









            


                  SQL  


          6.0    


          O R A C L E 
          
          The Relational Database Management System

 






































                                    -- 1 --




 ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL
  6.0
 Part Number 778-V6.0
  1988 (ᬮ७ - ࠫ 1990)


  ।: Dwight Cheu, Brian Linden

 : Andrew Mendelsohn, Larry Baer, Shelly Dimmick,
 Dennis Cocharn, Michael Hartstein, Susan Jackson, Ken Jacobs,
 Derry Kabcenell, Larry Stevens


Copyright Oracle Corporation 1988,1990
 ࠢ ࠭. ⯥⠭  .


        ࠭祭 ࠢ.

ᯮ짮, 㡫஢   ⨥ ணࠬ 稭 ࠭祭,  
⠭    襬  ࠪ     Oracle Corporation.

ᯮ짮, 㡫஢  ⨥  ஭ ࠢ⥫⢠ 稭 
࠭祭   ᪮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,   ணࠬ  
業஢  ࠭祭묨 ࠢ  ᭮ 䥤ࠫ쭮 
⥫⢠.

ଠ, ᮤঠ   㬥,    㢥. 
᫨    ஡  㬥樥,   . Oracle 
Corporation  ࠭ ⢨ 訡   㬥.

ORACLE, Easy*SQL, Pro*Ada, Pro*COBOL, Pro*Fortran,Pro*PL/I,
Pro*Pascal, SQL*Calc, SQL*Forms, SQL*Graph, SQL*Loader,
SQL*Menu, SQL*Net  SQL*Plus  ॣ஢묨
࣮묨 ઠ Oracle Corporation.
CASE*Designer, CASE*Dictionary,  CASE*Method,  PL/SQL, Pro*C,
SQL*DBA,  SQL*Design  Dictionary,  SQL*QMX  SQL*ReportWriter
 ࣮묨 ઠ Oracle Corporation.

DEC - ॣ஢  ࣮  ઠ  Digital  Equipment Corporation.
DECNET - ࣮ ઠ Digital Equipment Corporation.
HP - ॣ஢ ࣮ ઠ Hewlett-Paccard.

IBM - ॣ஢ ࣮ ઠ International Business Machines.
DB2 - ࣮ ઠ International Business Machines.

ॢ  ᪨ : 蠪 ..    1991.











                                    -- 2 --




                            

"ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL" ᮤন  ᠭ 몠 ५樮-
  ,   ᯮ  ᮧ, , 䨪樨, 
롮ન  ࠢ ଠ樥   ORACLE.

, 뢠   㪮⢥ -  ॠ  Oracle 
Corporation  ⥬ ORACLE Version 6 ⢮ ⠭ 몠  SQL  
ਪ᪮  樮쭮  ⠭⮢ (ANSI)    㭠த  
࣠樨  ⠭⮢ (ISO).

 ⮬ 㪮⢥ ᮤন ⠪ ᠭ  SQL, ᯮ㥬  
४ ⥬ ORACLE.   ⥫쭮 ଠ樥     
SQL   㪮⢠ ணࠬ  ४ࠬ ORACLE.  
஡  ଠ    楤୮   ७  몠  SQL  -  PL/SQL 
ᮤন  ࠢ筮 㪮⢥  㪮⢥  짮⥫  PL/SQL.

        㤨                     

 㪮⢮ ।祭    孨᪮  ᮭ:
 ணࠬ⮢, ⠪  ணࠬ⮢,  ᯮ짮 SQL.


         짮  㪮⢮          

㪮⢮ ࠧ  ᫥騥 :

 1      "樮 " - 뢠 ᭮
             楯樨 ५樮 ⥮ਨ.

 2      "  SQL" - 뢠   ਥ SQL - २⢠ 
             ᯮ짮 ⮣ 몠    ५樮  .

 3      " 몠 SQL" - 뢠 ᭮
                ORACLE  몠 SQL.

 4      "  㭪樨" - 뢠 ᯮ-
               몥 SQL   㭪樨.

 5      "ࠢ筨  SQL - ࠬ" -  䠢⭮ 浪 ᠭ 
               몠 SQL.

 6      "ࠧ ஢ SELECT" - ᯥ稢  ⠫쭮 ᠭ 
              SELECT.

ਫ  " " - ⪮  ⠡  , 
             ⠢騥 ⠫ ORACLE.
ਫ  "⠪ SQL" - ⪮ ᠭ ᨭ⠪ SQL.

        易 㡫樨                          

㪮⢠, 易  ⥬ ࠢ ५樮   ORACLE 
               ᥡ:

* ORACLE RDBMS Database Administrator's Guide, Part No. 3601-V6.0
* SQL Language Reference Manual ( 㪮⢮) Part No. 778-V6.0
* SQL Language Quick Reference, Part No. 5421-V6.0

                                    -- 3 --



* SQL Language Tutorial, Part No. 5070-V6.0
* PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference, Part No. 800-V6.0
* ORACLE Utilities User's Guide, Part No. 3602-V6.0
* ORACLE Error Messages and Codes Manual, Part No. 3605-V6.0
* ORACLE RDBMS Perfofmance Tuning Guide, Part No. 5317-V6.0
* Programmer's Guide to the ORACLE Precompilers, Part No. 5135-V1.3
* Programmer's Guide to the ORACLE Call Interfaces, Part No. 5411-V6.0

襭, ᯮ㥬   㪮⢥         

 ᫥饩 ⠡ ਢ ᮣ襭  ᨭ⠪, ᯮ㥬  -
饬 㪮⢥,  ⠪  ਬ   ᮣ襭.  ஬ ⮣, 
 ᫮᭮ ᠭ ⮣,   ᭮  ⥪.

             ।⠢     ਬ       ᭥         
             ᨭ⠪                                        
             

 祢    ANY_WORD           CREATE       ।⠢  ᨬ -
 ᫮       ( ᫮)                    ॣ. 
                                             筮    -
                                             祭 易⥫쭮 
                                             ᯮ짮   孥 
                                             ॣ.

 ࠬ   any_word           tablename     ᨭ⠪᪮ -
                                             ᠭ  ।⠢-
                                                  ॣ
                                             (). ⠢
                                             ᮮ⢥饥 祭.

                               T             ᨬ.
             text  char      'database1'  쭠 ⠭: -
                                             ࠫ   -
                                               ᨬ쭮 -
                                             . ⠪ text -
                                             ᠭ   3 ⮣ 㪮⢠.

             condition          NAME > 'A'   ᫮   㪠
                                             ଠ⮬. ⠪ condition
                                             뢠   4 -
                                              㪮⢠.

             d  e            '01-Jan-88'  ⠭ -   -
                                             ࠦ ⨯ DATE.
             expr               SAL + 100    ࠦ   㪠
                                             ⨯ .
             m  n            15*7         ᫮ ⠭  -
                                             ࠦ ⨯ NUMBER.
             number             112          ᫮ ⠭  -
                                             ࠦ ⨯ NUMBER.
             raw                -            ࠦ ⨯ RAW
             rowid             00000462.0001.0001
                                             ࠦ ⨯ ROWID

             query              SELECT 'x'    SELECT, 室-
                                FROM DUAL    騩  㣮 SQL
                                             - .  ᮤ-

                                    -- 4 --



                                               ࠧ ।-
                                              SELECT,   ᪫
                                             FOR UPDATE OF  ORDER BY.
                                             ᠭ ᨭ⠪ query
                                             ᮤন   6 -
                                              㪮⢠.

