



 ᨬ 㭪樨.

 ASCII(ப)        1- ᨬ ப  ⠡ -
                   饩 ᫥⥫쭮.

 CHR(n)            頥  ᨬ,   騩    (ASCII  EBCDIC)
                   ࠢ n.

 INITCAP(ᨬ)      1- 㪢  ᫮  ப ய᭮, 
                   ⠫ 㪢 -- 묨.

 INSTR(ᨬ1,      頥  n- 宦 ப ᨬ2 
   ᨬ2, m, n)    ப ᨬ1.   ப ᨬ2 稭  .
                   m.   n  m   0.

 LENGTH(ᨬ)      頥  ப ᨬ.
 LOWER(ᨬ)       頥 ப ᨬ, ८ࠧ  㪢 
                   .

 LPAD(ᨬ1,        n ப ᨬ2 । ப ᨬ1.
   n, ᨬ2)

 LTRIM(ᨬ, s)     砫 ᨬ  ப ᨬ  
                   1- ᨬ,  ਭ饣  s. ⮥ s
                     ''.

 NLSSORT(ᨬ)     뤠  ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ.

 REPLACE(ᨬ,       宦 find  new.  ⮡ 㤠
   find, new)      find,  new.    ᨬ ᯮ-
                    㭪 TRANSLATE.

 RPAD(ᨬ1, n,     n ࠧ ᨬ2 ᫥ ᨬ1.
       ᨬ2)

 RTRIM(ᨬ, set)   ᨬ   ᨬ 稭  ᨬ,  ਭ
                   饣  set.⮥ ⢮ set   ''.

 SOUNDEX(ᨬ)     頥 ப, 䮭᪨  ᨬ.
 SUBSTR(char,      頥 n ᨬ ப char, 稭  ᨬ-
   c, n)            c.

 TRANSLATE(char,     char  find  new.
   find, new)

 UPPER(char)       頥 char, ८ࠧ  㪢  ய.


  ⠪:  ᫥, ८ࠧ, 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ ,
               ࠡ⪠ 訡, 稥 㭪樨, , .


 ᫥ 㭪樨.

 ABS(n)        頥 ᮫⭮ 祭(n).

 CEIL(n)       頥 襥 楫 ᫮, 襥  ࠢ n.

                                    -- 1 --



 FLOOR(n)      頥 襥 楫 ᫮, 襥  ࠢ n.

 MOD(m,n)      頥 १  m  n. ᫨ n=0, 
               頥 m.

 POWER(m,n)    頥 m  n- ⥯. n   楫 ᫮.

 ROUND(m,n)    頥 m, 㣫  n (. ࠬ) -
                ࠧ冷.

 SIGN(n)       頥: -1 ᫨ n ⥫쭮; 1, ᫨ n ⥫쭮
                0, ᫨ n = 0.

 SQRT(n)       頥  ७ n.

 TRUNC(m,n)    "" m  n (. ࠬ) ࠧ冷.  -n -
                 楫  n 㫥.


  ⠪:  ᨬ, 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ , ࠡ⪠
               訡, 㯯 㭪樨, 稥 㭪樨, , .


ALTER CLUSTER ( )  SQL

 ALTER CLUSTER .   --.  ࠧ  易⥫
    PCTUSED 楫              --. ᯮ㥬 ࠭⢮  
                                 (ࠧ㬥 40);
    PCTFREE 楫              --% ࠭⢠    
                                 (ࠧ㬥 10);
    SIZE 楫                 --᫮ 祩, ࠭  ;
    INITRANS 楫             --砫쭮 ᫮ -⮢ ࠭権;
    MAXTRANS 楫             --. ᫮ ६ ࠭権;
    STORAGE ।        --ࠢ । ;


  ALTER  CLUSTER  ८।  冷  ᫥饣  ࠭
 .      㪠 ࠬ஢,    -
  ᤥ ᫥饥:

    -   -    ⮫殢  ୮ ;
    -  ࠬ MINEXTENTS;
    -  - ࠬ, ⭮騩騥  㦥 -
      饬 ;
    - 㤠 ⠡   ( ⮣  ᯮ짮 
      DROP CLUSTER  DROP TABLE);
    -   ࠧ饭 ;

  ⠪: create cluster, create table, , .


ALTER DATABASE (஢  )
     SQL ALTER DATABASE
 _ ADD LOGFILE '_䠩' SIZE 楫 K | M REUSE,...  DROP LOGFILE
    '_䠩', '_䠩',...  RENAME FILE '_䠩', '_䠩',...
      TO '_䠩', '_䠩',...  ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG MOUNT
    SHARED | EXCLUSIVE DISMOUNT OPEN | CLOSE NORMAL | IMMEDIATE


                                    -- 2 --



  ALTER DATABASE ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡:

   1. ஢    ࠧ  ᪫⥫쭮 ०;
   2.     ;
   3. , 㤠  २ 䠩  ࠡ.

    ᤥ 䠩  ࠡ 娢㥬 (  ⠭-
  ⥫ ଠ樨)   娢㥬 (ਣ ⮫쪮  ⠭-
  ⠭樨). ᫨    饭,  ࠧ㬥  
 ,  㪠    ⥪饬  䠩  INIT.ORA  (ࠬ DB_NAME).

  ⠪: create database, , .


ALTER INDEX (஢ )  SQL

 ALTER INDEX .
    INITRANS 楫
    MAXTRANS 楫
    STORAGE ।

  ALTER INDEX ८। 冷 ᫥饣 ࠭ -
 . ࠬ  INITRANS, MAXTRANS,  STORAGE    祭,  
   CREATE TABLE (ᮧ ⠡).

  ⠪: create index, create table, , .


ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT (஢ ᥣ ⪠)  SQL

 ALTER PUBLIC ROLLBACK SEGMENT ᥣ
   STORAGE ।


  ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT  ᤥ ᥣ  ⪠  (ᥣ-
  㫨஢ ࠭樨)  㯭 ᥬ 짮⥫ (PUBLIC), 
 ⠪  ࠬ, ࠢ騥 奬  ࠭. ⮡ ᤥ
 ᥣ 饤㯭,  ᯮ ᫮ PUBLIC.  ⮡ ᤥ ᥣ
 ,  㭨⮦  (DROP)  ᮧ  (CREATE).

 । STORAGE   쭥襥 । ࠭⢠ 
 ᥣ.    饣 ᥣ  ᯮ짮 ࠬ
 INITIAL  MINEXTENTS.

  ⠪: create database, create rollback, create tablespace,
               rollback (⪠), , .


ALTER SEQUENCE ( ᫥⥫쭮)  SQL

 ALTER SEQUENCE .᫥⥫쭮
       INCREMENT BY 楫
       MAXVALUE 楫 | NOMAXVALUE
       MINVALUE 楫 | NOMINVALUE
       CYCLE | NOCYCLE
       CACHE 楫 | NOCACHE
       ORDER | NOORDER


                                    -- 3 --



  ALTER SEQUENCE ।祭 :
   1.  饭  樨 ᫥⥫쭮 ᥫ;
   2. ⠭  㤠 ࠬ஢ MINVALUE  MAXVALUE;
   3. 祭  몫祭 ࠪ⨪ CACHE  ORDER.

 祭 CACHE    ࠧ   MINVALUE    MAXVALUE.
 ᫨    ᯮ  ࠬ CYCLE,   室 ᫥⥫쭮
 ᫥ ⨦ MAXVALUE 뤠 MINVALUE,   室 -- ᫥ -
  MINVALUE 뤠 MAXVALUE.

 ⮡     ᫥⥫쭮    ᫠  㤠
 (DROP),  ⥬  ᮧ (CREATE) ᫥⥫쭮.

  ⠪: sequences, create sequence, drop sequence, , .


ALTER TABLE  (஢ ⠡)     SQL

 ALTER TABLE .⠡
    ADD ᠭ_⮫ | ࠭祭__⠡,
        ᠭ_⮫ | ࠭祭__⠡,...
    MODIFY ᠭ_⮫, ᠭ_⮫,...
    DROP CONSTRAINT ࠭祭, ࠭祭,...
    PCTFREE 楫   PCTUSED 楫
    INITRANS 楫  MAXTRANS 楫
    STORAGE ।
    BACKUP

  ALTER TABLE    ⠡ ⮫    ࠭-
 ,   ࠧ  ⨯   ⮫殢,  -
  NULL/NOT NULL, 㤠 ࠭祭,  奬 ࠭ ⠡-
         ᫮    ଠ  ⮬,   뫠 ᮧ
 १ࢭ  ⠡ (..  믮 믮 BACKUP).

  ⠪: ⠡, create table, ࠭祭, , .


ALTER TABLESPACE         (஢  ࠭)        SQL

 ALTER TABLESPACE _࠭
 ADD DATAFILE '_䠩' SIZE 楫 K | M REUSE,...
 RENAME DATAFILE '_䠩', '_䠩',...
                TO '_䠩', '_䠩',...
 DEFAULT STORAGE ।
 ONLINE | OFFLINE NORMAL | IMMEDIATE
 BEGIN BACKUP | END BACKUP

  ALTER TABLESPACE      २뢠  䠩
  ,    ࠧ㬥 ࠪ⨪  ࠭,
   ⪫  ࠭   ᪠    ⠭
  १ࢭ  (BACKUP).
  ⮣, ⮡ २    䠩 , 㦭 த-
  ᫥饥:

    1.  ⪫  ࠭;
    2.  २ 䠩   । 樮 ⥬;
    3.  २ 䠩   ஬ ALTER TABLESPACE;
    4.    ࠭.

                                    -- 4 --



  ⠪: create tablespace, create database, drop tablespace, ,
               , .


ALTER USER (஢ 짮⥫)

 ALTER USER _짮⥫ IDENTIFIED BY ஫
    DEFAULT TABLESPACE _࠭
    TEMPORARY TABLESPACE _࠭

    ALTER USER   ஫ 짮⥫,  -
  ࠧ㬥   ࠭  ᮧ  ꥪ⮢ 
  ࠭  ᮧ  ﭭ ᥣ⮢.

 ஫ 짮⥫ ⠪          GRANT.
 ࠧ㬥  ࠭ ⠭   砥 ।⠢-
  짮⥫ ࠢ RESOURCE  -  ࠭,  ᫨ 
 1- ,   짮⥫ 砥 ⠪ ࠢ. ࠧ㬥-
    ﭭ ꥪ⮢ ⠪ ⠭ 1-  ।⠢-
  짮⥫  ࠭.

  ⠪: . 짮⥫, create tablespace, grant, , .


        AUDIT (ॢ)

  AUDIT  ᯮ㮢  ⨦  楫:  
 ⠭ ࠬ஢ ॢ 㯠   ,   ⨢樨
 ᫥ 㯠  ꥪ⠬  (ਬ,  ⠡栬).

 *** 1- 砩: ⠭ ࠬ஢ ॢ ***

 AUDIT ⥬_ࠬ, ⥬_ࠬ,... | ALL
    WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL
    WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL

  ଠ  AUDIT  砥 ॣ ᫥ ᮡ⨩:

    -  祭    ⪫祭  ;
    -  믮 ஢, ॡ ࠢ RESOURCE (⥬.
       ࠬ RESOURCE);
    -  믮 ஢, ॡ ࠢ DBA (⥬.
       ࠬ DBA);
    -  믮 ஢,  訡 ORA-942 -- "⠡
        ।⠢   " (⥬. ࠬ
       NOT EXISTS).

  砥  ⥬ ஢   ࠬ  AUDIT_TRAIL
  䠩 INIT.ORA.  ᫨ ॢ  祭,   AUDIT  ࠢ
 믮  맢 訡,   ॣ樮 ଠ  㤥
 뢠.   १ ॢ (᫥) 㯠  ⠡
 ᫮ .    ॢ ⠡ ᫮,  
 娢஢  ,   ⥬  .     㤠
 ᠬ ॢ ⠡ ᫮ .

 *** 2- 砩: 祭 ᫥  㯮  ꥪ⠬ ***



                                    -- 5 --



 AUDIT ⠡_ࠬ, ⠡_ࠬ,... | ALL
    ON .⠡ | DEFAULT
    BY SESSION | BY ACCESS
    WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL | WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL

  ଠ    AUDIT  砥  ॣ 祭 㯠 
 ⠡栬  ।⠢ .

    BY SESSION  BY ACCESS
        ।,    ଠ   㤥   뢠      ⠡
        AUDIT_TRAIL. ᫨ 㯮ॡ । BY SESSION,   -
         ᥠ   ࠡ 짮⥫ ⢮  ப (),
        塞   ॣ樨 ᮡ. । BY ACCESS,
        , 맮  ᮧ     ॣ-
         ᮡ. ࠧ㬥  । BY SESSION.

    WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL  WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL
        ।, 믮  ॠ஢ 㤥 ॣ஢ --
        ᯥ譮 稢 (WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL),  맢 訡
        (WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL).

  ⠪: noaudit, , .


         (ୠ⢭ )

   ⮫  ᢮ ୠ⨢  (),  ஥
 㤥 ⢨⥫쭮 ⮫쪮  । ,  ஬  ।-
 . ᫨ ୠ⨢  ⮨ ᫥  ⮫  ᯨ᪥ 
 SELECT,    㤥 ᯮ짮  饣   -
    ⮫.

 ਬ:
                                                            
 SELECT ename "", empno "", sal ""      --------------------
   FROM emp                                          ADAMS   7876    1100
   WHERE job = 'ANALYST'                             JAMES   7900     950
   ORDER BY NAME;                                    MILLER  7934     800

 ୠ⨢  ⠡  ᯮ짮  ᮥ  ⠡  
 ᠬ ᮡ  ᮮ⭮饬 .

