 믮 ⠫ ᭨ । ⠡    
   ६ (᪨ 娢)
* ࠭  ।  ⠡   offline ( 묨   )  ७
   ⠭   ORACLE  饬
* ६饭  ⥬ ORACLE   設  
* ६饭   ࠧ묨 ﬨ ⥬ ORACLE.

, ᯮ/   ࠭祭:

*  믮  権   ࠡ.
* ᯮ஢ 䠩   ।஢  ᯮ ⮫쪮 
  ஢.
*   ࠭祭   ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮   䠩 ⨫
  Export (ਬ -   믮 ᫮ ).


                                   -- 162 --



* ᯮ஢    ᪨ ।⠢   
  ᯮ짮  ⠭ ⥫ ⮫쪮   襣
  ᯮ.

騥 ࠧ 뢠 ᯮ짮 ⨫ Export/Import ⭮⥫쭮
ᯮ짮  楤 ஢ /⠭.    
ଠ樥    ᯮ짮  ⨫   "㪮
짮⥫  ⠫樨".

      Export

Export -    ⨫,  ६    ORACLE  䠩 樮
⥬.  DBA  ᯮ஢       ⭮ 㪠뢠,
   ᯮ஢.  ਬ,   ᯥ஢:

    * ⮫쪮 ⠡,    뫨    ᫥ 
      (१ ᮢ㯭  ⥫ ᯮ)
    *   ꥪ    ᯮ஢ (⠡  , ⮫쪮
      । ⠡, ਢ, , , )
    * ⤥ ⠡
    * ⠡  짮⥫

     ࠧ,    筮   ⡨  , 騥
ᯮ.    䠩 樮 ⥬   ।㥬
ଠ,  ⮬     .

    ᯮ  믮 ⮫쪮     ࠡ     짮⥫
  ࠫ쭮   ᯮ㥬 .   筮
⠡  ⨢稢묨,  ⠪   ᯮ  ᯮ ᮣᮢ 
⥭   ⠡.

        ॡ ᤥ ᮣᮢ ᯮ ᪮쪨
( ) ⠡, ᯮ㥬 ਪ ⥬.  ⮬  砥 
믮 ᯮ  ,   짮⥫    室
⠡栬,  ⠪   室  ⮩稢 ﭨ. ⥩訬 ᯮᮡ
ᯥ祭 ⮣  믮 । ᯮ⮬ SQL -  LOCK
TABLE   ०  SHARED  MODE    室 ⠡.    䥪
  ६ ⬥ ਢ  ⠡   ࠡ  ORACLE 
० DBA.

       ᯮ  

    ୮ 믮    ᯮ    ⠢
 襩 ⥣ ஢.   ᯮ   - ࠭
 । ⠡  ᮤঠ     । 
६,  ⠪      ⤥ ⠡        
室 ४஢  饬.

    ᯮ  ⫨砥    ᪠   ࠧ .
⨫  Export  ࠭    ।   ଠ, 㯭
⮫쪮 ⥬ ORACLE.    ᪠    ⥬  ORACLE  
⠭    ᮢ襭  㣨  ᪠ 
ࠢ  室 ﭨ,    ६  backup ࠧ -  䨧᪠
    ᫥ ⠭      ᪠.





                                   -- 163 --



      ⥩ ⠭   ᫥  ਨ  ⥫ ⮨ 
   ᪮쪨 䠩 ᯮ. ਬ,   ⠭
 , ஢   ᯮ ,  ᮢ㯭  
⥫ ᯮ.

        ஢    ⥫ ⨯
ᯮ: ᮢ㯭  ⥫.  ᫥ ⨯ ᯮ  
ᯮ ⠡, 訥  㪠 ஬⮪ ६.  筮 
  ᯮ  ॡ  믮   ६  ᪮ .  
   ਬ -  ⠭ 訡筮 ⬥ ⠡
⠪  ࠭ ⠢    ⥪饬 ﭨ.

      ⥫ ᯮ

     ⨯ ᯮ  ⮫쪮 ꥪ,  뫨   
᫥ ᯮ  ⨯ (,  ⥫쭮  ᮢ㯭).
⥫ ᯮ 筮 믮  ,  ᮢ㯭 
.

      㯭 ᯮ

    㯭 ᯮ ࠣ ⮫쪮 ꥪ, 訥  
᫥   ᮢ㯭 ᯮ.   祭 ⥫쭮,
  頥  訥     ⥫ ஬⮪ ६.
(᫨ ⥫  ᮢ㯭 ᯮ 믮   ⮩, 
祬  ⫨   㣠).

    㯭 ᯮ  ᯮ짮  "ᦠ" ᪮쪨 䠩
⥫쭮 ᯮ  襥 ⢮ ᮢ㯭 䠩;  
室 ࠭ 䠩 ⥫쭮 ᯮ ᫥ 믮
ᮢ㯭 ᯮ.

      Import

    Import -   ⨫,  ⥫쭠  ⨫  Export.   ⠥ 䠩,
ᮧ ணࠬ Export  뢠    .   믮
    롮,     䠩.

      ᯮ짮 ⨫ Import   ⠭ 

 ⥫⢠  ਢ  ᮧ  , ਬ  -
  䠩,  室  ࠡ .   ਬ஬ 
㦨  ࠢ饣 䠩,   ⮬ 砥   㣨 
⠭.

    ᫨  訫,      㤥 訬 襭 襩
஡, 믮 ᫥騥 蠣:
    1. । 䠩 ᯮ,  ᮤঠ騥 ,    
஢.    ᯮ짮  䠩,  ᮤঠ騩    
᪮쪮 䠩 ࠧ ⨯ ( ᯮ, ⥫, ᮢ㯭
 ᯮ ⤥쭮 짮⥫). ஢  
।⢥  .
    2. ன .
    3. ⠭  , 騥   .
    4. ᫨ 室, । 䠩 INIT.ORA.
    5. 믮 蠣  ᮧ ,  ᠭ  .13 (ࢮ砫쭮



                                   -- 164 --



       ᮧ  ).  ᫥  襭 ᮧ   ⠢
       ⮩.
    6. 믮  室 䠩.
























































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