 㭪  䨣           { UNION |       -
             ᪮             MINUS |       . 室-
                                INTERSECT }       
                                              ᪮쪨, ࠧ-
                                              ⨪쭮 ⮩.
                                               ⨪ -
                                                .

                      [ NOT |         -
             ᪮             ADD | OR ]   ⥫ .  -
                                                 㪠-
                                               ᯨ᪥ ⮢.
                                               ⨪ -
                                                . ᫨
                                              ᯨ᪥   ⮫쪮   
                                             ,    ⨪쭠
                                               㪠뢠.

             㣫 ᪮     POWER(n,m)     砥 ᯨ᮪
                                             ࠬ஢.   -
                                                 
                                             ⠪,  㪠.

             稥        name,name,... 뢠  ᯨ᪥ -
                                             ஢. ,    
                                             ।騩 ࠬ  -
                                               ७ ந-
                                             쭮 ᫮ ࠧ.

             ન     order|noorder 뢠  㬠稢
                                        祭. ᫨  祣
                                              , ORACLE 㤥
                                             ᯮ짮  ભ-
                                             ⮥ 祭.


















                                    -- 5 --




 砭,   짮⥫ ORACLE    ⥫  㪮   
 祭 業묨.  ᠭ, ᬮ  ᮢ襭⢮ 㬥樨 
   -  ᠬ 業  ⮣,    砥.   㪮⢠ 
ਫ "ଠ ⥫᪨ ਥ",   ᮢ㥬 ᯮ짮
 뢮  ⮬,    ࠢ   ࠢ   ( 
㣨) 㪮⢥   ORACLE.  ᫨ ଠ  㦥  ᯮ짮     
  ,   ᫥饬   :  (415)598-8000.
        ORACLE RDBMS Product Manager
        Oracle Corporation
        500 Oracle Parkway
        Redwood Shores, CA 94065

                             

  1   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

          ⭮襭 魮⥩ . . . . . . . . . . 
         ᪠  ⠡. . . . . . . . . . 
           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             ࠢ ᮧ ⠡. . . . . . . . . . 
           ⮫. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             冷 ⮫殢 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             ᪠ த ⮫殢 . . . . . . . 
           ப . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             冷 ப. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             ᪠ த ப . . . . . . . . 
           祭 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             ᯥ祭 ண 㯠 . . . . . . . 
             ᯥ祭 㭨쭮 . . . . . . . . . 
            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             ᪠ ᨬ . . . . . . 
         ᨬ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           ᪠ ᨬ . . . . . . . 
           ᪠ ᨬ . . . . . . . 
         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           ᭮  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           譨 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
         ⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮. . . . . . . . . . . 
         ࠭祭  ⠡  ⮫殢. . . . . . . 
         ਬ ⠡. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
            EMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
            DEPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
            EMPLOYEE_RAISE . . . . . . . . . . . 
            DUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

  2   SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

          SQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           ⠭⨧ SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
         २⢠ ᯮ짮 SQL . . . . . . . . 
           楤  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
              짮⥫. . . . . . . . . 
           ஢  . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           騩    ५樮   . 

                                    -- 6 --



         প 樮 몮. . . . . . . . . 
         ஥ SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           ନ ஥ SQL. . . . . . . . . . . 
         ᪨ ᮣ襭 ORACLE. . . . . . . . . 

  3   SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

         ꥪ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
         ࠢ  ꥪ⮢  . . . . . . . 
            ꥪ⮢  . . 
         १ࢨ஢ ᫮. . . . . . . . . . . . 
         祢 ᫮ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
          ⥬ ORACLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
           ࠫ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ६. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           蠭 ⨯: ८ࠧ ⨯  .
           CHAR  VARCHAR. . . . . . . . . . .
         Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ᯮ짮 ⠡  筮 . . . . . .
             ⥫ ⠡ . . . . . . . . . . .
             ⠡  筮 . . . . . . . . . .
             ᯮ樠쭮 ।⠢. . . . . . .
           ⢮ FLOAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           㣨  NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         Integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         Number  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           DATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
             䬥⨪ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ᯮ짮 ᪮ . . . . . . . . .
           LONG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ࠭祭  ᯮ짮  LONG. . .
           RAW  LONGRAW . . . . . . . . . . .
           DB2  SQL/DS. . . . . . . . . . . .
           ROWID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            祣 ᯮ ROWID ? . . . . . . . .
         ८ࠧ ⨯  . . . . . . . . . .
           ࠢ ࠢ ⨯ . . . . . . . .
             ᫮ 祭 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
             祭  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              祭 . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ᫥⥫쭮 ஢ ASCII . . . . .
           ᫥⥫쭮 ஢ EBCDIC. . . . .
           ⨯ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ᫮ ⨯  . . . . . . . .
         祭 Null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ᥢ⮫ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  4     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

         樨. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           䬥᪨ 樨 . . . . . . . . . . .
            樨 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           樨 ࠢ. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              NOT IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ᪨ 樨 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           樨  ⢠. . . . . . . . . . . .

                                    -- 7 --



           㣨 樨 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
          LIKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         㭪樨 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            ᫮ 㭪樨 . . . . . . . .
            ᨬ 㭪樨 . . . . . . .
              ᨬ 㭪樨,
               騥 ᨬ 祭. . . . .
              ᨬ 㭪樨,
               騥 ᫮ 祭  . . . . .
           㯯 㭪樨 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           㭪樨 ८ࠧ. . . . . . . . . . . .
           㭪樨  ࠡ  ⠬ . . . . . . . . .
           㣨 㭪樨. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
          ଠ⮢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              ଠ 뤠. . . . . . . . . .
             祭 ࠢ쭮 ଠ. . . . . . .
             㭪 TO_NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ᫮ ଠ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ଠ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         Expr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ᫮ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  5    SQL -  . . . . . . . .

           SQL - ࠬ. . . . . . . . . . .
         /* ...*/ (SQL - ਩). . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER CLUSTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER DATABASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER SEQUENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER SESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER TABLESPACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ALTER USER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         AUDIT (ଠ I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         AUDIT (ଠ II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CLOSE cursor (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . .
         ࠭祭  ⮫ . . . . . . . . . . . .
          ᠭ  ⮫. . . . . . . . . .
         COMMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         COMMIT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         COMMIT (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CONNECT (஥ SQL). . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ CONSTRAINT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE CLUSTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE DATABASE LINK. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE SYNONYM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE TABLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE TABLESPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         CREATE VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DECLARE CURSOR (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . .

                                    -- 8 --



         DECLARE DATABASE (஥ SQL) . . . . . . .
         DECLARE STATEMENT (஥ SQL). . . . . . .
         DELETE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DELETE (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DESCRIBE (᪨ ஥ SQL: ⮤ 4)
         DROP CLUSTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP DATABASE LINK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP SYNONYM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP TABLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP TABLESPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         DROP VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         EXECUTE (᪨ ஥ SQL: ⮤ 2).
         EXECUTE IMMEDIATE (᪨
         ஥ SQL: ⮤ 1). . . . . . . . . . . .
         EXPLAIN PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         FETCH (஥ SQL). . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ FOR (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . 
         GRANT (ଠ I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         GRANT (ଠ II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         GRANT (ଠ III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         INSERT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         INSERT (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . . .
         LOCK TABLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         NOAUDIT (ଠ I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         NOAUDIT (ଠ II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         OPEN cursor (஥ SQL). . . . . . . . . .
         PREPARE (᪨ ஥ SQL) . . . . .
         RENAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         REVOKE (ଠ I). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         REVOKE (ଠ II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         REVOKE (ଠ III). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ROLLBACK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ROLLBACK (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . .
         SAVEPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         SELECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         SELECT (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . . .
         SET TRANSACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠭祭  ⠡ . . . . . . . . . . . .
         UPDATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         UPDATE (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . . .
         VALIDATE INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         WHENEVER (஥ SQL) . . . . . . . . . . .

  6   SELECT. . . . . . . . . . . . .

         ࠧ FROM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ GROUP BY  HAVING . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ WHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ WHERE (஥ SQL). . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ CONNECT BY  START WITH . . . . . . . . .
         ࠧ ORDER BY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         ⮥ ꥤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         譥 ꥤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
          (query). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

                                    -- 9 --



         ५஢ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
         । . . . . . . . . . . . . .
           ஢ 㤠 ⠡. . . . . .
           ࠭祭  । ᮢ . . .
                  ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL   

 ਫ    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 ਫ   SQL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                
               
















































                                    -- 10 --




           1                                 


 ⮩  ⪮ 뢠 ᭮ 楯樨 ५樮 ⥮ਨ,  
⠪:
    *    ஥஢ ⠡
    * ।⠢ ⥫쭠 ଠ   ⤥ ࠧ 
       CREATE TABLE

 ।⠢ ᫥騬 ࠧ:
    *  ⭮襭 魮⥩
    * ᪠  ⠡,  祭 ନ TABLE, COLUMN, 
      ROW
    * 䨧᪠  ᪠ ᨬ 
    * ᭮, 譨  㭨 
    * ⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮

    ਬ ⠡, ᯮ㥬  楫 樨 
ᯮ짮 몠 SQL  殮 ᥣ  㪮⢠.

         ⭮襭 魮⥩                              

 ⭮襭 魮⥩ 筮 ᯮ  ⮡ࠦ ॠ쭮 
饩 ⥬  ⥬ ࠢ ५樮   (RDBMS). 
 ⮩     .

 ⭮襭 魮⥩ ࠪ   ⥬   "魮" 
(筮,   ),   ⭮襭  魮ﬨ.      
  ।⠢ ⢥  ன - ⠡楩.  ਬ -  
⥬  ⠬  ⨨  魮ﬨ,  ⠪    
  .  ଠ    ,     ।⠢  
 ⠡.  ⭮襭 -   ॡ    - ⠪ 
।⠢ ⠡楩.

ਫ   ⭮襭  魮⥩  ॡ  믮 ᫥ 蠣.  
- -  ।  魮  襩 ⥬  ந ⠡   
।⠢.  -  - । ⭮襭  魮ﬨ   
 騥 ⠡,   ᮧ  ( ।⠢ 
 ⭮襭).   -  -  ।  ਡ  魮   
 ।⠢  ⠡.

 ஢ ⥬    ⭮襭 魮⥩   -
 믮 蠣, 뢠 "ଠ樥". ଠ -  , 
࠭騩  ⠡ ᮤন  ᭮    ⮫,    
騥 ᭮ 箬,    ᭮  (.  
ࠧ "᭮ "). 뢠饥 㦤 ଠ樨 室  
ࠬ ⮣ 㪮⢠.      設⢥ 㡫権  
५樮  .

ࠢ쭮 ਫ  ⭮襭 魮⥩  ᢮ १⮬ 
  ࠧࠡ⠭  ⠡.   २⢠  ࠧࠡ⠭ ⠡ 
 ⭥:
         * ᭨   㡫騥 ,  ᭨    
           㡫஢ 䨪権  ᭨  ⨢稢 
           १⮢,  ᭮   㡫஢.



                                    -- 11 --



         * 襭  ᯮᮡ  䥪⨢  ন ࠭祭 
           楫⭮

         * 襭  樨      ⥬

         * 㢥祭 䥪⨢   , 饩  
           ஥஢ ५樮 ⥬

騥 த  Oracle:  CASE*Dictionary, CASE*Method  CASE*Designer 
  ,  ⮬⨧஢  㬥஢ ஥. 
⥫ ଠ    㪮⢠  CASE.


        ᪠  ⠡                           
                                                       

 -  ,  ࠭   ५樮  .  
  ப  ⮫殢.

  ।⠢ ⢥ 魮,    ᫥ 
 ᢮ ⥬. ,  ⠡   ।⠢ ᯨ᮪  㤭 
襩 ࣠樨    த 襩 .

஬ ⮣, ⠡  ।⠢ ⭮襭   魮ﬨ. ,  
⠡   ᯮ짮  ᠭ 裡  㦠騬   
䨪樥  ࠡ  裡   த⠬    .    
⠡  ।⠢ ⭮襭 ᯮ 譨  (  
㦤   ⮩ ).

     ஥஢   ।⠢ 魮,  ⠪ 
 뢠 ⭮襭   魮ﬨ, 設⢮ ⠡    
।⠢  魮,  ⭮襭. ਬ - ।⠢   
⮩  ⠡ EMP 뢠 㦠 ,  ஬ ⮣ - ᮤন 
⮫ 譥  DEPTNO,  ।⠢騩 ⭮襭 㦠   ⤥.

ଠ쭮     ⠡  - ⭮襭 (   "⥬ 
ࠢ ५樮   "  (relation  - ⭮襭),    
 ᯮ ନ:  ⠡.   २⢠ ᯮ짮  
஢ ⠡  ⭥:
      * ଠ ப/⮫殢 ⠡   㠫樨 
      *  ।⠢ ⭮襭   ᮧ 䨧᪨ 㪠⥫.  
        ⮣ ᯮ ᠬ .  ⥫쭮,    
        .
      * ⠡  ⠡ 樨   ।, ⠪    
        ࠧ⮩ ⥮ਨ, ⠪  ५樮    ५樮 
        ᫥.

       ࠢ ᮧ ⠡                        

室     ⭮襭 魮⥩  ࠪ᪮ 
뢥 ᫥騥 ࠢ ᮧ ⠡:

      *   ⠡,  ⮫殢, ᮢ  ஢ ᯮ 
        ᫥ 
      * ᮢ  ᯮ ᮪饭   ⠡  ⮫殢.  
      ⥫쭠 ଠ     ꥪ⮢    
      ᮤন   3  㪮⢠ " 몠 SQL".


                                    -- 12 --



      *  ⮫쪮 ⠪ ⮫   ⠡,  室   
      ᠭ 魮⥩  ⭮襭 襩 .   訬 ᫮ 
      ⮫殢    ᯮ짮.

      *    ⠡ ᭮ .
      *   㡫஢      ⠡栬    ⤥ 
        ⠡ (ଠ).
      * 㬥  祭  ⠡  ⮫殢    
          COMMENT.
      *   ᭮  㭨 .