 SELECT wkr.ename, wkr.sal, sup.ename, sup.sal
   FROM emp wkr, emp sup                     ENAME  SAL  ENAME  SAL
   WHERE wkr.mgr = sup.empno                 ----------------------
     AND wkr.sal > sup.sal;                  SCOTT 3000  JONES 2975
                                             FORD  3000  JONES 2975

  ⠪: select, ᯨ᮪ select, ᮥ, ᮮ⭮騩 ,
               .


䬥.  ⥪. 

 䬥᪨  몠 SQL  ࠡ뢠 ᫮  -
 祭.  ⠪   ࠡ⪨ .



                                    -- 6 --



    ⢨                        ਬ
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   ()        設⢮ 権   SELECT (x + y)/2...
   + -      ., . 祭     ...WHERE bal <= -50
   * /      ,               SELECT discount * 100...
   + -      , ⠭             SELECT price - discount...

 ⮢   || 믮 ⥭ (ꥤ)   ⨯
 CHAR (ப ᨬ). ஡ 뢠, ⮫쪮 ᫨   
  祪 (' ').    १ ਢ
 ࠦ:

   'Contact '||fname || ' ' ||    lname     Contact Daniel Altman
   ename || ' gets '|| sal || ' per month'  King gets $5000 per month

  ⠪: char, ࠢ,  like, ᪨ ,
                ࠡ⪨ , 稥 , .

ਡ

 DECLARE
     ६1  ⠡.⮫%TYPE
     ६2  ६__⠭%TYPE

 ਡ %TYPE  ᯮ   ⮣,  ⮡ ᤥ ᤥ ⨯ 
 - ६ ⠪ ,    㣮 ६,  ⠭ 
 ⮫ ⠡. 먣  ⮣ ⠪:  㦭 筮  ⨯ 
  ࠬ ⮫      뫠,     ᫨  ।
 ⮫ ,  ⨯  ६  ⠪ .

 ਡ %ROWTYPE   ६  ࠭  
 ப ⠡  ।⠢ ,    ࠭ ப, -
 ࠭ ஬ FETCH.  뫠   ६,   
  %ROWTYPE, ᫥ ⠪:
   _._⮫.

        DECLARE
            CURSOR nextclient
               IS SELECT fname, lname, phone
               FROM clients;
         callrecord nextclient%ROWTYPE;...
         BEGIN
            OPEN nextclient;
            FETCH nextclient INTO callrecord;

  ⠪: declare, ६, fetch, , .


        BEGIN ()

       <<⪠>> BEGIN 

 ஬ BEGIN  稢  ᥪ    DECLARE (᫨
  )  稭 믮塞  .    
 -    믮塞 .    BEGIN  
    END,  稢 .



                                    -- 7 --



 <<⪠>>  易⥫쭠. , ᫨  ᯮ짮 ,   -
  END,  稢饬  ,    ⪠ <<⪠>>.

  ⠪: , declare, exception, end, , .


        ଠ .  ( - ଠ쭠 ଠ .)

易⥫  祭  䨣 ᪮ {}.    
    ࠧ ⨪쭮 ⮩ ⮢.  易⥫ -
  祭   ᪮ [].      
 ᯨ᪠ -⮢,   ࠧ ⨪쭮 ⮩.   窨 ᫥ -
 ,   ।騩 -           ࠧ.
 ,  ᪮  ⨪ 窨   .

 ᪨ ࠬ஢  祭   㣫 ᪮.  - ᯨ᪠ ࠬ஢
 ࠧ 묨.  ,  ᠭ    
 । ᫮. , ᠭ 묨 㪢,  -
   ࠦ,    ࠧ묨.

   COMMIT [WORK]

   DELETE FROM [.]⠡ [_] [WHERE ᫮]

   INSERT INTO [.]⠡ [ (⮫ [, ⮫]...) ]
      { VALUES (祭 [, 祭]...) |  }

   LOCK TABLE [.]⠡ [, [.]⠡...

   ROLLBACK [WORK] [TO [SAVEPOINT] 窠_࠭]

   SAVEPOINT 窠_࠭

   SELECT [ALL|DISTINCT] { * | ⠡.* | ࠦ [⮫_alias]}
          [, {⠡.* | ࠦ [⮫_alias] } ]... }
     FROM [.]⠡ [⠡_alias] [,[.]⠡ [⠡_alias]]...
     [ WHERE ᫮ ]
     [ CONNECT BY ᫮ [START WITH ᫮] ]
     [ GROUP BY ࠦ[, ࠦ]... [HAVING ᫮] ]
     [ {UNION | INTERSECT | MINUS} SELECT ... ]
     [ ORDER BY {ࠦ | } [ASC | DESC]
          [, {ࠦ | } [ASC | DESC]] ]...
     [ FOR UPDATE OF ⮫ [, ⮫]... [NOWAIT] ]

   SET TRANSACTION [READ ONLY]

   UPDATE [.]⠡ [alias]
     SET ⮫ = ࠦ [, ⮫ = ࠦ]...
     [WHERE ᫮]

   UPDATE [.]⠡ [alias]
     SET (⮫ [, ⮫] ... ) = (query) [,...]
     [WHERE ᫮]

  ⠪: ᪠    襯ਢ .
  ⠪: , 䨪, .



                                    -- 8 --



        BOOLEAN (⨯  BOOLEAN)

        BOOLEAN                             --ࠬ஢ 

 ᯮ ᪫⥫쭮  PL/SQL.  ६ ⨯  BOOLEAN  (㫥)
  ਭ  ⮫쪮 ᫥騥 ।। ⠭ 祭:
    TRUE (), FALSE ()  NULL ().

  ६ ⨯ BOOLEAN   祭, 祭  
 , ⠪      (INSERT) ⠪ ६  .
  ⠪: ६, 㫥 ࠢ, .


        

 DECLARE             --᭮ 
    _६1  ⨯_ (ࠦ);  --  :
    ...                                       ६, ⠭,
    ...                                         ᮡ ﭨ.
    ...                                        DECLARE
 BEGIN                                        易⥫쭠.
    DECLARE          --1- 
       _६2   (ࠦ)...;        -- "뢠"
    BEGIN                                          㣠.
       믮塞_...;
    EXCEPTION ࠡ稪_᪫_;          -- EXCEPTION
    END;                                        易⥫쭠.
    DECLARE          --2- 
       _६3  ⨯_ (ࠦ)...;
    BEGIN
       믮塞_...;
    END;
 EXCEPTION ࠡ稪_᪫_;
 END;
  ⠪: declare, begin, ࠢ , ६, ࠡ⪠
               訡, .


        㫥 ࠢ

 㫥   ࠢ  ᯮ ᠭ ᫮.   ᫮
 ᯮ  ࠢ 믮 ணࠬ  PL/SQL.

 .  ᫠          ⥪⮬                  ⠬
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  <     祬        ᨪ᪨   ࠭ 祬
  >     祬        ᨪ᪨    祬
  =    ࠢ             ᮢ                ⮣-
  !=    ࠢ           ᮢ               㣮 ६
  <=     ࠢ  ᨪ᪨   ࠭ 祬 
                          ࠢ                 ⮣-
  >=     ࠢ  ᨪ᪨    祬 
                          ࠢ                 ⮣-

    ࠢ  ६ ⨯ BOOLEAN: TRUE > FALSE
                                                    FALSE < TRUE
                                                    TRUE != FALSE


                                    -- 9 --



   ⠪:  ࠢ, ᫮, boolean, .


        

  SQL
      SQL,   ,  ࠭   SQL.   
     ᯮ   ,  ⠪   ᪮쪨 ப.  ⮡ -
           믮      ⮩ (;),
      ப    (/)   ⤥쭮 ப.  । 
     ⥫쭮 ப   SQL*Plus ᢥ稢 ᮮ⢥騥  -
     . ⮡   ᮤন   䠩,   SAVE.
     ⮡ 믮  ,  室   SQL ᫥ ( ⢥
      ਣ襭 SQL*Plus-)   RUN    (/).

  PL/SQL
     ணࠬ ()   PL/SQL ⠪ ࠭   SQL.  ⮡ -
        PL/SQL ᫥   ⤥쭮  ப  
     (.). 믮 室騩     ⠪ ,   
     SQL --  RUN    (/).  ⥪  PL/SQL  
     SQL  ⠢ ਨ   /*਩*/   -
       REMARK.    PL/SQL   ਩ 
     ᠬ (--).  ਩ 稢   ப.

  SQL*PLus
       SQL*Plus  ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ப, ᯮ
     ᨬ த   -  ()      ᫥ ப.
     ப,   祭 ᨬ - 稢   뢠 
     믮.

     ਬ:   COLUMN:

               SQL> COLUMN ENAME HEADING EMPLOYEES -
                  > FORMAT A10
               SQL>

      SQL*Plus  稢 ᨬ ; (窠  ⮩),  
       易⥫쭮.   SQL*Plus  ࠭     SQL.
      ᮧ 䠩, ᮤঠ  SQL*Plus, ᯮ -
      EDIT.    ᪠  START.  ਨ  -
      SQL*Plus  ஬ REMARK.  ⠪ ᯮ짮
     ਨ ⨯ /*਩*/,      ᯮ 
      ப     SQL*Plus --     ⤥
     ப.
  ⠪: ⠭, , .


        CHAR          CHAR(ࠧ) 
                   -ࠧ 易⥫; ᫨  㪠,  ࠧ㬥 1.

   CHAR 㦨  ᠭ ⮫殢  ६, ।祭  
 ࠭ ᨬ쭮 ଠ樨   ப.  ࠬ 'ࠧ' । 
 ᨬ쭮 - ᨬ.  ''      祬 255.
    ⠪: 
          ८ࠧ, ६, number, long, date, boolean, raw, .


        CLOSE ()                  CLOSE _;

                                    -- 10 --



  CLOSE  믮  ⪫祭 ਣ,  ⠢ ⨢  
 ।. ஬  CLOSE   ⮫쪮  ᠭ   
     .

 ⮡ ந 롮 (FETCH)   ⮣ ,    室
  . ᫥ ⮣ ⥬ ᤥ ᫥饥:
    -  믮  OPEN
    -  ᫨   ࠬ
    -  樠 ⨢  (.. ப, 祭 ᮬ)

  ⠪: fetch, open, , , , .


        COMMENT                  (਩)

 COMMENT ON TABLE .⠡
     IS '⥪'

 COMMENT ON COLUMN .⠡.⮫
     IS '⥪'

  COMMENT    ᫮   砭  ⠡ 
  ⮫.   砭 㤥 ࠭  ⮫ REMARKS ।⠢-
   ᫮   ALL_COL_COMMENTS, ALL_TAB_COMMENTS, 
 USER_COL_COMMENTS  USER_TAB_COMMENTS.

 ⮡ 㤠 ਩   ,   ⢥ ⥪ -
  IS  ப --   ('').

  ⠪: ਨ (  SQL), ᫮ , ,
               .


        COMMIT                                ()  SQL
 COMMIT;
 COMMIT WORK;

  COMMIT ⥫쭮      ,  ᤥ-
  ᫥ ।饣  COMMIT,     ଠ
 㯭  㣨 짮⥫.

  ஢ ⠡  ப ᭨.  窨 ࠭, -
  ᫥ ।饣 COMMIT  ROLLBACK, .

  ⮣,   ⢥न  ஬ COMMIT,   ⬥-
  ந ࠡ    ROLLBACK.    ⮬  
 ᤥ ᫥   ।饣 COMMIT  ⬥ --  
 ⠥ 筮  ⠪ ﭨ,       뫠  ᫥  ᫥
 COMMIT.

  ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬    ⠭⮬ ANSI ४ 
  ⠪:
    COMMIT WORK.

  ⠪: ਬ, rollback, savepoint, ࠭樨, set transaction,
               ଠ , , .



                                    -- 11 --



        CONNECT BY                                । SQL

 SELECT ᯨ᮪  FROM...
    WHERE...
    CONNECT BY PRIOR ࠦ1  ࠦ2 --᭠. 뢥 ࠦ1
    CONNECT BY ࠦ1  PRIOR ࠦ2 --᭠. 뢥 ࠦ2
    START WITH ᫮;                     -- 易⥫쭮

 । CONNECT BY 뢠 ப  ॢ , ।-
  । PRIOR.  । PRIOR ⠢ । ஦騬
 ࠦ.

    CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO = MGR

 । CONNECT BY  ᯮ짮       
 ᮥ.

  ⠪: ਬ connect by, ᫮, ॢ ,
               start with, where, , .


        CREATE CLUSTER                     (ᮧ )  SQL

 CREATE CLUSTER .
    ⮫ ⨯_, ⮫ ⨯_,...
    PCTUSED 楫  PCTFREE 楫
    SIZE 楫
    INITRANS 楫 MAXTRANS 楫
    TABLESPACE _࠭
    STORAGE ࠭

  CREATE CLUSTER ᮧ     ᪮쪨 ⠡.
 ਧ 㦤   ࠭ ⠡  묨  -
 묨 砬 ,   ᮪頥 ६ 㯠  .  ࠢ,
   ꥤ   ⠡,  묨  ந-
   ᮥ.

 '⮫' --         ⮫ (⮫殢),   
 묨 砬. '⨯_'    NULL  NOT NULL. -
  SIZE   । ࠧ ,  室  ࠭ 
 ப  묨 祭ﬨ 祩.

 ⠫ ࠬ -- PCTUSED,  PCTFREE,  INITRANS,  MAXTRANS -- 
 ⠪  祭,     CREATE TABLE.

  ⠪: create index, create table, ⠡, .


        CREATE DATABASE
                               (ᮧ  )  SQL
 CREATE DATABASE _
    CONTROLFILE REUSE                   :  ᫨   믮-
    LOGFILE 䠩, 䠩,...                   ⠪
    MAXLOGFILES 楫                     㦥 ,  
    DATAFILE 䠩, 䠩,...                 㭨⮦.
 MAXDATAFILES 楫



                                    -- 12 --



 MAXINSTANCES 楫
    ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG           --ࠧ㬥 NOARCHIVELOG
    SHARED | EXCLUSIVE                  --ࠧ㬥 SHARED

  CREATE  DATABASE 믮 砫 ⮢   
  쭥襣 ᯮ짮.