        ⮫                                               

 ⮫  ⠡ ।⠢  (  ⮫쪮 ) ਡ 魮. 
ਬ, ⠡ 㦠 ᮤন ⮫ EMPNO, ENAME, SAL  DEPTNO, 
।⠢ ᮮ⢥⢥ 䨪樮 , ,    
⤥ 㤭.

 ⮫  㪠뢠   祭.    ⮫    
ᮤঠ  祭.  ⥫쭮,    ᯮ짮    
⮫    ।⠢ ᪮쪨 ਡ⮢.  ਬ,  ਩   
⮬    ᥡ ,  ᪠, 梥,  ⠪  
  ᡮથ.  ਡ   ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⮫,   
஢   饬 ⮫.

२⢮ 襣 ⢠ ⪨ ⮫殢  । 묨, -
஢묨  ⮫栬 ,   짮⥫  ᯮ짮-
  ⮫    ࠢ,  । ࢮ砫쭮.  ਬ, 
ᯮ짮 ⮫ SERIAL_NO 㤥 뢠  䠪,    ⮫ 
।⠢  ᪮쪮 ਡ⮢ ⠪  ,  ᪠  ..

⮫   ,      樨. ᫨   
 䨪    㤭,  롨ࠥ ⮫ EMONO 
 ENAME,         ன ⮫.

 ५樮   ⮫ 筮 뢠 ﬨ.

        冷 ⮫殢                              

७ 冷 ⮫殢  ⠡ 祭   .  ᪨  
 室  䨧᪨ 冷 ⮫殢. ᯮ   ᭮ 
  冷,  ஬ ⮫     ⠡.

冷 뤠 ⮫殢 ᯥ 浪,   ஬  㪠뢠  
 SELECT (   ।     5   㪮⢠ 
- "ࠢ筨  SQL - ࠬ"). ⢥,  冷  ᫥  
⮫殢      蠥 浪,   ஬  ᯮ  
䨧᪮ .

 ⠡栬 ⥬ ORACLE,    ,   ⮫   
᢮ 樨.    饬 砥  ࠭  宦 ⮫  
  ⮬  .    稭     쬠  ⥫  
冷 ⮫殢  ⠡.





                                    -- 13 --



冷,  ஬  ᯥ ⮫   ᮧ ⠡    
  冷    롮ન     "SELECT *". ஬ ⮣, ORACLE  
  冷 ⮫   ப  ⠡ (᫨     
㪠 㣮).

        ᪠ த ⮫殢                  

筮 ⢮ ⮫殢   ⠡  ⠥  ﭭ.  ⮫   
⠡  묨 ⠪  魮  ⭮襭,   
,  ।      訫,  ਡ ⥫쭮 
᫥.

 ᨬ  ⮣,    । 魮  ⭮襭, 
       祭 ६.   ALTER TABLE 
    ஢ ⮫ ⠡.  ਬ, ᫨ 
 㦠騥 - ,     易   , 
  ,   ⠡   ⮫ HOME_PHONE_NUMBER.  
  ALTER  TABLE   ᪨   ⠡ ⮫ 
 㧪  १㧪 .


        ப                                        

ப ࠭  ⠡.   ப ।⠢ ᮡ  宦 
魮  ⭮襭,  뢠 ⠡楩.   ⠡  㦠    
ப   ।⠢    㤭.

 ⠡ ப 㡫஢  .   ।饭  
㡫஢ ᯮ  ᭮ .   㦠  ஥ 
⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡  㤭  ⮫쪮    ப  ⠡.  
 ⠡ EMPLOYEE_RAISE ("_㦠饣"  -  த  㦡), ਢ-
      ࠧ  "ਬ  ⠡",  ப   
।  祭 㤭  । ६ ().   
㦠騩    ⢮  ᪮쪨 ப ⮩ ⠡,  -
 EMPNO, RAISE_DATE    SALARY_RAISE_AMOUNT  㡫஢   .

        冷 ப                                 

७ 冷 ப  ⠡  ࠧ祭.  ᪨   
冷  室,  ࠢ   㦠 ப  ⠡  
। ᫥⥫쭮. ᭮    -  冷,   
஬ ப 롨   ⠡.

 뤠 ப ⠡  । 浪 ᯮ ࠧ ORDER BY.  
 ࠧ ORDER BY ப   浪, 㤮 ⥬ ORACLE   
      ,      ப  롨 
   ⮬  浪.   筮 冷  롮ન  ப   ᮬ 
   冷,   ஬  ࠭  ⠡.

 ⥬᪨ ନ ⠡ 祭 宦  㯮冷祭     
砫  .   ⨣ ᪮ ᨬ  (.  ᫥騥 
ࠧ  ᨬ )  ⮬,      
䨪஢ ७ 冷 ப  ⠡.

  ⠡栬 ⥬ ORACLE,    ,  ப । 
 ᢮ .   ப ந쭮    ᢮ 樨, ᫨ 
 冷  祭, 室 ᯮ짮 ࠧ ORDER BY.


                                    -- 14 --




        ᪠ த ப                    

  ६  ⢮   ⮫殢  ⠡  ⭮⥫쭮 -
  ६, ᫮ ப ⠡ ⭮  筮.  ਬ,  ᫨  
⠡  EMP  ᮤন 㤭, ࠡ  襩 ࣠樨,   
ப ।⠢  㤭. ⢮ ப  ⠡ EMP 㤥 
  㬥  ᨬ  ⮣, ਭ  ଠ  
㤭  㢮 .

 ⠡   㬥,   ᥣ .     
蠣  ஢ 襩 ⥬  業 ⢠ ,  
室 ⠡  ࠧ   ६.      ஢ 
娢஢     ⠡.

ଠ ५樮 ନ  ப - ⥦. 㡮  ப 
⭠   㣨 ⥬ ࠢ  .

        祭                                      

祭  ᯮ  祭  ப  ⮫.  
 祭 । -  ⨯  ᮮ⢥饣 ⮫ ,  
  - null. (   NULL 㦤   4  
㪮⢠ - " 몠 SQL".

                                                

 -  ᪮ ।⠢ 㣮 ⠡  樨 ⠡.  
   ந묨   ⠡,    . 
 ⠡ 뢠 묨 ⠡栬.   ⠡   
ॠ묨 ⠡栬 ,  ᢮ ।, ࠬ.

    ᯮ짮  ⠪   ⠡.     
믮 ,       ,         
㤠 -     ⠭ ⠡.

쭮    ᮤঠ;  ⮣  롨   ᢮ 
 ⠡.  樨, 믮騥  ஬, ॠ쭮    
 ⠡.

 ᯥ稢 㣮 ।⠢  () ,  室 
 㣨 ⠡  .  ।⠢ ᮡ 祭 魮 ।⢮ ⠪ 
    ᯮᠡ   ࠧ ⨯ 짮⥫.

 ᯮ  ᫥騬 楫ﬨ:

* ᯥ ⥫ ஢ ᭮,  ࠭稢  ।-
  ⥫쭮 । ஬  ப  / ⮫殢 ⠡.  ਬ, 
⢥   뤠   த  ⮪ - 筮 
ॣ쭮 ࠢ饬,   -     ᥬ த - 
樮쭮 ࠢ饬;   -     ⠡.

* ⮡    ᫮  .  ਬ -   짮⥫ 
 롨   ᪮쪨  ⠡, 祬 짮⥫  
 ⮫쪮  .




                                    -- 15 --



* ⮡ 㬥 ᨭ⠪ ᫮. ਬ -   짮-
⥫  롨 ଠ  ᪮쪨 ⠡,       
⮬,   믮  ꥤ.

* ⮡ ।⠢   㣮 ࠧ१.  ਬ -   
२뢠 ⮫  ॠ쭮  ࠣ   ⠡.

*  ᯥ祭 ⭮⥫쭮  楫⭮.     ࠧ 
"⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮"  ,   ⠪  樨 WITH CHECK 
 CREATE VIEW, ਢ饩   5  㪮⢠.

                                       

 ⥬ ࠢ ५樮묨   ORACLE   ᯮ 
  楫ﬨ:
     *  ᯥ稢    ப ⠡
     *  ᯥ稢 㭨쭮 ப  ⠡.

        ᯥ祭 ண 㯠                  

 ᯥ稢        権,  
訥  ப ⠡. ਬ,   ⮫ EMPNO ⠡ EMP 
  ⥬ ORACLE ।⢥   㦠饬  
஬ 7544  ᪠஢  ᥩ ⠡  ᪠  㤭.

ORACLE  ࠭稢 ⢮  ᮢ,     ᮧ  
 ⠡;    । 㥬 ⮫殢  
ᯮ짮  ࠪ᪮ ࠢ.

ࠪ᪮ ࠢ:  SQL - ,  訢騥  10-15%  ப  
⠡  믮 ॥  ᯮ짮 . 㦤 २ 
ᯮ짮 ᮢ      ࠧ  "ன SQL - ஢  
ਫ"  2 㬥 "ORACLE RDBMS  Performance  Tuning  Guide" 
(㪮⢮   ன ந⥫쭮 ORACLE RDBMS).    
     5 "짮⥫᪨  ꥪ   " 
㬥 "ORACLE RDBMS Database Administrator's Guide" (ORACLE RDBMS 
㪮⢮   ).


        ᯥ祭 㭨쭮                      

쭮 ᮢ  ᯥ稢  ॡ   ⢨ 㡫 
ப    ⠡.    饬 砥 室 ந 㭨   
᭮    ⠡.   ।   ࠢ 室 ࠭  
⠡ 㡫騥 ப    ᯥ祭 ORACLE  ॡ  
易⥫쭮 ᮧ 㭨쭮 .


                                              

ਧ 砥  ஢       ᪮쪨  
⠡  ⠪ ࠧ,   ப ४뢠   㣮. ਧ 
룮  ⮬ 砥,   ਫ  롨ࠥ  
㯯஢ ப    ᪮쪨 ⠡.  ਬ,  ᫨  
 ࠡ뢠 㦠   ⤥, 㤥  ਧ 
⠡   ⤥.



                                    -- 16 --



ᬮ  ,   ਧ   ந⥫쭮  
権,  㣨 権 ந⥫쭮   ᭨. 㦤 
२ ᯮ짮  ஢       ࠧ "ன SQL - 
஢  ਫ"   2  㬥  "ORACLE  RDBMS Performance 
Tuning Guide" (㪮⢮  ன ந⥫쭮 ORACLE RDBMS).  
       5 "짮⥫᪨ ꥪ  
" 㬥 "ORACLE RDBMS Database Administrator's  Guide" (ORACLE RDBMS 
㪮⢮   ).

        ᪠ ᨬ                

ᯮ짮 ᮢ  ஢    짮⥫.  ORACLE  RDBMS  
ᯮ ,  ᫨ 室    ⥪饩 樨.  祭 
२  ᯮ짮 ᮢ   ஢   室 -
஢ , ⨬ ᮢ ⥬ ORACLE      
  ⠡  ᯮ , ᫨  室.   
ᮢ  ஢  뢠 "䨧᪮ ᨬ "; 
७ ଠ    (⠡   ਧ   
ਧ),   짮⥫᪮ ਫ 䨪樨  ॡ.








































                                    -- 17 --




        ᨬ                           

        ᪠ ᨬ                

᪠ ᨬ  -  ࠧ ᯮᮡ 䨧᪮ ࠭  
  ᯮ   ।⠢ 짮⥫.    
 ࠭  ᫥⥫쭮   㫥,   ।⠢ 
짮⥫  ࠧ  ப  ⮫  ꥤ  ⠡.

 २⢮ 䨧᪮ ᨬ   ,  ਪ-
 ணࠬ  㦤  䨪樨,   ᫨  䨧᪮  ᯮ 
   . ਬ,      
 ਧ ⠡ EMP  DEPT.  ⮬  , 롨騥 
   ⠡,  த 뤠   १,    
ਧ樨.

㣨 २⢮ 䨧᪮ ᨬ    䠪,   
  室     㯠   롮ન   ⠡.  
ORACLE      ⠡   ᯮ 室騥  
  믮 襣 .  㤥 ࠡ ᨬ  ⮣, 
ᯮ   .


        ᪠ ᨬ                

᪠ ᨬ  ᫥  ந쭮 浪 ⮫殢  
ப  ⠡:   㯠      室  
㫨஢ 㪠⥫ﬨ.  ⮫ 室   ,  ப -  
祭 ᭮ . ( ଠ樨     ᫥饬 
ࠧ "").   ࠧ,   ᫨ 冷 ⮫殢  ப  
⠡  ,     㤥 த    
१.   ⮣,   㤠 ⮫殢 ⠡  㤥 
  ᮢ, ᫨     㤠 ⮫栬.

᪠ ᨬ  ⠪ ⥪   ᯮ짮 ஢.  
  ਪ뢠     짮⥫,   
. ਬ, ⠪   뢠  짮⥫ 䠪 
롮ન   ᪮쪨 ⠡.


                                                 

        ᭮                                 

᭮  ⠡ ᯮ  㭨쭮 ஢   
ப  ⠡       ᥡ    ⮫殢.  
ࠧ,   ᭮     筮   ப   
 ப  筮  祭 ᭮ .

᭮     ᥡ  ⮫ ⠡.  饬 砥, 
᭮    ⮫殬  CREATE TABLE.

᭮ ,  騩  ᪮쪨 ⮫殢, 뢠 "⠢ 
᭮  箬".    㦤 ਬ 筮  ⠢ 
᭮ 祩.



                                    -- 18 --



 㯮 , ⠡ -  㯮冷祭  .  ᫥⢨ ⮣, 
     ப ⠡;  ⮣  ᯮ 
᭮      롮ન । ப.  ᫨  DEPTNO  
᭮ 箬 ⠡ DEPT (    ⮩ ), ⮣  
 ⤥  30  ୥  ⢥ ப,  ᮮ⢥ ⮬ ⤥.

 ORACLE   ⠨  祭  ⠡ ᭮ ,  
    ( ⮫쪮 ) ᭮ .  ᫨  ⠡  
᭮ ,    ᮤঠ 㡫騥  ப.  ᭮   
ᮧ  ࠧ column constraint  table constraint  CREATE 
TABLE.