     _
             .  ᨬ쭠    -- 8 ᨬ-
         . ᫨   㪠,  ࠧ㬥 ,  -
         ஬ DB_NAME  䠩 INIT.ORA.

     CONTROLFILE REUSE
         㦤 ୮  ᯮ짮  䠩,   ᠭ  ࠬ஬
         CONTROL_FILES  䠩 INIT.ORA.   ⮬ ࠥ  ଠ-
         , 室     .  ࠬ  ࠢ-
           ᯮ  ࢨ筮 ᮧ  .

     LOGFILE 䠩
         㪠뢠  䠩,  ᯮ㥬   ࠡ. ᫨ -
          饭,  ORACLE ᮧ  ⠨ 䠩.    ࠧ-
            樮 ⥬,  ன ࠡ⠥  .

     MAXLOGFILES 楫
         ⠭ ᨬ쭮  ᫮ 䠩  ࠡ.
          ᫮  室    2  256.   
          ᫮     ⮫쪮 ᮧ  .   讣
         ᫠    ࠡ .

     䠩
         뢠 䠩.   ᫥ ⠪:
            '_䠩' SIZE ࠧ K | M REUSE.
          ᫥  SIZE  ।  ࠧ 䠩  ; ᫨ ᫥
         ࠧ ⮨ K,     (ࠧ  1024 ); ᫨  M,
             (ࠧ x 1 048 576 ).  ᫨ ࠧ  㪠-
         ,   ࠧ㬥 10  䠩   500  䠩
          ࠡ.

     DATAFILE 䠩
         ।   ᪮쪮 䠩  䠩  ࠭ 
         . ᫨  饭,  ORACLE ᠬ ᮧ  䠩. 
            樮 ⥬ 襩 .

     MAXDATAFILES 楫
         ⠭ ᨬ쭮  ᫮ 䠩 , ஥
           .   ࠢ,   ᫮   ।  1
          255.    ᫮   㢥祭 ⮫쪮 ⥬ ୮
         ᮧ .  誨,  맢 㪠 讣 ᫠,  
           ࠡ .

     MAXINSTANCES 楫
         ⠭ ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ⠭権,   
         ६  .  祭 -- 1 - 255.

     ARCHIVELOG  NOARCHIVELOG
         । 砫 ० ᯮ짮 䠩   ࠡ.
         ࠬ ARCHIVELOG ᤥ 室 娢஢ 䠩 -
         ।   ᯮ짮.  NOARCHIVELOG ᤥ 娢-

                                    -- 13 --



          易⥫.  ० ᯮ짮 䠩 -
          ࠡ  饩        ALTER
         DATABASE.

     SHARED  EXCLUSIVE
         । 㯭  ᫥  ᮧ. ᫨ ᯮ짮
         ᫮ SHARED,    ᬮ  ᪮쪮 ⠭権.
         ᫨ ᯮ짮 ᫮ EXCLUSIVE,  ⮫쪮  ⠭ ᬮ-
              .   ⠭ 㯭  
         쭥襩  ᯫ樨 ᯮ  SQL*DBA  STARTUP.

  ⠪: alter database, create rollback, create tablespace, .















































                                    -- 14 --



        CREATE DB LINK
                                   (ᮧ   )  SQL
 CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK _裡
    CONNECT TO _짮⥫ IDENTIFIED BY ஫
    USING 'ப_sql*net'

  CREATE DATABASE LINK 뢠      ⭮    
 짮⥫  㤠  . ⮡    ⠡ 
 㤠 , ᫥ ᫥  ⠡ ( । FROM -
  SELECT)  @_裡.

    PUBLIC
          㯭   짮⥫,  ஬  ,   
            ⠪  . ᫨    ᫮
        PUBLIC,     㤥 ⭮ -- ..  㯭  ⮫쪮
        ᮧ襬  짮⥫.

    _짮⥫, ஫
          ஫ 饣 짮⥫  㤠  .   ᫨
         ࠬ 饭,   ࠧ㬥   ஫ 짮-
        ⥫, 믮饣 .

    'ப_sql*net'
        뢠 㯭 १ SQL*Net 㤠  .

  ⠪: । , select, from, create synonym, ,
               .
































                                    -- 15 --




     CREATE INDEX          SQL

 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
  ON ⠡ (⮫ ASC|DESC, ⮫ ASC|DESC,...) | CLUSTER 
 INITRANS 楫
 MAXTRANS 楫
 TABLESPACE _࠭
 STORAGE   ࠭ PCTFREE = 10 | n NOSORT

  CREATE INDEX ᮧ   ⠡  .  -
  ᮪頥  ६ 㯠  ,  ᯥ稢 אַ 饭 
 ப ⠡.   ⠪    ᯮ짮    ᯥ祭
 㭨쭮 祭.  ஢   ᨬ  16 ⮫-
 栬.   ᮧ ᪮쪮 ᮢ  ࠧ  ⠭  ⮫殢,
  ᫥ ,    㢥稢 ६, 稢-
    .

     UNIQUE
         ࠭,    ⠡   㤥 ப  묨
         祭ﬨ   㥬 ⮫.

     , ⠡
          ᮧ    ⠡,   ⮫栬 ன ᮧ-
          .

     ⮫     ⮫ ⠡.

     ASC  DESC
         ࠬ, ᯮ㥬  ᯥ祭 ᮢ⨬  DB2.  -
          ᮧ  室饬 浪 (ASC).

           ,  ஬ ᮧ .

     _࠭
                      ࠭,  ன 㤥 ࠭ .

     PCTFREE
         業 ࠭⢠   ᭮ , ⠢塞 -
           쭥 ⠢  .

     NOSORT
         ⪫砥 ஢ ப । ᮧ  (᫨  ப
         㦥 ஢  室饬 浪).  ॡ ⮣ -
         ࠬ  ⥫쭮 ᪮  ᮧ . -
         ࠬ NOSORT    ਬ  ᮧ ୮ -
         .


 ࠬ INITRANS  MAXTRANS  ⠪  祭,    
 CREATE TABLE.  ⠪ ࠬ STORAGE ਢ  ᠭ ।-
  STORAGE.

  ⠪: alter index, drop index, validate index, , .





                                    -- 16 --



        CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
                                  (ᮧ ᥣ ⪠)  SQL

 CREATE PUBLIC ROLLBACK SEGMENT _ᥣ_⪠
     TABLESPACE _࠭
     STORAGE ࠭

  CREATE  ROLLBACK SEGMENT ᮧ  ᥣ ⪠ (㫨-
  ࠭樨).   ࠭,    ன    ᥣ,
   ⨢ (祭).

     PUBLIC
         㪠뢠,  ᥣ 㤥 㯥   ⠭樨.  ᫨
         ᫮ PUBLIC 饭,  ᥣ ⪠ 㤥 .

     _ᥣ_⪠
         䨪 ᥣ ⪠ (.  -- 30 ᨬ).

     _࠭
          ࠭,  ன ᮧ ᥣ. ᫨  -
           㪠,  㤥 ᯮ짮  SYSTEM.

  ⠪: create tablespace, create database,
               alter rollback segment, drop rollback segment, rollback,
               savepoint, , .


































                                    -- 17 --



        CREATE SEQUENCE
                         (ᮧ ᫥⥫쭮)  SQL

 CREATE SEQUENCE ._᫥⥫쭮
     INCREMENT BY n
     START WITH n
     MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE
     MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE
     CYCLE | NOCYCLE
     CACHE 20 | n | NOCACHE
     ORDER | NOORDER

  CREATE SEQUENCE ᮧ    ꥪ,    -
 ண 짮⥫  ஢ 騥 楫 ᫠. ந-
  ⠪ ࠧ 祭  ᯮ짮  ⢥ ࢨ
 祩.

     
          ꥪ '᫥⥫쭮' (ࠧ㬥 짮-
         ⥫, 믮騩  CREATE SEQUENCE).

     INCREMENT BY n
          饭   㥬 ᥫ.  ᫨ n ⥫쭮,
          祭  ; ᫨ n  ⥫쭮  --  祭
          㬥. ࠧ㬥 祭  ࠬ  =
         (+1).

     START WITH n
          1-  㥬  ᫮.  ࠧ㬥묨 1- ᫠
         :   室 ᫥⥫쭮⥩ -- MINVALUE,   
         室 -- MAXVALUE.

     MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE
          讥 ᫮,   ᣥ    ᫥⥫-
         . ࠧ㬥  祭 = 10e-  室  = 1 
         室 ᫥⥫쭮⥩.

     MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE
         襥 ᫮,   ᣥ  ᫥⥫쭮.
         ࠧ㬥 祭:  1  室 ᫥⥫쭮⥩,
         10e2-1  室.

     CYCLE | NOCYCLE
         ᫨  ࠬ CYCLE,   ᫥ 뤠 MAXVALUE 室
         ᫥⥫쭮 ᭮ 筥   MINVALUE ( 室-
          ᫥ MINVALUE 筥  MAXVALUE).  ᫨  NOCYCLE (
         ࠧ㬥),    ᥫ  ᫥⥫쭮
         ४ ᫥ 뤠 ᮮ. ᪨쭮 ( 쭮)
         ᫠.

     CACHE n | NOCACHE
         ࠬ CACHE 뢠 ०饥 ࠧ饭 㥬  -
         ᥫ    ,    ਢ  㢥祭 ᪮ 믮.
         祭 n    ࠧ MAXVALUE  MINVALUE. -
         ࠧ㬥 祭  CACHE  20.




                                    -- 18 --



     ORDER | NOORDER
         ࠬ ORDER ࠭,  ᫠  ஢ ᮮ-
         ⢥ 浪   饭   ᫥⥫쭮,   祭
            ਫ.   ᫨  NOORDER (
         ࠧ㬥), ᫠     ࠢ   ࠢ쭮
         浪.

  ⠪: ᫥⥫쭮, nextval, keys, alter sequence, audit,
               drop sequence, , .


















































                                    -- 19 --



        CREATE SYNONYM
                              (ᮧ ᨭ)  SQL

 CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM ._ᨭ
     FOR .⠡__।⠢_ @_c_

  CREATE  SYNONYM  ᮧ  ᨭ    祭  ⠡ 
 ।⠢ .  ᨭ   , ⫨筮  
  ꥪ⮢, ਭ ᮧ饬 ᨭ 짮⥫.

     PUBLIC
         ᤥ ᮧ ᨭ 㯭   짮⥫. ᫨
         ࠬ PUBLIC  ,  ᨭ 㤥  (.. -
          ⮫쪮  짮⥫,   ᮧ).

     
          짮⥫.   ᫨   㪠,   ࠧ㬥 
         ⠡ ( ।⠢ )   ਭ  짮⥫,
         믮饬 .

     _c_
         㪠뢠     㤠 . ᫨ -
          짮⥫     㪠,   ᨭ 㤥 ᮧ 
         ꥪ, ਭ饣  짮⥫, ᠭ  裡  㤠-
          .

  ⠪: ᨭ, user id, create database link, create table,
               create view, 㤠  , .































                                    -- 20 --



        CREATE TABLE
                              (ᮧ ⠡)  SQL

 CREATE TABLE ._⠡ ᠭ_⮫ | -_⠡,
                              ᠭ_⮫ | -_⠡,...
     PCTFREE n   PCTUSED n
     INITRANS n  MAXTRANS n
     TABLESPACE _࠭
     STORAGE ࠭
     CLUSTER  ⮫, ⮫,...
     AS 

  CREATE TABLE ᮧ ⠡   .   
  1  254 ⮫殢.   ⠡ 㤥  (᫨   㪠
   । AS). ப   ࠢ   ⠡-
     INSERT.

     
          ᮧ ⠡ (ࠧ㬥 짮⥫,  -
         騩 ).

     ᠭ_⮫
         ᠭ ⮫殢   ࠭祭 ⠡.

     -_⠡
         ᠭ ࠭祭  ⠡.

     PCTFREE n
         । 業 ࠭⢠ (n)     ⠡, -
         ࢨ㥬  쭥   ⠢ . ᫮ n
           楫  0  100. ࠧ㬥 祭 n -- 10.
         n = 100   ᫠,  ..    ᬮ  ⠢.
         ⠭ 祭 ࠬ஢ PCTFREE  PCTUSED ।,  -
             뢠  騥    
          ᮧ ⥫.

     PCTUSED n
          業  쭮 ᯮ짮 ࠭⢠  
          ⠡.  n   楫 ᫮     0  
         100. ࠧ㬥  祭 -- 40.   㤥  ᢮-
          (..  ⮢  ਭ  )  ᫨  
         , 祬  㪠 ᫥ PCTUSED ᫮ 業⮢.  -
         ⠥  ᢮,       묨  
         । PCTFREE. 訥 祭 PCTUSED   䥪-
         ⨢ ᯮ짮 ࠭⢮ ⠡, ࠢ,   -
          ந⥫쭮.

     INITRANS n
         ⠭ 砫쭮 ᫮ ࠭樮  ᥩ    
         . n    楫 ᫮    1  255 (᫨
         饭,   ࠧ㬥 n = 1).    ࢮ  ᯮ짮
          ORACLE १ࢨ   ᢮  23   -
          ࠭樨.   ᫮ ६  ࠭権  ॢ
         INITTRANS,  ࠭樮   ࠧ -
         ᪨   ,    ᫮  ⨣ MAXTRANS   
           .



                                    -- 21 --



     MAXTRANS n
         ⠭ ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ࠭権,  
         ७⭮ ஢   .  n -- 楫,   1 
         255. ࠧ㬥 祭 n = 255.