 ᭮    ᫥騥 ࠢ:
  1. 室   ⮫  ᪮쪮 ⮫殢,  祭  
     ⠢ 㭨묨, ⠪  祭 ᭮    
     .

  2. 筮   ப     祭 ᭮ .  
     ⢥ 㭪,   ᭮ , 㭨쭮 ࠧ稥 
      ப  㣮; 祣 㣮   .  ᮣᮢ 
      -  ᭮ ᭮   ࠧ襭 ᬥ 祭 ᭮ 
     .  ⭮襭  魮ﬨ    ।⠢  १ 
     ᭮ .  祭 ᭮  ࠧ蠥  ⭮-
     ,  ᮮ⢥騥    ஢   ,  
     易  祭 ⮣ ᭮ .  筮 筮 㤭 
     ࠭஢,  믮  騥 .

  3.  ᫨ ᭮  㤥 ⪨  ᫮. ⪨ ᭮  
        ,    ᫮ 祩    ᫥饥  
     祭.  ਬ, ᫨ ᫥  祭  ᭮  ࠢ 115,  
      ᭮  ᯮ  饬 浪,    
     ।,   ᫥饥 祭 㤥 116.


        譨                                  

譨   ।⠢ ᮡ ⭮襭  ⠡栬.  "譨 " - 
 ⮫ ( 㯯 ⮫殢),  祭   ந묨 
祭 ᭮  㣮 ( ⮩  ᠬ)  ⠡.  ⢮  
譥   । 稥  ᭮   㣮 ⠡, 쨬 
ந  譨 .  ⠢ 譨   -  譨 
,  ⠢  ᪮쪨 ⮫殢.

ਬ, ᫨ ⮫ DEPTNO  ᭮ 箬  ⠫ DEPT  (  
   ⮩ ),   ⮫ DEPTNO  ⠡ EMP (.    
) 㤥 譨 箬 ⭮⥫쭮  ⠡ DEPT.  譨  DEPTNO 
⠡ EMP ।⠢  ᥡ ⭮襭  㦠騬  ⤥.   
譨  ⠡ EMP  ।,   㦠騥 ⤥ 10 
ࠡ  ⤥  ACCOUNTS,  室饬  NEW YORK.

 ⠢襩        㤥 뢠 ⠡  譨 箬 - 
"⠡楩 譥 ",    ⠡,    뫠 譨  - 
"⠡楩 ᭮ ".  ⥫쭮, EMP - ⠡ 譥 ,  
DEPT - ⠡ ᭮ .





                                    -- 19 --



   ᮤঠ ᪮쪮 譨 祩. ᪮  譨 
 ।⠢ ⭮襭   㣮  ⠡楩, ᪮쪮 譨 祩 
।⠢ ᪮쪮 ⭮襭.  EMP ᮤন  譨 : 
DEPTNO  MGR.

譨   뫠  ᭮  ⮩   ⠡. MGR 뫠 
 ᭮  ⠡ EMP. 譨  MGR ।⠢ ᮡ ⭮襭 
 㦠騬   ࠬ. 㦠騩  JONES   ⮫ MGR 祭 
7839; ⠪  㦠騩 KING   7839,      
஬ 㦠饣 JONES.

⮡  , 譨   ࠭ 祭, ᮮ⢥饥 
祭 ᭮    ⠡  ᭮ . ਬ, ᫨ 㦠騩 
⠡ EMP   ⤥ 40, ⤥  ⠪  ஬  ᮤঠ 
 ⠡ DEPT.

譨     ᥡ  ᭮  ,  ண  
뢮 ( ந). ᫨,  ਬ,   ᮮ⭥ 
㦠  ,  ⮡ ᮮ⭥ ⠢ ᭮   ⮫栬 
FLOOR_NUMBER  OFFICE _NUMBER ⠡ OFFICE, 室  ⢥ 譥 
   ⮫ FLOOR_NUMBER  OFFICE_NUMBER  ⠡ EMP (⤥쭮 
 ᯮ짮 ࠢ쭮).

譨    祭 null. ਬ,  㦠騩    
 祭    ⤥ ,  ᫥⥫쭮,   ⮫ DEPTNO 
祭 null.

譨    㡫騥  祭.  ਬ,   
।,     㤭  ⠡ EMP       
 ⤥.

譨   ᮧ    ᮧ  ⠡   ஬ CREATE  TABLE 
( 뢠   5 ⮣ 㪮⢠ - "ࠢ筨 SQL - ஢").

                                       

     ᢮⢠,   ᭮,  ᪫祭 ⮣,  
믮 㣨 㭪樨. ⮫, ।  ⢥ ᭮ ,  
  ࠧ 祭  ப ⠡.    
 ᮤঠ 祭 null,  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠭祭  NOT  NULL  
ᮯ⢮ ࠭祭 UNIQUE.

 ⫨稥  㭪樨 ᭮ ,  饩  䨪樨  
ப  ⠡, 㭪 㭨쭮  ⮨   ᯥ祭 㭨-
.  ਬ,   ࠡ  ॡ,  ⮡   㤭  
 ࠧ  ⥫䮭. ⥫쭮, ⮫ TELEPHONE_NUMBER  
  㭨 箬.

,   TELEPHONE_NUMBER       ᭮ 箬,  
室騬   ᣥ஢ ⥬ , ਬ EMPLOYEE_NUMBER.  
஢   ⥬    ਥ  ⢥ ᭮   
᫥騬 ᮮࠦ:

 1. ᭮      ᮤঠ  㣮  ଠ樨, ஬ 
    ᯥ稢饩   㭨  䨪   ப.  ⥫䮭 
    ।⠢ ᮡ     ⥫䮭 㦠饣.



                                    -- 20 --



 2. ᭮    ⠢ .  㤭 ६ 
     ࣠樨    ⥫䮭    .

 ⫨稥  ᭮ 祩,  ⠡  ᮤঠ  ᪮쪮  㭨 
祩.     ⠪  ⠢  ᪮쪨 ⮫殢  
뢠 ⠢ 㭨 箬.

ਬ஬ 㭨쭮  ,    騬 ᭮ 箬  㦨:

    *  客   㤭  (᭮  箬 㤥  
     㤭)


        ⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮                     

⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮ - ⥫쭮 ᢮⢮,  ᨫ饥 ⥬ 
ࠢ ५樮  . ⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮ ࠭, 
 ⭮襭  ᭮묨  譨 砬 ন.

࠭祭 楫⭮ -  ࠢ,  ᨫ饥   襩 
⥬. ਬ,  ࠭祭 楫⭮  ਬ ⥬, ਢ 
     ⮬,    㦠騩    ⠡  EMP      
祭  ⤥,     ⠡ DEPT. 㣮  
ࠢ ⭮⥫쭮 楫⭮ ॡ, ⮡     
㤭, ᥭ  ⠡ EMP,   ⢮   ⮩    
⠡  (..   㪠뢠  饣 ).

᭮ 먣  ⭮⥫쭮 楫⭮ -  ᮣᮢ .   
⥬ ORACLE ⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮ ।   ⮬    ,  
  ⠡   ( CREATE TABLE  CREATE VIEW).    
砥,   ⭮⥫쭠 楫⭮      ।    
ᮧ ⠡  ࠭祭 楫⭮ ࠡ  ᨬ  ਫ 
 㬥⠫쭮 ।⢠,  ࠡ饣  ⠡楩.