     _࠭
          ࠭,  ன 㤥 ⢮ ⠡. ᫨ -
         ࠬ TABLESPACE 饭,   ࠧ㬥    ࠭
         STORAGE.

     STORAGE
         ⠭ 奬 । ࠭⢠  ࠭ ⠡.

     CLUSTER  ⮫, ⮫,...
         砥 ⠡  㪠 .     ਭ-
          짮⥫, 믮饬 .

         뢠   ⮫  ⠡   ୮ .
          ⮫ ⠡  ᮮ⢥⢮ ࢮ ୮-
          ⮫,     ..   ⠡  ୮ ⮫ 
          ࠧ묨.  ਧ㥬 ⮫  ࠢ   -
          箬 (  ࢨ筮 ) ⠡.

     
          । SELECT.  ⮫,  ᮬ, 
         ᮮ⢥⢮ ⮫栬,    ᫥      CREATE
         TABLE.    ਭ ⮫殢 ᮧ ⠡  ⮬
          ⠪ ,   ⮫殢,  ᮬ. ᫨
         ⮫     । 㭨 ,
           ⮫殢 ᫥ CREATE TABLE   --  
         㭠᫥  . ᫥ ᮧ ⠡   㦠-
          ,   祭 ᮬ.     㯮ॡ
         । ORDER BY  FOR UPDATE OF.

         ࠬ -_⠡,   砥 ᯮ짮 ,   
         ᮤঠ ⮫쪮  ⮫殢.  ⮡  ⮫  -
         ࠭祭, ᫥ ᯮ짮  ALTER TABLE...ADD. -
          ஢   ࠭祭  㦭 ᭠砫 㤠 (ALTER
         TABLE.. DROP CONSTRAINT),  ⥬   (ADD).

 ਬ:  ⮡  ⠡ staff (।,   .
          scott), ᫥ :

               CREATE TABLE staff (
                  empno    NUMBER       NOT NULL   PRIMARY KEY,
                  ename    CHAR(20)     NOT NULL   CHECK (ename = UPPER),
                  job      CHAR(10),
                  mgr      NUMBER       REFERENCES scott.staff(empno),
                  hiredate DATE         CHECK (hiredate >= SYSDATE - 7),
                  sal      NUMBER(10,2) CHECK (sal > 800),
                  comm     NUMBER(9,2)  DEFAULT NULL,
                  deptno   NOT NULL     REFERENCES scott.dept(deptno)
               )
               PCTFREE 5 PCTUSED 75

  ⠪: alter table, create cluster, create index,
               create tablespace, drop table, ࠭祭, ⠡,
               , .

                                    -- 22 --




        CREATE TABLESPACE
                                 (ᮧ  ࠭)  SQL

 CREATE TABLESPACE _࠭
     DATAFILE (䠩, 䠩,...)
     DEFAULT STORAGE ࠭
     ONLINE | OFFLINE

  CREATE TABLESPACE ᮧ  ࠭,     㪠-
  䠩,      ।  ࠬ  ࠭  ﭨ
 ONLINE (祭)   OFFLINE (⪫祭).   믮  ⮣
  室  ࠢ DBA.

     䠩
         䠩  , ᠭ ᫥. ࠧ:
           '_䠩 SIZE 楫 K | M REUSE
         ࠬ REUSE 㤨 ⥬ ᯮ짮  䠩   ⠪
          , ।⥫쭮 ॢ ࠭   ଠ.

  ࠭ (TABLESPACE)     뢠 ᪠ -
 , ᮤঠ ⠡, , ६ ᥣ  ᥣ ⪠.
      ᪮ 楩  楤 ᮧ १ࢭ
   ⠭.  ᮧ   ⮬᪨ ᮧ
    ࠭   SYSTEM.  ⥬ 䠩  
 ⮬   . । 㭨⮦ (DROP)  ࠭ 
 室 ॢ    ⪫祭 ﭨ.   ᮧ 
  ࠭    ᥣ ⪠.

  ⠪: alter tablespace, drop tablespace, , .





























                                    -- 23 --




        CREATE VIEW
                        (ᮧ ।⠢ )  SQL

 CREATE VIEW ._। _, _,...
     AS 
     WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT ࠭祭

  CREATE VIEW ᮧ  "᪮  "  (㠫  ⠡,
 ।⠢ )      ᪮쪨 ⠡  ⠪ ।-
 ⠢.

     
           SELECT ( । ORDER BY  FOR UPDATE OF),
          ।,    ⮫殢   ப  㤥  
         ᮧ ।. .

     WITH CHECK OPTION
         㪠뢠,  ᫥  ᪠ ⠢    
         १  ।. , ᫨    "" १ -
         .   뢠 ,   ।.   ᭮뢠  
         㣨 ।⠢.

 ।⠢     ᯮ짮   饩  
 SELECT, INSERT,   UPDATE  DELETE,   ⮬   SELECT 
 ⢮:

     -  ꥤ
     -  । GROUP BY, CONNECT BY  START WITH
     -  । DISTINCT, ᥢ-⮫ (ਬ, ROWNUM)  -
          ᯨ᪥ ⮫殢.  ⠪  . ⠡, -
        ঠ騥 ᥢ ⮫ (   UPDATE), ᫨  -
           祭.

  ⠪: views, create table, create synonym, drop view, rename,
               .























                                    -- 24 --




        
                                                      HELP 
  SQL*Plus      SQL  PL/SQL        ⥬
 -------------------  ----------------------------------------------
 @          get       alter cluster    create sequence   noaudit
 /          host      alter database   create synonym    null
 accept     input     alter index      create table      open
 append     list      alter rollback   create tablespace raise
 break      pause     alter sequence   create view       rename
 btitle     prompt    alter table      declare           revoke
 change     remark    alter tablespace delete            rollback
 clear      run       alter user       drop (objectname) savepoint
 column     runform   audit            end               select
 compute    save      begin            exception         set transaction
 connect    set       close            exit              update
 copy       show      comment          fetch             validate index
 define     spool     commit           goto              constraints
 del        sqlplus   create cluster   grant
 describe   start     create database  if
 disconnect timing    create db link   insert
 edit       undefine  create index     lock table
 exit       whenever  create rollback  loop

 ====   ====
  ( ⥬ )
   (SQLPlus
 ਬ (SQL-PL/SQL)


ਨ (SQL  PL/SQL)

 ਨ --  騥 砭,  ⠢塞  ⥪ ணࠬ.
      室 믮 ணࠬ.  PL/SQL  ⬥
 砫   ᠬ ("--").  ਩ 稢
   ப. ਬ:
          x NUMBER := 0;        --樠 ⭮ ६ x
       BEGIN
          FOR i IN 1..4 LOOP
          x := x+1;             -- x

  SQL (  PL/SQL ⮦)    ਩ ᨬ /*  த-
    ᪮쪮 㣮 ப.  ਩ 稢 ᨬ-
  */.   楯窨 (/*  */)  ᯮ짠  ६ ᪫-
 祭 ⥩ ⥪ ணࠬ.

       SELECT ename, sal, mgr /*  ,   砫쭨
                                 㦠,  $2000  .
                                 (⫨稪) */
          FROM emp
          WHERE sal >= 2000;


  ⠪: comment, , .





                                    -- 25 --



         ࠢ

       祭/⢨  SQL
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 =             ࠢ
 !=  <>         ࠢ
 >=              ࠢ
 <=              ࠢ
 IN            ࠢ  - 
 NOT IN         ࠢ  - 
 ANY           ࠢ .    .  ᯨ᪥.  ॡ
               ᫥ =, !=, >, <, <=, >=
 ALL           ࠢ .   .  ᯨ᪥.  ॡ
               ᫥ =, !=, >, <, <=, >=
 BETWEEN         ࠢ 1    ࠢ 2
 NOT               ࠢ
 EXISTS        ⨭, ᫨      ப
 IS NULL       ⨭, ᫨ 祭  (NULL) (஢ઠ  x = NULL
                )
 IS NOT NULL   ⨭, ᫨ 祭  ⮥ (  x != NULL)

  襯᫥   ࠡ뢠  祭  TRUE  (⨭),
 FALSE ()  NULL (⮥ 祭).

  ⠪: like, 㫥 ࠢ, ,  祭, .


































                                    -- 26 --



        ᫮

 ᫮  몥 SQL 뢠 ⠭   ᪮쪨  ࠦ-
   ᪨ ஢,  ࠡ뢠 祭 TRUE (⨭)  
 FALSE (). ᫮  ᯮ짮:

    -  । WHERE ஢ SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,  DELETE,
      ਬ:

         SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE job = 'ANALYST'...

    -  । CONNECT BY, START WITH,  HAVING  SELECT,
      ਬ:

         SELECT ename, mgr FROM emp
            CONNECT BY PRIOR empno = mgr  START WITH ename = 'KING';

  몥 PL/SQL ᫮ 㯮ॡ   IF  WHILE.


  ⠪: ᪨ , where, select, insert, update,
               delete, connect by, if, while (横),
               ࠢ (), 㫥 ࠢ, .




































                                    -- 27 --




                ࠭祭
                                                                  SQL
 ⠪ ᠭ ࠭祭  ⠡:

     UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY ⮫, ⮫,...
     CONSTRAINT _࠭祭
     FOREIGN KEY ⮫, ⮫,...
        REFERENCES .⠡ ⮫, ⮫,...
     CONSTRAINT _࠭祭
     CHECK ᫮ CONSTRAINT _࠭祭

 ⠪ ᠭ ࠭祭  ⠡:

     ⮫ NULL | NOT NULL  CONSTRAINT _࠭祭
     UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY  CONSTRAINT _࠭祭
     REFERENCES .⠡ ⮫  CONSTRAINT _࠭祭
     CHECK ᫮ CONSTRAINT _࠭祭

 ।, 뢠饥 ࠭祭,   ।  -
 ⨬ 祭    ⮫ (࠭祭  ⮫)   㯯
 ⮫殢 (࠭祭  ⠡).    INSERT,  UPDATE   
 DELETE 㤥 ஢  ᮮ⢥⢨ ࠢ, ⠭ ࠭-
 祭,   㤥 믮 ᯥ譮 ⮫쪮 ᫨  㤮⢮ ⨬ -
 .

 ࠭祭  ⠡   쭮 ᠭ ⠡, -
 
     CREATE TABLE project_employee (PROJECT NUMBER,
     EMPLOYEE NUMBER, PRIMARY KEY (PROJECT, EMPLOYEE))

  ᢮ । ࠭祭  ⮫殢  묨   㪠-
  ⮫殢,  ਬ,
     CREATE TABLE dept (DEPTNO NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,...)

 ࠭祭 뢠   CREATE TABLE  ALTER TABLE.  -
  ALTER TABLE    㭨⮦ ࠭祭.   -
  ࠭祭   ᫮ . ᫨    ࠭-
 祭 ,        㤥    SYS_Cn,     n  -- 楫 ᫮,
 ᯮ㥬  ᯥ祭 㭨쭮    .

     ⮫
          ⮫,  ஬ ⭮ ࠭祭

     NULL or NOT NULL
         ࠧ蠥  頥 ⮫  ⮥ 祭 (NULL)

    UNIQUE
         㪠뢠,   祭  ⮬ ⮫     ࠧ묨.
          ⮫   ᠭ  ਡ⮬ NOT NULL.  ⮫
            ࢨ 箬.

     PRIMARY KEY
         । ⮫  ࢨ 





                                    -- 28 --



     FOREIGN KEY ⮫, ⮫... REFERENCES .⠡ ⮫,
                 ⮫...
         । ⮫ ( ⮫)  譨   .⠡-
          ⮫.  ࠧ㬥 ⮫ -- ࢨ   ⠡.
         ஡ ᬮ .

     CHECK ᫮
         ⠭ ᫮,  ஬   㤮⢮  祭
         ⮫.     ᠭ ᫮ CHECK  ⮫  뫠
         ⮫쪮   ⮫,   ஬  ⭮.  ᫮ CHECK
          ⠡  뫠  ᪮쪮 ⮫殢.


 ࠭祭 FOREIGN KEY/REFERENCES:

   -   믮 ࠬ INSERT  UPDATE,  ᫨ ᮮ⢥
     祭   ⠡, ᮤঠ饩 ࢨ .

   -   믮  DELETE,  ᫨  १ ਢ-
       襭 ࠭祭 REFERENCES.

   -  뫠  ⮫ ࢨ筮 ⠡ (..  ᮤঠ饩 -
      ), ।  PRIMARY KEY  UNIQUE.

   - ᫨  㪠 ⮫ (⮫),   ࠭祭 㤥 ᯮ짮
      ⮫ ࢨ筮 ,  ।  PRIMARY KEY.

   -  뫠 ⮫쪮  ⠡.  ।⠢   -
      뫠 .

   - ॡ,  ⮡ ⠡, ࠭ ࢨ , ਭ  
     ⮡          ࠢ REFERENCE   ⠡,  
     ⮫쪮  ⮫栬,     뫠  ᠭ  ࠭-
     .

   -    ࠭稢 ᯮ짮   ⠡  ᠭ 㣨
     ࠭祭.

   - ॡ ᮢ ⨯   ⮫ (⮫)  譥 
       ⮫ (⮫),   뢠 ࠭祭.

   -   뫠     ⠡,      CREATE TABLE.

   -   ࠭祭   뫠  ⮫   ࠧ.

  ⠪: tables, keys, nulls, create table, , .













                                    -- 29 --



                㭪樨 ८ࠧ

 㭪樨 ८ࠧ    몥  SQL 믮 ८ࠧ  
  ⨯  㣮.

 TO_CHAR(ࠦ, ଠ)  ॢ頥 ᫥ ࠦ  ࠦ
                              ᯮ짮   ᨬ쭮 ।⠢-
                               ࠧ,  ଠ⮬.
 TO_DATE(char, ଠ)       ८ࠧ   char  祭 ⨯
                             DATE, ᯮ 㪠 ଠ.
 TO_NUMBER(char)             ८ࠧ ᫮  CHAR  祭 ⨯
                             NUMBER.
 CHARTOROWID(char)           ८ࠧ ᨬ 祭  祭
                              ROWID.
 ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID)          ८ࠧ 祭 ROWID  ᨬ쭮.
 CONVERT(char,               ॢ char  室 ⥬ ஢
    new, source)             ᨬ   ⥬ ஢.
 HEXTORAW(char)              ८ࠧ ⭠ ᫠  -
                              ଠ 祭 (⨯  RAW).
 RAWTOHEX(raw)               ८ࠧ ଠ ()  
                             ᨬ쭮 (⭠筮) ।⠢-
                             .

  ⠪: char, date, number,  ८ࠧ,
               ᥢ-⮫, ଠ஢ ᥫ, ଠ஢ ,
               䨪 ଠ, .

































                                    -- 30 --




                ⭮騩 

 ⭮騩       -த-
 ⥫.  ᭮ ४ ᯮ짮 ୠ⨢  ⠡
  ⮫殢.

     SELECT ᯨ᮪_⮫殢  FROM ⠡1 1  WHERE ࠦ 
        (SELECT ᯨ᮪_⮫殢
         FROM ⠡2 2
         WHERE 1.⮫  2.⮫);

     UPDATE ᯨ᮪_⮫殢 SET ⮫ =
        (SELECT ࠦ
         FROM ⠡2 2
         WHERE 1.⮫ = 2.⮫);

     DELETE FROM ⠡1 1 WHERE ⮫ 
        (SELECT ࠦ
         FROM ⠡2 alias2
         WHERE 1.⮫ = 2.⮫);

 See also: ਬ ᮮ⭮饣 , ਬ delete, query,
           , select, where, update, delete, uses of select, menu.



































                                    -- 31 --




                ਡ 

 ࠦ               ;    ᫥ FETCH     ᫥
                         1- 롮ન    (祭          FETCH (
                        (FETCH)           ப)             ப)
                        頥:       頥:         頥:
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  cursor_name%FOUND     NULL              TRUE                FALSE

  cursor_name%NOTFOUND  NULL              FALSE               TRUE

  cursor_name%ROWCOUNT  0                 饥 - ப
                                          ࠭  
                                          FETCH  
                                           (OPEN).

  cursor_name%ISOPEN    TRUE, ᫨ 
                         (OPEN),
                         FALSE, ᫨
                         .
  Returns TRUE
                        if cursor is
                        OPEN, FALSE
                        if closed

 饭   %FOUND,   %NOTFOUND,   %ROWCOUNT 㦤 ᪫⥫쭮
 ﭨ INVALID_CURSOR (ORA-01001), ᫨   室  -
  OPEN.

  ⠪: open, fetch, nulls, , ࠡ⪠ 訡,
               ਡ (%type  %rowtype), , .



























                                    -- 32 --




                 FOR  ஬
                                                           PL/SQL
 FOR _ IN _(ࠬ, ࠬ,...) LOOP
    ...
 END LOOP;

  믮 横 FOR  ஬ PL/SQL  ந  ᫥騥  -
 ⢨: ஦    뢠 , ⥬   롮
 (FETCH)   (INTO)   _,   ப, ᮮ⢥騥
 ਪય  ஬ .    祭 ப 믮-
  ᫥⥫쭮 ஢ '...'.   ᫥  祭
  ப   PL/SQL  뢠  (CLOSE)   室  横.
 ᯮ㥬    ।⥫쭮     -
  믮  横.  易⥫ ࠬ  ᯮ짮 (᫨
  )   믮 1- 室  横   ⨨ -
 .    ࠬ஢   ᮢ⨬  ⨯ 
  ࠬ஢ ,    ८ࠧ㥬.

  '_'  뢠  ६ ⨯ _%
 ROWTYPE.   뫪  ᮤঠ騥  ⮩  祭 ᫥ -
 짮 ᫥  :
    _._⮫

 ᠭ 㣨 横 ᬮ : loop, while, ᫥ 横 for.
  ⠪: ਬ for  ஬, open, fetch,
                ८ࠧ, ਡ, ࠡ  ࠬ,
               , .































                                    -- 33 --



                

  --   ࠡ  PL/SQL,  ࠭ ࠡ뢠  
  ப .   ⥪   ᫥ ⥬ -
  ࠢ   ࠬ      믮  権 UPDATE,
 INSERT  DELETE.  ⮡ ஫ ⥪   ।  ⥬, 
 help, ஡   ⥬.

        declare cursor
        open
        fetch
        close
        横 for  ஬
        ਡ  ()
         sql% ()
        where current of

  ⠪: update, insert, delete, .









































                                    -- 34 --



                DATE

  祭 ⨯ DATE ⮨  ,  ,  ,  ᫠, ,
   ᥪ㭤. ६ ࠭  24- ᮢ ଥ ᫥.

 ࠧ㬥 祭:
      ᫨ ᯮ   ६,  ६ 㤥 = 00:00:00 (-
      ). ᫨  ᯮ ६  ,   㤥 ᥣ譥
      (SYSDATE). ᫨  㪠 ଠ ,  ࠧ㬥 --
      ('09-JAN-42').

  ⠬  ਡ  ⭨   ᫮ 祭.  ਬ,

      SYSDATE + 1 = ;
      SYSDATE - HIREDATE = ᥣ ࠡ⠭ 

 ।⠢     ࠢ   㭪権 ࠡ⪨
 , ଠ⮢   䨪஢ ଠ⮢ .

  ⠪: 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ , ଠ஢ ,
               䨪 ଠ⮢, char, number, boolean, raw, .






































                                    -- 35 --



                DBA

 짮⥫   SYSTEM  DBA ( -- ஬ ). 
  ⠡楩 PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE    ࠢ 㯠    .
  ⠫   짮⥫         ⠡ ⮫쪮 ࠢ
 SELECT (⮫쪮 롮ઠ).   䠩 PUPBLD,  믮, ।-
 ⠢ ᥬ 짮⥫ (PUBLIC) ࠢ SELECT  ⠡ PRODUCT_USER
 _PROFILE.

 ᫨    - 짮⥫ 믮 ।
  SQL  SQL*Plus,     (᫨  짮⥫ DBA) 
  ⠡ PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE   ᫥饩 ଠ樥:
    ⮫ USERID     =  짮⥫
            ATTRIBUTE  = 
            CHAR_VALUE = ᫮ DISABLED
    ⮫ SCOPE, NUMERIC_VALUE  DATE_VALUE   묨. ਬ:
                                             NUMERIC   CHAR      DATE
      PRODUCT    USERID   ATTRIBUTE   SCOPE  VALUE     VALUE     VALUE
      --------   ------   ---------   -----  -------   --------  -----
      SQL*Plus   SCOTT    HOST                         DISABLED
      SQL*Plus   %        INSERT                       DISABLED
      SQL*Plus   %        UPDATE                       DISABLED
      SQL*Plus   %        DELETE                       DISABLED


 ⮡ ᭮ ࠧ 짮⥫ 믮  饭  ,   DBA
   ப, 뢠 .

 짮⥫      ࠢ     DBA          ᯮ짮     ⠡
 PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE  ᯥ祭 㯭 ᫥. :

       SQL*Plus            SQL
      -----------------          ------------------------------
      CONNECT    QUIT            ALTER      DROP       RENAME
      EDIT       RUN             AUDIT      GRANT      REVOKE
      EXIT       SAVE            CONNECT    INSERT     SELECT
      GET        SPOOL           CREATE     LOCK       UPDATE
      HOST       START           DELETE     NOAUDIT    VALIDATE

 ⮫  ⠡ PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE  ᫥. 祭:

     PRODUCT ᮤন  த ( 襬 砥 SQL*Plus). -
          (%  _) ᯮ짮 .

     USERID ᮤন _짮⥫ (ᠭ ய묨 㪢),  
         ஬ ⭮ .  ⮡ ᯮ࠭  ⢨
               祬  짮⥫,   ᯮ짮
         蠡 ᨬ %   ᪮쪮 ᥩ.

     ATTRIBUTE ᮤন 頥   믮    (ய묨
               㪢).  ᯮ짮 蠡.

     SCOPE   祭  SQL*Plus.    NULL.

     NUMERIC_VALUE   祭  SQL*Plus.  
                                                                         NULL.



                                    -- 36 --



     CHAR_VALUE  ᮤঠ ᫮ "DISABLED".   ᯮ짮
                                                                      .

     DATE_VALUE     祭  SQL*Plus.   
                                                                         NULL.
  ⠪: , .





















































                                    -- 37 --




                DECLARE
                                        ()  PL/SQL

 DECLARE
     _⠭ CONSTANT ⨯_;
     _६ ⨯_;
     CURSOR _;
     _᪫_ﭨ EXCEPTION;
 BEGIN
     ...

  DECLARE 稭 ࠧ ᠭ ६  ⠭, -
  ⮫쪮  ⥪饬    ,  㯭  ꥬ.

  DECLARE 稢 ஬ BEGIN.
 ᯮ짮 ࠧ DECLARE  易⥫쭮.

  ⠪: ਬ while, ६, char, number, date, exception,
               declare cursor, begin, , , .







































                                    -- 38 --




                DECLARE CURSOR
                                      ( )  PL/SQL

 DECLARE
     CURSOR _
     (_ࠬ ⨯_),...      --易⥫쭮
     IS SELECT_
     FOR UPDATE OF _⮫;         --室, ᫨   
     ...                                    UPDATE 
                                          DELETE  ।
                                          WHERE CURRENT OF.

  DECLARE  CURSOR  ᢠ    .  ᫨  -
  ࠬ '_ࠬ',  室 ᯮ짮  ⠪
     SELECT_,  뢠饬    .
   ⠭ ४  ࠬࠬ , ⫨騥-
    ⮫殢.

   '⨯_'   CHAR,  NUMBER,  DATE  BOOLEAN, 
 - ࠭祭.

  ⠪: , ਬ ஢, update, delete,
               where current of, , char, number, date, boolean,
               declare, , .


































                                    -- 39 --




                DELETE                  (㤠)

 ਠ  SQL:                          ਠ  PL/SQL:

 DELETE FROM ⠡__।          DELETE FROM ⠡__।
    WHERE ।;                      WHERE CURRENT OF _;


  DELETE  㤠     ᪮쪮 ப  㪠 ⠡
  ।⠢ .  । WHERE ।,     
 ப    㤠.  ᫨   㤠  ப,   
 । WHERE.

  PL/SQL DELETE  ࠧ WHERE  CURRENT  OF  _  㤠
 ⮫쪮 ⥪ ப -- ᫥, 祭   FETCH.

 ⮡   ଠ    室  믮  PL/SQL DELETE,
  ᯮ짮 ਡ   SQL%  ਡ ᮮ.  -
  .

  ⠪: ਬ delete, where, where current of,  sql%,
               ਡ , ଠ , ਬ, .




































                                    -- 40 --




                DROP CLUSTER                            (㭨⮦ )
                                                              SQL
 DROP CLUSTER . INCLUDING TABLES

  DROP CLUSTER 㤠 㪠    .  -
    뢠 ⠪ 㭨⮦    ᢮-
   ࠭⢠   ࠭.  ⮡ 㭨⮦ -
 , ᮧ 㣨 짮⥫,    ਢ DBA.

     INCLUDING TABLES
         뢠 㭨⮦  ⠡,  室  .  ᫨ 
         ࠧ 饭,      ⠡   㤠  㭨⮦
         .

  ਧ ⠡ ᪫砥      .   
   "ࠧਧ".  ⮣ 㦭 ᮧ ⠪  ⠡-
 , ⮫쪮  ᯮ짮 ࠬ CLUSTER. ਬ:

               CREATE TABLE new AS SELECT * FROM old

     ⥬ 㭨⮦  ⠡:  DROP TABLE old
                 २ :  RENAME new TO old

  ⠪: drop table, create cluster, alter cluster, , .


































                                    -- 41 --




                DROP DATABASE LINK                    (㭨⮦   )
                                                              SQL
 DROP PUBLIC DATABASE LINK _裡

  DROP DATABASE LINK 㭨⮦  㪠      .   
 PUBLIC 㦭  ᯮ짮,  ᫨  㯭   짮⥫.
 ⮡ 㭨⮦ 饤㯭   ,   ਭ  㣮
 짮⥫, 室 ࠢ DBA.

  ⠪: 裡, 㤠 , create db link, , .
















































                                    -- 42 --




                DROP INDEX                             (㭨⮦ )
                                                              SQL
 DROP INDEX .

   DROP INDEX 㤠 㪠    .  ⮡ ᤥ-
  ,      楬 ,   ࠢ DBA.
 ᫨  .  饭,   ࠧ㬥 짮⥫,  믮騩
 .

 ᫥ 㭨⮦  ᢮  ࠭⢮,   
   ࠭.

  ⠪: alter index, create index, create table, , .













































                                    -- 43 --




                DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT             (㭨⮦ ᥣ ⪠)
                                                              SQL
 DROP PUBLIC ROLLBACK SEGMENT ᥣ

  DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT 㭨⮦ 㪠 ᥣ ⪠. -
  PUBLIC  㦭 ᯮ짮,  ᫨ ᥣ ᮧ  PUBLIC (饤-
 㯭). ⮦  ᥣ ⪠  ⮫쪮 짮⥫   ࠢ
  DBA. ⮦  ⮫쪮 ᯮ㥬 ᥣ.

 ᫥ 㭨⮦  ᥣ ᢮    ࠭⢮
   ࠭.