砭: । ࠭祭 楫⭮ ন ORACLE  Version  
6.0;  ࠡ    ࠭祭    ন.

࠭祭 楫⭮   ᫮  ORACLE.  짮⥫   
ਫ   訢 ᫮   ᭥ ࠭祭 
楫⭮  ⭮ ⠡.

譨  㦠  堭  ঠ  ⭮⥫쭮 楫⭮.


        ࠭祭  ⠡  ⮫殢             

ORACLE Version 6.0 ᮤন ᨭ⠪ প ࠭祭 楫⭮   
   ।    ANSI  SQL  Standard Addendum I.

। ࠭祭 楫⭮ ࠭  ᫮  . ⥫쭮 
 㯭 ࠧࠡ稪 ਫ  ࠭祭   
祭,    ᥭ  ⠡.

࠭祭 ⮫ ⭮  ⤥쭮 ⮫.  ࠭祭 ⠡  
⭮     ⮫殢.

࠭祭  ਭ ᫥騥 :


                                    -- 21 --



    * ࠭祭 NOT NULL.  ⮫   ᮤঠ 祭 null.  
      ଠ  祭 null    3  㪮⢠ - 
      " 몠 SQL".

    * ࠭祭 UNIQUE.  ⮫  ⮫   ᮤঠ 
      㡫 祭.

    * ࠭祭 PRIMARY KEY. ⮫  ⮫, 室騥  ᭮ ,  
      㡫஢.  ࠭祭 PRIMARY KEY  砥  ᥡ ࠭-
    祭 UNIQUE,   ⭮  ୮.     ᮤঠ ⮫쪮  
     ⮫, ।   PRIMARY KEY  ᪮쪮 - ।  
    UNIQUE.  ஬ ⮣, PRIMARY KEY 砥  ᥡ ࠭祭 NOT NULL.

    * ࠭祭 FOREIGN KEY.  ⮫  ⮫, ⠢騥 譨 
      ,   뫠  ᭮   㪠 ⠡.

    * ࠭祭 CHECK. । ⥬,  ப   ,  
       㤮⢮  ࠦ,  । ࠭祭 CHECK.

    砭: ORACLE Version 6.0  ন ࠭祭 NOT NULL.  
     ࠧ WITH CHECK OPTION    CREATE  VIEW ন 
    ⥫  ⭮⥫쭮 楫⭮.    ࠡ⪨   
    ࠭祭 UNIQUE  饥 ६ ᯮ .

      㦤 ࠭祭 ਢ   5  
    㪮⢠ - "ࠢ筨  SQL - ࠬ".

        ਬ ⠡                                 

 EMP                                   

EMPNO ENAME    JOB        MGR   HIREDATE   SAL   COMM DEPTNO
----- -------- --------- ----  --------- ----- ------ ------
7369 SMITH    CLERK     7902  17-DEC-80   800            20
7499 ALLEN    SALESMAN  7698  20-FEB-81  1600    300     30
7521 WARD     SALESMAN  7698  22-FEB-81  1250    500     30
7566 JONES    MANAGER   7839  02-APR-81  2975            20
7654 MARTIN   SALESMAN  7698  28-SEP-81  1250   1400     30
7698 BLAKE    MANAGER   7839  01-MAY-81  2850            30
7782 CLARK    MANAGER   7839  09-JUN-81  2450            10
7788 SCOTT    ANALYST   7566  10-FEB-88  3000            20
7839 KING     PRESIDENT       17-NOV-81  5000            10
7844 TURNER   SALESMAN  7698  08-SEP-81  1500            30
7876 ADAMS    CLERK     7788  15-MAR-88  1100            20
7900 JAMES    CLERK     7698  03-DEC-81   950            30
7902 FORD     ANALYST   7566  03-DEC-81  3000            20
7934 MILLER   CLERK     7782  23-JAN-82  1300            10

 DEPT                                  

DEPTNO      DNAME        LOC
------      ------------ ------------
10          ACCOUNTING   NEW YORK
20          RESEARCH     DALLAS
30          SALES        CHICAGO
40          OPERATIONS   BOSTON



                                    -- 22 --



 EMPLOYEE_RAISE                        

EMPNO   RAISE_DATE    SALARY_RAISE_AMOUNT
------  -----------   -------------------
7844    03-JAN-82     100
7876    03-JAN-82     100
7839    15-OCT-84     1000
7844    01-JAN-83     200
7902    27-JAN-83     107


 DUAL                                  

DUMMY
-----
X


 DUAL   ᯮ짮  SQL -     ᫠-
   ⠡.  筮  ⮬ 砥 롨ࠥ ⠡ DUAL, ⠪  
  ⮫쪮  ப   ⮫. ਬ:

SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL




































                                    -- 23 --




     2                           SQL              


SQL -    ⢮  ஢,    ਬ 짮⥫  
ਫ  㯠     ORACLE. ਪ ணࠬ  
ࢨ ।⢠       SQL,   ᠬ   
।⢠ ࠡ뢠 짮⥫᪨     SQL - ஢.  
  䮭 ଠ   SQL,  ਬ  設⢥ 
⥬ ࠢ ५樮묨    砥  ᥡ:
        *  SQL
        * ⠭⨧ SQL
        * २⢠ ᯮ짮 SQL
        * প 樮 몮
        * ஥ SQL
        * ᪨ ᮣ襭 ORACLE SQL


 SQL                                   

⨯ 몠 ࠢ ५樮묨   SQL     ⥬  
System R  IBM  । ᥬ .  ⥬ 뫠 ᠭ  
 1976   ୠ R&D.   1979  Oracle Corporatuon ।⠢ 
   SQL.  SQL ⠪  ਬ  ⥬ DB2  
SQL/DS ௮樨 IBM.


        ⠭⨧ SQL                            

ਪ᪨ 樮  ⠭⮢  (ANSI) ਭ SQL  ⢥ 
⠭ 몠  ⥬ ࠢ ५樮묨     
1986  (ANSI X3.135-1986).  ⠭ SQL  ⠪    ਭ  㭠த 
࣠樥 ⠭⮢ (ISO STANDARD 9075)  ஬ ⮣ ࠫ ࠢ-
⥫⢮  ⮢  ࠫ쭮 ⠭ ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨 
(FIPS)  127.   ,  "७ ᢮⢮ 楫⭮",  ᠭ  
 " I" ANSI SQL 饭  ⠭ X3.135-1989  9075-1989.   
᭮ ⥬ ࠢ  ५樮묨    ন 
  SQL, ᭮  ⠭ ANSI SQL89.

SQL -  ﭭ ࠧ騩       ᯥ   
।.  ਬ -  । ⭮⥫쭮 楫⭮   
⠭⨧     襯᫥ ࣠権.


२⢠ ᯮ짮 SQL                

騥 ࠧ  稭,   祬  SQL 稫 ப  
࠭  । ࠧࠡ稪 ५樮  , ⠪   
짮⥫.  魮 㤮⢮     ⥣ਨ  짮⥫  
 ਪ ணࠬ⮢, ஢  , 㦡 
ࠢ   짮⥫.