  ⠪: rollback, alter rollback, create rollback,
               create tablespace, dba, , .












































                                    -- 44 --




                DROP SEQUENCE                  (㭨⮦ ᫥⥫쭮)
                                                              SQL
 DROP SEQUENCE .᫥⥫쭮

  DROP  SEQUENCE  㤠    㪠 ᫥⥫-
 . ⮡ 㤠 ᫥⥫쭮,      -
 楬,    ࠢ DBA.  ᫨  . 饭,  ࠧ㬥
  짮⥫, 믮饣 .

     ⢥ ᯮᮡ "१" ᫥⥫쭮 --   㭨-
     ⮦   ᮧ .   ਬ: ।,  ਭ-
       ᫥⥫쭮 POWERS 室  ᫥ 288,   -
             ᥫ    12.    㦭 믮
     ᫥饥:

               DROP SEQUENCE powers

               CREATE SEQUENCE powers . . .
               START WITH 12

  ⠪: ᫥⥫쭮, alter sequence, create sequence,
               , .




































                                    -- 45 --




                DROP SYNONYM                             (㭨⮦ ᨭ)
                                                              SQL
 DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM .ᨭ

  DROP  SYNONYM  㤠    㪠 ᨭ.  
 PUBLIC 㦭 㯮ॡ, ᫨ ᨭ 㯥 ᥬ 짮⥫. -
  㭨⮦   饤㯭  㦮 ᨭ,  室  ࠢ
 DBA.

  䨪樨 ᨭ  ᫥ 㭨⮦  ᮧ .


  ⠪: ᨭ, create synonym, , .













































                                    -- 46 --




                DROP TABLE                             (㭨⮦ ⠡)
                                                              SQL
 DROP TABLE .⠡

  DROP  TABLE 㤠    㪠 ⠡   -
    ଠ.  ⮡ 㭨⮦ ⠡     
  楬,   ࠢ DBA.

  ᮮ⢥騥  㭨⮦   ⠡楩.  ।⠢-
    ᨭ, 뫠騥  㭨⮦ ⠡, , 
 ⠭ 訡묨.   㦭  ⮦ 㭨⮦,   ⪮४-
   ⠪, ⮡  ⠫ ⢨⥫묨.

   ᮮ⢥饩  ࠭,      -
  ⠡, ᢮ (᫨ ⠡  뫠 ਧ).

  DROP CLUSTER INCLUDING TABLES 㭨⮦  ⠡,  室騥
  .

 ᯮ । 㭨⮦ ⠡ ᬮ ।.  USER_
 CROSS_REFS  ᫮ ,  ⮡   뫪   㭨-
 ⮦ ⠡.

  ⠪: drop cluster, alter table, create index, create table,
               ⠡, , .

































                                    -- 47 --




                DROP TABLESPACE                  (㭨⮦  ࠭)
                                                              SQL
 DROP TABLESPACE _࠭ INCLUDING CONTENTS

  DROP TABLESPACE 㤠    㪠  ࠭-
 .  ࠭   SYSTEM    㤠.  -
  ࠭  ⮫쪮 짮⥫  ࠢ DBA.

     INCLUDING CONTENTS
         㭨⮦  ꥪ, 室騥  㪠 , 
         ⠡, ,   ᥣ ⪠  ६ ᥣ.  ᫨
         ࠧ INCLUDING CONTENTS 饭,   ꥪ   -
           ।⥫쭮 㭨⮦.


 । 㤠  ࠭  㦭 ॢ  ⪫祭 -
 ﭨ.  ࠭    㭨⮦  짮⥫ ࠡ-
   室騬   묨, ᠬ, ᥣ⠬ ⪠  -
 묨 ᥣ⠬.

  ⠪: alter tablespace, create database, create tablespace, dba,
               , .




































                                    -- 48 --




                DROP VIEW                    (㭨⮦ ।⠢ )
                                                              SQL
 DROP VIEW .।_

  DROP VIEW 㤠    㪠 ।⠢ 
 (㠫 ⠡).  ⮡ 㭨⮦ ।⠢  㦭 
   楬,   ࠢ DBA.

 ᫥ 㭨⮦ ।⠢   뫠騥   ।. 
 ᨭ ,   ⠭ ⢨⥫묨.   㦭  㤠-
 ,  ⪮४஢ ⠪, ⮡  ⠫ ⢨⥫묨.

 ⮡  ।⠢   ᫥ 㭨⮦  ᮧ -
 .

 ᯮ । 㭨⮦ ।. ᬮ ।.  USER_
 CROSS_REFS  ᫮ ,  ⮡   뫪  饥 㭨-
 ⮦ ।.

  ⠪: ।⠢ , ᨭ, create table, create view,
               create synonym, ᫮ , , .





































                                    -- 49 --




                 .

    ।祭  ࠭ ଠ樨  ꥪ  ᮡ-
    ORACLE,    㯭  짮⥫  १  ⢮
 ।⠢ .  祭   ⠡  ।⠢-
  ᫮ , 믮   DICTIONARY.

  ।⠢     ᠭ
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ACCESSIBLE_COLUMNS    ⮫  ⠡, ।⠢  ஢
 ACCESSIBLE_TABLES     ⠡  ।⠢, 㯭 짮⥫
 AUDIT_ACTIONS         ४஢ ஢ ⢨   
 ALL_CATALOG           㯭 ⠡, ।⠢,  
                       ᫥⥫쭮.
 ALL_COL_COMMENTS      ਨ  ⮫栬 㯭 ⠡  ।.
 ALL_COL_GRANTS        ࠢ  ⮫,   .  ⭮襭
                        訩,  稢訩  ,   -
                       稢訬  PUBLIC
 ALL_COL_GRANTS_MADE   ࠢ  ⮫,   .  ⭮襭
                           訩 ࠢ
 ALL_COL_GRANTS_RECD   ࠢ  ⮫, 祭 .  ᥬ
 ALL_DB_LINKS          㯭 짮⥫ 裡  㤠묨 
 ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS    ࠧ㬥 ࠬ. ॢ  ⠡  ⥬
 ALL_INDEXES           ᠭ ᮢ  㯭 ⠡栬
 ALL_IND_COLUMNS       ⮫, 騥   㯭 ⠡栬
 ALL_OBJECTS           ꥪ, 㯭 짮⥫
 ALL_SEQUENCES         ᠭ ਭ . ᫥⥫쭮⥩

  ।⠢     ᠭ
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ALL_SYNONYMS          ᨭ, 㯭 짮⥫
 ALL_TABLES            ᠭ ⠡, 㯭 짮⥫
 ALL_TAB_AUDIT_OPTS    ࠬ. ॢ  㯭 ⠡  ।⠢
 ALL_TAB_COLUMNS       ⮫  ⠡, ।⠢  ஢
 ALL_TAB_COMMENTS      ਨ  㯭 짮⥫ ⠡栬 
                       ।⠢ .
 ALL_TAB_GRANTS        ࠢ  ꥪ,   .  ⭮襭
                        訩,  稢訩  ,   -
                       稢訬  PUBLIC
 ALL_TAB_GRANTS_MADE   ࠢ .  ࠢ   ꥪ
 ALL_TAB_GRANTS_RECD   ࠢ  ꥪ, 祭 .  ᥬ
 ALL_USERS             ଠ   짮⥫  
 ALL_VIEWS             ⥪ 㯭 . ।⠢ 
 AUDIT_ACTIONS          ⢨   ᠭ
 COLUMN_PRIVILEGES      ,   ALL_COL_GRANTS
 CONSTRAINT_COLUMNS    㯭 ⮫s  ᠭ ࠭祭
 CONSTRAINT_DEFS       ᠭ ࠭祭  㯭 ⠡栬
 DICTIONARY            ᠭ ⠡  ।⠢ ᫮ 
 DICT_COLUMNS          ⮫ ⠡  ।⠢ ᫮ 
 TABLE_PRIVILEGES       ,   ALL_TAB_GRANTS
 USER_AUDIT_CONNECT    ॢ   짮⥫᪨ 祭
                          ⪫祭  
 USER_AUDIT_TRAIL      ॢ , ⭮騥  짮⥫
 USER_CATALOG          㯭 ⠡, ।⠢ , ᨭ
                        ᫥⥫쭮.
 USER_CLUSTERS         ᠭ ਭ . ஢
 USER_CLU_COLUMNS      ᮮ⢥ᢨ   ⮫栬  ⠡   ⮫栬

                                    -- 50 --



                       
 USER_COL_COMMENTS     ਨ  ⮫栬 ⠡  ।. 
                       짮⥫
 USER_COL_GRANTS       ࠢ  ⮫,  .   楬,
                       訬 ࠢ,   稢訬 
 USER_COL_GRANTS_MADE  ࠢ  ⮫ ꥪ⮢, ਭ. .
 USER_COL_GRANTS_RECD  ࠢ  ⮫, ।⠢ 
 USER_CROSS_REF        ४ 뫪  ।. , ᨭ 
                       ࠭祭 짮⥫
 USER_DB_LINKS         ਭ騥 . 裡  㤠묨 
 USER_EXTENTS          ⥭, ᮤঠ騥 ਭ. . ᥣ
 USER_FREE_SPACE       ᢮ ⥭  ਭ饩 . 
                       ࠭

 USER_INDEXES          ᠭ  ਭ 짮⥫ ᮢ
 USER_IND_COLUMNS      ஢ ⮫ ⠡ .
 USER_OBJECTS          ꥪ, ਭ騥 짮⥫
 USER_SEGMENTS         ࠭⢮, ⮥ ᥬ ᥣ⠬ 
 USER_SEQUENCES        ᠭ ਭ . ᫥⥫쭮⥩
 USER_SYNONYMS          ᨭ 짮⥫
 USER_TABLES           ᠭ ਭ . ⠡
 USER_TABLESPACES      ᠭ 㯭 ⥩ ࠭
 USER_TAB_AUDIT_OPTS   ࠬ. ॢ  ⠡  ।. 짮⥫
 USER_TAB_COLUMNS      ⮫ ⠡, ।⠢   ஢ .

 USER_TAB_COMMENTS     ਨ  ਭ. . ⠡栬  ।.
 USER_TAB_GRANTS       ࠢ  ꥪ,   .  ⭮襭
                        訩,  稢訩  ,   -
                       稢訬  PUBLIC
 USER_TAB_GRANTS_MADE  ࠢ  ꥪ 짮⥫
 USER_TAB_GRANTS_RECD  ࠢ  ꥪ, 祭 .
 USER_TS_QUOTAS          ࠭  .
 USER_USERS            ଠ  ⥪饬 .
 USER_VIEWS            ⥪ ਭ . ।⠢ 

  ⠪: sequences, ᨭ, , .























                                    -- 51 --




                㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ 

   ᫥ -樨  祭 ⨯ DATE.   -
 MONTHS_BETWEEN 頥 ᫥ 祭.

 ADD_MONTHS(d, n)       ਡ   d n 楢 (n = 楫).
 LAST_DAY(d)            頥 ᫥ ᫮   
                         d.
 MONTHS_BETWEEN(d, e)   頥  - 楢  ⠬ d  e.
 NEW_TIME(d,  a, b)        d  ६  a 
                        ᮮ.  /६  ६  b.  
                        祭 ६. ᮢ ᯮ ᮪-
                         (.).
 NEXT_DAY(d, day)        , 믠  訩 
                         ( ), 㯠騩 ᫥  d.
 SYSDATE                頥 ⥪   ६.
 ROUND(d, ଠ)       㣫  d  ᮮ⢥⢨  㪠
                        ଠ⮬ (. ).
 TRUNC(d, ଠ)       "१"  d  ᮮ⢥⢨  㪠 ଠ⮬ 
                        (. ).  TRUNC  ଠ "१"   
                        ६.

 ६     ⠭-   ⭥
             ⭮     ६
 --------------------------------
 ⫠⨪      'AST'     'ADT'
 ਭ         'BST'     'BDT'
 ࠫ    'CST'     'CDT'
       'EST'     'EDT'
 ᪨ -/
 ᪠         'HST'     'HDT'
          'MST'     'MDT'
 㭤   'NST'      ---
 宮᪨  'PST'     'PDT'
            'YST'     'YDT'
 । ६  ਭ = 'GMT'

 ଠ         ROUND  TRUNC
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CC             
 SCC              ..
 YYYY/YEAR/YYY  
 YY/Y/SYEAR
 Q              ⠫ (㣫  16-  2-  .)

 MONTH/MON/MM   
 WW              
 W               .
 DDD/DD/J       ᫮
 DAY/DY/D       襥 ᥭ
 HH/HH12/HH24   
 MI             

 稥 㭪樨:  ᨬ,  ᫮, ८ࠧ, 
                 ⨪ 訡, 㯯, 稥 㭪樨.



                                    -- 52 --



  ⠪: date (⨯ ), ଠ஢ , 䨪 ଠ, 
               .


     @/ /@ ⥫

 ( )      ; 㦨  ꥤ ࠬ஢
 + - * /  䬥᪨ 
 = < >    ᪨ 
 ;        ਧ   SQL
 %        ਧ ਡ PL/SQL
 ,        ࠧ⥫ -⮢  ᯨ᪥
 .        뫪  ⠡._  ._ ( PL/SQL) (窠 .  
          ⤥쭮 ப ᢨ⥫  砭  PL/SQL)
 @        뫪  㤠 ; @ _䠩 믮  䠩
 ' '      ࠭稢 ப ᨬ ('  ')
 " "         䨪  㣮
 :         ६  ६ 裡 饣 몠
 <>  !=   ~=   ^=   <=   >=        ࠢ  PL/SQL
 << >>    ࠭⥫  横,   ⮪ ( GOTO)  PL/SQL
 --       砫 ப    PL/SQL
 /*       砫 筮 
 */        筮 
 ..        ᫮ 横 FOR  PL/SQL
 :=       ᢮ 祭 ६  PL/SQL
 **         ⥯
 ||       ꥤ ப

  ⠪:  䨪, 䬥⨪, , .






























                                    -- 53 --



        । 

  믮  ।    室 稥 裡 
 , ᯮ묨   ࠧ , १ SQL*Net. ⠪ ।-
   ⠪ ,    筮, ⮫쪮 ᫥  ⠡ -
  㪠뢠  裡  㤠  (  ᨭ).

      SELECT ⮫2, ⮫3,...
         FROM 㤠_⠡@__, ⭠_⠡
         WHERE 㤠_⠡.⮫1 = ⭠_⠡.⮫_1;

 뫪   㤠  ⠡      ।  FROM ஢
 SELECT  INSERT INTO...SELECT.  ,   ⨬    䨪  
 뫪  ⮫ ⠡   .

  ⠪: 裡, 㤠 , ᨭ, select, insert, from,
               ਬ select, .










































                                    -- 54 --



                END
                                             ()  PL/SQL

 <<_⪨_1>>                --<<_⪨>> 易⥫쭮.   ᫨ 
 BEGIN                              । ᫮ BEGIN,   
     _                    ᫥  END.
 END _⪨_1;

     _।__LOOP
 END LOOP _⪨;             --_⪨ 易⥫쭮.

     _।__IF
 END IF;

  END   ᫥    PL/SQL. _⪨ -
  뫠  ६ ꥬ饣 ,    譥
 横.
  ⠪: ਬ numeric for, begin, loop, if, , declare,
               , .








































                                    -- 55 --



        EXCEPTION
                             (ᮡ )  PL/SQL

 EXCEPTION                                 -- ᥪ 易⥫쭠.
    WHEN _᪫_樨 THEN ;
    WHEN _᪫_樨 OR _᪫_樨 THEN ;
    ...
    WHEN OTHERS THEN ᫥⥫쭮_;   --易⥫쭮

 楤 ࠡ⪨  ᮡ  権  뢠 । ஬ END,
 稢騬 .   । WHEN 㪠뢠  ᮡ -
 樨    ⢨,   室 ।ਭ,  ᫨  
 . ।塞 짮⥫ ᮡ 樨   -
   ᥪ樨 DECLARE ⥪饣 ( ꥬ饣) . PL/SQL ⠪ 
  ।। ᮡ 権.

 ࠧ OTHERS 뢠 冷 ࠡ⪨  権,  ᫥
  ࠧ WHEN.  ࠧ   ᫥.

  ⠪: ਬ ࠡ⪨ 訡, ࠡ⪠ 訡, , declare,
               ᮡ 樨  pl/sql, , .






































                                    -- 56 --



        EXIT PL/SQL
                                   (室)  PL/SQL

  EXIT _⪨ WHEN ᫮_plsql;

  EXIT      ⪨  ࠧ WHEN 뢠 室  ⥪饣 
 横. ⮡    譨 横  ,  ᫥ ᯮ짮     
 ⢥ _⪨.

 ᫨ 㯮ॡ ࠧ WHEN  ᫮,   室 㤥 ந室 ⮫쪮 ᫨ 
 㪠 ᫮ ⨭.

  믮  ⥫ 横 FOR  ஬,  EXIT 뢠 .

  ⠪: ਬ where current of, loop, ᫮, cursor for,
               , , .











































                                    -- 57 --



        ࠡ⪠ 訡

 । ࠭ (७)   । 짮⥫  ᫮-
 ,   ⠥ 訡, 뢠 ᮡ묨 -
 ﬨ.   PL/SQL  । ⢨, 믮塞  砥 -
  訡.

 ᮡ ﭨ  뢠  ᥪ樨 DECLARE,   ⥬ ஢ 
 稥  ⥫ .  ᫨ ᮡ  ,    믮-
   RAISE,  ⠭ ଠ쭮 믮   -
 । ࠢ ࠡ稪  ᮡ  権,   ᠭ    ᥪ樨
 EXCEPTION  .

  ⠪:  declare, exception, pragma exception_init, raise,
                ᮡ 樨, ஢ 訡 (㭪樨),
                ਬ ࠡ⪨ 訡, , , .











































                                    -- 58 --



        㭪樨 ஢ 訡

 SQLCODE  頥   ७ ﭨ,  맢襣 । -
          ࠢ ࠡ稪 ᮡ ﭨ. ᫨ ﭨ, 맢襥
          ࠡ稪,    ७  ORACLE,  ᠭ -
          ⥫  ⥪饬 ( ꥬ饬)  ,  SQLCODE -
          頥 +1.  ࠡ稪 ᮡ ﭨ SQLCODE 頥 0.
          - SQLCODE  ᯮ ᮡ 樨  ࠡ-
          稪 ﭨ OTHERS.

 SQLERRM(_訡)   頥  ᮮ饭,  ᮮ⢥饥  
           訡.  ⮡  ᮮ.,  ᮮ⢥饥  ⥪饬
           訡  SQLCODE,  㦭   訡.  ࠡ-
          稪 ᮡ   権  SQLERRM   뤠   ᮮ饭   "normal,
          successful completion" (ᯥ譮 襭).

 ⮡ ᯮ짮 SQLCODE  SQLERRM   SQL,  㦭 ᢮
  祭 ६, ਬ:
          sql_code_num := SQLCODE

 稥 㭪樨:  ᨬ,  ᫮,
                 ८ࠧ, 㯯, 稥 㭪樨.

  ⠪: ࠡ⪠ 訡, ६, ᮡ , , .

        ਬ CONNECT BY

  祭 ᯨ᪠ 㦠  ன ࠢ騩/㦠騩  ᮮ-
 騬 ⠪  㯠  ⥪,  ᯮ "ॢ-
 "  ⨯

 SELECT LPAD(' ', 2*LEVEL)||ename organization, level, empno, mgr
    FROM emp
    CONNECT BY PRIOR empno = mgr START WITH ename = 'KING';

            ORGANIZATION  LEVEL EMPNO   MGR
            -------------------------------
            KING             1  7839           (७ = KING)
              JONES          2  7566   7839
                SCOTT        3  7788   7566
                  ADAMS      4  7876   7788
                FORD         3  7902   7566
                  SMITH      4  7369   7902
              BLAKE          2  7698   7839
                ALLEN        3  7499   7698
                WARD         3  7521   7698

  ⠪: connect by, ॢ , select, .











                                    -- 59 --



        ਬ FOR  ஬

 DECLARE
   CURSOR emp_cursor(dnum NUMBER) IS                㬬 
     SELECT sal, comm FROM emp WHERE deptno=dnum;  ௫ ( + -
   total_wages       NUMBER(11,2) := 0;            ) 㦠
   high_paid         NUMBER(4)    := 0;            ⤥ #20   ᪮-
 BEGIN                                              祫 
   FOR emp_record IN emp_cursor(20) LOOP           ॢ蠥 $2000.
      emp_record.comm := NVL(emp_record.comm, 0);
      total_wages := total_wages + emp_record.sal + emp_record.comm;
      IF emp_record.sal > 2000.00 THEN high_paid := high_paid + 1;
      END IF;
   END LOOP;
   INSERT INTO temp VALUES (high_paid, higher_comm,
      '㬬 믫: ' || TO_CHAR(total_wages));
   COMMIT;
 END;

  ⠪: 横 for  ஬, , declare, loop, if, insert,
               ਬ, .






































                                    -- 60 --



        ਬ 㭪権 ८ࠧ

 ᫥ - ⠢    ᫥ 31  1989:

 SELECT SYSDATE, TO_DATE('01-JAN-90') - ROUND(SYSDATE) "⠫"
   FROM dummy;
                                               SYSDATE    ⠫
                                               -------------------
                                               31-May-89       214

  - 㦠,   ࠧ .
                                                          COUNT(*)
 SELECT TO_CHAR(hiredate,'YYYY') " ", COUNT(*)  ------------------
   FROM emp                                            1986             1
   GROUP BY TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'YYYY');                 1987            10
                                                       1988             1
                                                       1989             2


  ⠪: ८ࠧ (㭪樨), select, group by, ਬ, .

        ਬ ᮮ⭮. 

  ᮮ⭮騩       㦠,   ௫
 ॢ蠥 ।    ⤥.

 SELECT ename, deptno, sal                    DEPTNO ENAME   SAL
   FROM emp emp_twin                          ------------------
   WHERE sal > (SELECT AVG(sal)                   10 KING   5000
         FROM emp                                 20 JONES  2975
         WHERE emp.deptno = emp_twin.deptno)      20 SCOTT  3000
   ORDER BY deptno;                               20 FORD   3000

   ਬ ROWID  DELETE த஢ 㣮 ਠ ᮮ⭮饣
  .

  ⠪: ᮮ⭮騩 , select, ਬ delete, ਬ, .  






















                                    -- 61 --



        ਬ ஢

 DECLARE                                ⠡ emp ଠ
   CURSOR c1 IS                        5 ᠬ ᮪稢 㦠-
     SELECT ename, sal FROM emp            ।⥫쭮
     ORDER BY sal DESC;               ᮧ ⠡ tmp.
   name       emp.ename%TYPE;
   salary     emp.sal%TYPE;           :  SELECT * FROM tmp
 BEGIN                                            ORDER BY earns DESC;
   OPEN c1;
   FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP                            EMPLOYEE       EARNS
     FETCH c1 INTO name, salary;                 --------------------
     EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND;                      KING            5000
     INSERT INTO tmp VALUES(name, salary);       SCOTT           3000
     COMMIT;                                     FORD            3000
   END LOOP;                                     JONES           2975
   CLOSE c1;                                     BLAKE           2850
 END;


  ⠪: , declare, open, loop, fetch, exit plsql, insert,
               commit, close, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ DELETE

   ਬ  DELETE  ᮮ⭮饣   ᯮ-
  ROWID, 騩  㡫஢ ப  ⠡ DEPT.


 DELETE FROM dept x  WHERE ROWID > (SELECT MIN(ROWID)
                                      FROM dept y
                                      WHERE x.deptno = y.deptno
                                        AND x.dname  = y.dname
                                        AND x.loc    = y.loc);



 ᯮ짮 ᮮ⭮饣     SELECT    
 ਬ ᮮ⭮饣 .

  ⠪: rowid, ᮮ⭮騩 , delete, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ ⨯ 

   䠩, ᮧ饣 ⠡  ਬ஢:

 DROP TABLE accounts;
 CREATE TABLE accounts(
    account_id  NUMBER(4) NOT NULL, -- 4 ࠧ冷;    
    bal         NUMBER(11, 2));     -- 11 ࠧ冷, 2  
 DROP TABLE action;                 --室 ᫥ . 窨.
 CREATE TABLE action(
    account_id  NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
    oper_type   CHAR(1) NOT NULL,   --⮫쪮  ᨬ
    new_value   NUMBER(11, 2),
    status      CHAR(45),

                                    -- 62 --



    time_tag    DATE NOT NULL);     --  ⮩;   
                                    --
 ...


  ⠪: ६, number, char, date, create table, drop table,
                祭, ਬ, .
@/
@/
ਬ 㭪権 ࠡ⪨ 

 - ࠡ⪨  ᯮ  祭 ᯨ᪠ 㦠,  
  1982 .

 SELECT ename, hiredate                               ENAME    HIREDATE
   FROM emp                                           ------------------
   WHERE hiredate BETWEEN '1-JAN-82' AND SYSDATE      MILLER   23-JAN-89
   ORDER BY hiredate;                                 SCOTT    05-JAN-89
                                                      WARD     08-JAN-89
                                                         . . .
 祭  1- 樨  㦠饣.

 SELECT ename, hiredate,                    ENAME   HIREDATE    1- .
     ADD_MONTHS(hiredate, 6) "1- ."     ----------------------------
   FROM emp                                 ADAMS   12-JAN-83  12-JUL-83
   ORDER BY ename;                          ALLEN   20-FEB-81  20-AUG-81
                                            BLAKE   01-MAY-81  01-NOV-81
 ࠧ "1- ."  ୠ⨢-         . . .
   ⮫.


  ⠪: 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ , select, ,
               ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ ࠡ⪨ 訡

 DECLARE
    bad_employee_num    EXCEPTION;             --। .
    bad_acct_num        EXCEPTION;             --। .
    . . .                                      --稥 ।
 BEGIN
    . . .                                      -- PL/SQL
 EXCEPTION
    WHEN bad_employee_num OR bad_acct_num THEN ROLLBACK;
    WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN                      --ᮡ  PL/SQL
        INSERT INTO inventory_table VALUES (product_name, quantity);
        COMMIT;
 END;


  ⠪: ࠡ⪠ 訡, declare, exception,
               ᮡ 樨  pl/sql, rollback, insert, commit,
               ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ ଠ⮢


                                    -- 63 --



 ᬮ,  ଠ   ᥫ   砥 १.