楤                             

SQL -  楤   ᫥騬 ᢮⢠:



                                    -- 24 --



     * ࠡ뢠 ६  ,  ⢮ ᥩ
     * ᯥ稢 ⮬᪮ ࠢ 묨

SQL   ࠡ  ࠬ   ᮪ ஢.  
樨 ⤥묨 ﬨ    ࠢ  ࠬ  ᥩ.   
।  ࢮ  ⮣ 㪮⢠,   ଠ  
ᥩ - ⠡.   SQL -    室  ᥩ   
室 ⠪  ⢮ ᥩ.  ᢮⢮ SQL -  ஢ 
 室   ᯮ짮  室 㣮.

SQL  ॡ   ᯥ䨪樨 ⮤ 㯠   .   ᢮⢮ 
   ।  祭 室 १.  
SQL -  ᯮ ⨬ ᮢ  -   RDBMS,  । 
   㯠  㪠 .  ⨬ ᮢ  
      室  ᯮ;   ६ 
饭  ⠡   室 ,   ⠡   
 .


   짮⥫                   

 SQL ᯮ   ⨯ ⢨     ᥬ 
짮⥫ﬨ, :
       * ஢ ⥬
       * ஢  
       * ਪ ணࠬ⮢
       * ࠢ騩 ᮭ
       * ᮭ প ஥஢ ⥬
       * ⢮ ⨯  짮⥫.

SQL ᯥ稢 㯯   祭 ,  ⨢-
묨  ਬ묨   짮⥫.  ᭮ SQL -    
᢮  ᪮쪮  ᮢ      ᯮ㥬 -  祭 
᪮쪨 .

        ஢                           

SQL ᯥ稢 樨  ᠬ ࠧ , :
     *  
     * ,   㤠 ப  ⠡
     * ᮧ, 䨪  㤠 ꥪ⮢  
     * ࠢ 㯮     ꥪ⠬ 
     * ࠭஢ ᮣᮢ 

 ⥬  ࠢ   ᯮ    ᫥-
 ⥣਩ ⤥ 모. SQL 㭨      
ᮣᮢ 몥.


        騩    ५樮      

   ᭮ ⥬ ࠢ     ন SQL,   
 ᯮ짮     室   RDBMS  
.   ⮣,    ᠭ ணࠬ ⠭ ७ᨬ묨  
 ७   RDBMS    묨 ࠢﬨ.


        প 樮 몮                 

                                    -- 25 --



⥬ ORACLE Version 6 ᯥ稢 ⥫   ࠡ  
ࠧ 몠,    ⠪  -  ࠡ⪥  , ࠭  
  .

 । প 樮 몮   㭪樨 CONVERT(), 
NLSSORT()  REPLACE(). 㭪 REPLACE()     প 
樮 몮,  ਬ ⥫쭮 ப 㣮  짮⥫.  
  ⥫쭮 ଠ樨   㭪    4 ⮣ 
㪮⢠ - "  㭪樨".

⢮ 㭪権  ࠡ  ⠬    ࠧ १  
ᨬ   ࠡ. ਬ -       
- ᥭ,    ६    㣨 ࠭ - 쭨.  ஬ 
⮣, 樮     冷 ஢.

 饥 ६     ⠢  ⮫쪮   樮  
, ਬ - ᫨ ORACLE ⠢  ࠭,  㤥 ࠭᪨.

 ᠭ ⥩  ਬ    ।⢠ ਢ   
ਫ F - "প 樮 몮" 㬥 "ORACLE RDBMS 
㪮⢮   ".

        ஥ SQL                                

஥ SQL -   ⠢ ஢  ⠭⭮ SQL   
ணࠬ  楤 몠 ணࠬ஢. ஥ SQL 砥  
ᥡ:
      *  SQL -  (SELECT, INSERT, ...)
      *  ࠢ 믮 ( PREPARE, OPEN,...),
        ᯮ짮 ⠭  SQL  
      楤୮ 몠 ணࠬ஢

஥ SQL  砥  ᥡ ⠪  ७ ⠭ SQL - -
஢.   5 - "ࠢ筨 SQL - ஢" ।⠢ ⠭⭠  ଠ  
 ,   ⠪  ஥ ଠ (᫨  ).

஥ SQL ন ४ࠬ ORACLE.  ४ 
⨯   ஥ SQL  ਢ   ଥ,  ⭮ 
⠭ ࠬ  몠.

   ᫥    ४஢  ࠭᫨ ணࠬ  
஥ SQL     ணࠬ஢:
      * Pro*Ada - ४
      * Pro*C - ४
      * Pro*COBOL - ४
      * Pro*FORTRAN - ४
      * Pro*Pascal - ४
      * Pro*PL/I - ४

 ଠ   ४ ORACLE ਢ  ᮮ⢥-
饬 㪮⢥ ணࠬ  ४  㪠 몠     
    㪮   ४.

        ନ ஥ SQL                       

 殮 ᥣ  㪮⢠ ᯮ ᫥騥 ନ 
஥ SQL:


                                    -- 26 --



host_variable ६ 몠,  ।  ᮮ⢥⢨  ࠢ 
               楤୮ 몠,    뫠 SQL - .  
              Host - ६    ࠭  । ⨯  
               ᨢ,  । 짮⥫   ᮮ⢥-
                 ६. । ୮ 
              ६ 뢠  "㪮⢥ ணࠬ   
              ४ ORACLE".

              Host -  ६  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ,   
                 ᫥   ᨬ쭮  ࠦ  ᥣ  
              । 稥 (:)  ⫨   ⠡  ⮫-
              殢.  Host - ६    ᯮ짮  ।⠢-
                祢  ᫮ SQL,  ⠪  ⠡  ⮫殢.

cursor_name    砥 䨪   । 짮⥫ 
               .

AT dbname      易⥫쭠 ࠧ,  㬠稢   
               .        ।⥫쭮  
               ।      DECLARE DATABASE.

connect_string ப 䨪樨    裡 १ SQL*Net. 
               ⠫    "㪮⢥ 짮⥫   SQL*Net"  
                ⭮ ⮪.

statement_name 砥 䨪  SQL  - , ⮢ 
                 ࠧ PREPARE.

:host_string   ᨬ쭠 ப host - ६, ᮤঠ ⥪ SQL - 
               .


         ᪨ ᮣ襭 ORACLE                 

 騥 ᪨ ᮣ襭  ᠭ SQL - - ஢ ਬ  
 ॠ樨 SQL  ⥬ ORACLE,    饬 砥   ਬ   
 㣨 ॠ.

   뤠 SQL - ,        
 ⠡樨, ⮢ ⪨, ஡  - ਥ    
 ,   ⨬ ஡. - ⥫쭮 ਢ     
 ,  ORACLE 㤥 - ஢  :

 SELECT ENAME,SAL*12,MONTHS_BETWEEN(HIREDATE,SYSDATE) FROM EMP

  SELECT ENAME,
      SAL*12,
      MONTHS_BETWEEN(HIREDATE,SYSDATE)
      FROM EMP

      祭     १ࢨ஢   ᫮, 祢 ᫮, 
 䨪  ࠬ.   ᨬ-  ࠫ ॣ  
 祭.   ⥫쭮 ଠ樥   ᠭ "text"   
 3 ( 몠 SQL)  㪮⢠.





                                    -- 27 --