 SELECT TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'MM-DD-YY') hired,    HIRED    MONTHLY  ENAME
        TO_CHAR(sal, '$9999') monthly, ename    -----------------------
   FROM emp                                     06-09-89   $2450  CLARK
   WHERE sal >= 2000                            05-01-89   $2850  BLAKE
   ORDER BY sal;                                04-02-89   $2975  JONES
                                                01-05-89   $3000  SCOTT
                                                12-03-89   $3000  FORD
                                                11-17-89   $5000  KING


  ⠪: ଠ஢ , ଠ஢ ᥫ,
               䨪 ଠ, ८ࠧ, select, ਬ,
               .
@/
/@
ਬ GROUP BY

 뢮 ᠬ 쪮  ᠬ 让 ௫,  砥  ઠ  
  ⤥, ᠭ  ⠡ emp.
                                        DEPTNO  MIN(SAL)  MAX(SAL)
 SELECT deptno, MIN(sal), MAX(sal)      --------------------------
   FROM emp WHERE job = 'CLERK'             10      1300      1300
   GROUP BY deptno;                         20       800      1100
                                            30       950       950

 ᫨ 㦭  ଠ, ⮫쪮 ᫨
 ᠬ  ௫  ⤥  1000:
                                        DEPTNO  MIN(SAL)  MAX(SAL)
 SELECT deptno, MIN(sal), MAX(sal)      --------------------------
   FROM emp WHERE job = 'CLERK'             20       800      1100
   GROUP BY deptno                          30       950       950
   HAVING MIN(sal) < 1000;



  ⠪: group by, 㯯 㭪樨, select, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ 㯯 㭪権

  ᪮쪮 ਬ஢ ᯮ짮 㯯 㭪権:

 SELECT 12 * AVG(sal)              ।-      12*AVG(sal)
   FROM emp                         ௫-  -----------
   WHERE job = 'CLERK';            ᥪ३.             12450


 SELECT COUNT(comm) eligible      뢠 -     ELIGIBLE
   FROM emp;                      㦠, 㦨-    --------
                                   ६.                   4

 SELECT COUNT(*)                  뢠 -     COUNT(*)
   FROM emp                       㦠  . #20.    --------



                                    -- 64 --



   WHERE deptno = 20;             - COUNT(*) ⠥         5
                                  ⮫쪮 ப, 㤮-
                                  騥 ᫮ WHERE.


  ⠪: 㯯 㭪樨, , select, where, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ INSERT

  ଠ樨   㦠饬  ⠡ emp:

 INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
   VALUES(7979, 'POWERS', 'ANALYST', 7839, '1-JUN-89', 3600, NULL, 10);


 ⮡  ଠ  㣮 ⠡,  ᫥  -
 ᮬ ᯨ᮪ VALUES, ਬ:

 INSERT INTO bonus (ename, job, sal, comm)
   SELECT ename, job, sal, comm
     FROM emp
     WHERE ename = 'KING';



  ⠪: insert, , select, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ LIKE

 宦 㦠   䠬 (..    䠬ﬨ,  ࠧ-
 묨 ᮬ):

         SELECT ename
           FROM emp
           WHERE ename LIKE '%-%'
           ORDER BY ename;


 宦 㦠  䠬, 稭饩  㪢 'M':

          SELECT ename, job, deptno
            FROM emp
            WHERE ename LIKE 'M%';


  ⠪: like, select, order by, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ LOCK TABLE

   ਬ  LOCK TABLE 頥 믮    ⢨,
 ஬ ᮢ,    ⠡楩 emp.   NOWAIT   ⮬,   ᫨
 ⠡ ஢ 㣨 짮⥫,  ᫥ த 믮-
  ணࠬ,    ஢.



                                    -- 65 --



         LOCK TABLE emp IN EXCLUSIVE MODE NOWAIT;
         __࠭樨
         COMMIT;


  ᫥饬 ਬ ⠡ accounts     ࠧ  ०
 (SHARED),    믮 ,  頥 ,
   ࠭.

         LOCK TABLE accounts IN SHARE MODE;
         __࠭樨
         COMMIT;


  ⠪: lock table, , commit, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ NEXTVAL

 ।,   ᫥⥫쭮   custnoseq,  -
 ᠭ ᫥. ࠧ

   CREATE SEQUENCE custnoseq INCREMENT BY 10;

  ⠡ customer ()   ⮫栬 custno (),  fname () 
 lname (䠬).  祭 custnoseq.NEXTVAL ᯮ    ᮧ
 㭨쭮    ,  塞  ⠡.   
 㤥  10 , 祬 訩 騩  .

   INSERT INTO cust VALUES (custnoseq.NEXTVAL, 'Stanley', 'Daleson');

 ।,   ⠡ custbal  ⮫栬 custno  bal,
  믮 ਢ      
 㯫  , ⮫쪮  ᥭ  ⠡ customer.

   INSERT INTO custbal VALUES (custnoseq.CURRVAL, 144.12);


  ⠪: nextval, insert, ᫥⥫쭮, ᥢ⮫,
               ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ  祭

 㦠騥, ⮩ ६஢,  ⬥祭  祭  ⮫
 comm. ⮡  ᬮ 祭 ⮩ ६  㦠,   믮塞
 ᫥. :

     SELECT ename, comm, sal, deptno      ENAME   COMM   SAL  DEPTNO
       FROM emp                           --------------------------
       WHERE comm IS NOT NULL             MARTIN  1400  1250      30
       ORDER BY comm DESC;                WARD     500  1250      30
                                          ALLEN    300  1600      30
                                          TURNER     0  1500      30

 ,  ᥣ ᫥ ᯮ짮 IS  IS NOT. 樨 ࠢ-
  <>  =  祭 NULL ᥣ ࠡ뢠 FALSE ().


                                    -- 66 --



 ⮡    ⮫ ⮥ 祭 ᯮ  ᫥ 
  㣮 ,  ⠪:

     INSERT INTO emp VALUES (8905, 'POST', '', 7698,...);


  ⠪:  祭, select, insert, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ ᫥ 横 FOR

 DECLARE
    x   NUMBER := 100;
 BEGIN
    FOR i in 1..4 LOOP
       IF MOD(i,2) = 0 THEN                     --᫨ i ⭮
          INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i, x, ' ');
       ELSE
          INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i, x, ' ');
       END IF;
       x := x + 25;
    END LOOP;
    COMMIT;                     COL1   COL2    MESSAGE
 END;                           ------------------------------
                                   1    100     
 SQL>  SELECT * FROM temp          2    125     
         ORDER BY col1;            3    150     
                                   4    175     


  ⠪: ᫥ 横 for, number, if, insert, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ 筮 ᮥ

  ⠡ EMP  DEPT ( ᮥ)   祭
 ⤥ 30  40,  㦠騬   .
                                          ENAME  DEPTNO   DNAME
                                          --------------------------
 SELECT ename, deptno, dname                              OPERATIONS
   FROM emp, dept                         ALLEN      30   SALES
   WHERE dept.deptno = emp.deptno (+)     BLAKE      30   SALES
   AND dept.deptno IN (30, 40)            JAMES      30   SALES
   ORDER BY ename;                        MARTIN     30   SALES
                                          TURNER     30   SALES
                                          WARD       30   SALES



  ⠪: 筮 ᮥ, ᮥ, select, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ ᮢ

  ࠢ-     SELECT ename, sal, job     ENAME      SAL  JOB
   㦠      FROM emp                   -------------------------
   $5000     WHERE job = 'MANAGER'      KING      5000  PRESIDENT
    뢥  OR sal >= 5000             JONES     2975  MANAGER

                                    -- 67 --



  ᯨ᮪  -  ORDER BY sal DESC;         BLAKE     2850  MANAGER
  㬥襭                                  CLARK     2450  MANAGER
 .


 ᫨    SELECT ename, job, deptno  ENAME     JOB      DEPTNO
  ⤥ 㦠,  FROM emp                   -------------------------
  -  WHERE job IN ('ANALYST',   ADAMS     CLERK        20
  ⨪,     'CLERK', 'PRESIDENT')      FORD      ANALYST      20
 મ  १-  ORDER BY ename;            JAMES     CLERK        20
 .                                         KING      PRESIDENT    10
                                                ...


  ⠪: , select, from, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ  ROLLBACK

   ଠ樨  ࠡ⭮     ⠭  -
  祪 ࠭, ᢠ  㭨쭮 . ⮡ ⬥
 ⢨, ந     ᫥ ன 窨 ࠭,
  믮  ROLLBACK  㪠   窨.  -
 :

      UPDATE emp SET sal = 2000 WHERE ename = 'BLAKE';
      SAVEPOINT blakesal;
      UPDATE emp SET sal = 1500 WHERE ename = 'CLARK';
      SELECT SUM(sal) FROM emp;
      ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT blakesal;   --⬥  ଠ樨
      COMMIT;                           -- ௫ 㦠饣 Clark.



  ⠪: rollback, savepoint, update, commit, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ SELECT INTO

 DECLARE
    dept_rec       dept%ROWTYPE;
    name           emp.ename%TYPE;
    job_title      empjob%TYPE;
    wages          emp.sal%TYPE;
 BEGIN
    SELECT * INTO dept_rec
      FROM dept
      WHERE deptno = 20;
    SELECT ename, job, sal INTO name, job_title, wages
      FROM emp
      WHERE empno = 1440;
    ...          --⠫쭠  
 END;






                                    -- 68 --



  ⠪: select into, ਡ (%ROWTYPE, %TYPE), ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ ᯨ᪠ SELECT

  ᯨ᪥  SELECT  ⢮:


  -    ୠ⨢    SELECT ename, deptno "#", dname ""
      ⮫殢                 FROM emp...


  -  㯯 㭪樨:           SELECT 12 * AVG(sal + comm)
                                    FROM emp
                                    WHERE job = 'SALESMAN'


  -  㯯 㭪樨:         SELECT TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'YYYY'),
                                           INITCAP(ename), sal
                                    FROM emp...


  ⠪: ᯨ᮪ select, ୠ⨢ , select,
              㯯 㭪樨, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ SET TRANSACTION

       ࢥ -      
 ࠡ  ⥩஢.   ⮣ ᯮ ⠪ ᫥⥫쭮
 ஢:

         COMMIT;
         SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY;
         SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ship;
         SELECT COUNT(*) FROM container;
         COMMIT;

 ᫥  COMMIT 㦨   襭  ࠭樨  ⨯  READ
 ONLY.

    SELECT   ६ ࠭樨 ⨯ READ ONLY (⮫쪮 -
 ) 롨ࠥ    "⠫쭮 ᭨"  ,   
 , ᨬ 㣨 짮⥫ﬨ.


  ⠪: set transaction, 㯯 㭪樨, commit, ਬ,
               .
@/
/@
ਬ 権  ⢠

 ।,    ⠡ ⨯ emp  㦭   ⠡ emp -
 ,   ⠪  ,     ,   -
      ઠ.




                                    -- 69 --



                    SELECT ename, job, sal
                       FROM emp
                       WHERE sal IN
                           (SELECT sal
                               FROM belmont
                               WHERE ename = 'SCOTT'
                    UNION
                    SELECT sal
                       FROM chicago
                       WHERE ename = 'JONES'
                    UNION
                    SELECT sal
                       FROM new_york
                       WHERE ename = 'SMITH');

 , ᯮ騥   UNION, INTERSECT  MINUS 
   - ⮫殢.   ᮮ. ⮫殢  ࠧ-
    ᮢ.

  ⠪: 樨  ⢠, select, , ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ ⮣ ᮥ

  祭 ᯨ᪠ 㤭,   $3000  ,  㪠-
  ,  ⤥   ⮭宦,  ᯮ㥬 ⮥ ᮥ-
 .

 SELECT ename, sal, dname, loc       ENAME   SAL   DNAME       LOC
   FROM emp, dept                    ----------------------------------
   WHERE emp.deptno = dept.deptno    KING   5000   ACCOUNTING  NEW YORK
   AND sal >= 3000;                  SCOTT  3000   RESEARCH    DALLAS
                                     FORD   3000   RESEARCH    DALLAS


 ⮡  ࠭   㦠饣, :

                                            ENAME   JOB     GRADE   SAL
 SELECT ename, job, grade, sal              ---------------------------
   FROM emp, salgrade                       ADAMS   CLERK       1  1100
   WHERE sal BETWEEN losal AND hisal        ALLEN   SALESMAN    3  1600
   ORDER BY ename                           BLAKE   MANAGER     4  2850
                                            CLARK   MANAGER     4  2450

  ⠪: ⮥ ᮥ, select, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ 

       ⤥    
 ᠬ ᮪ ⠢  .

    UPDATE emp
       SET sal = (SELECT MAX(sal) FROM emp)
       WHERE JOB = 'MANAGER'
         AND DEPTNO IN (SELECT deptno FROM dept WHERE loc = 'DALLAS');



                                    -- 70 --



 ᫨   ⮫쪮  祭,    ࠢ    
 ᯮ   '='.  ᫨      -
 ,   '=' ᫥  ᫮ IN.

 ⮡ ᬮ ᯨ᮪ ७ 㤭,     ࠡ-
 , :

    SELECT empno, ename
      FROM emp
      WHERE (job, ename) = (SELECT job, ename FROM bonus);


  ⠪: , update, select, where, ࠢ, ਬ,
               .
@/
/@
ਬ WHERE CURRENT OF

  ਢ   楤    몥 PL/SQL  ⬥⪨  ⠡
  today, ⠭  稢 権  status = DONE (ᤥ-
  ).    ⢨  믮,   ਬ,   ⠡楩
  ⮢ ᮢ    .

          DECLARE
            CURSOR c1 IS SELECT action, acct FROM today
               FOR UPDATE OF status;
            the_action   today.act%TYPE;
            acct_num     today.acct%TYPE;
          BEGIN
            OPEN c1;
            LOOP
              FETCH c1 INTO the_action, acct_num;
                EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND;
              ...       --, 믮騥 - ⢨
              UPDATE today SET status = 'done'
                WHERE CURRENT OF c1;
            END LOOP;
            CLOSE c1;
            COMMIT;
          END;

  ⠪: where current of, , declare, for update of, open,
               loop, fetch, exit plsql, update, ਬ, .
@/
/@
ਬ WHILE

 ।,   䮭 ࠡ⭮   㦠   $
 50 000    ய樮쭮 㢥    .  -
    ਬ 横 ᫥⥫쭮 㢥稢   
  10%   ,    㬬   ⠭ ࠢ   -
  $50 000.

          DECLARE
             total_sal    NUMBER(5);
          BEGIN
             SELECT SUM(sal) INTO total_sal FROM emp;
             WHILE total_sal < 50000 LOOP

                                    -- 71 --



                UPDATE emp SET sal = sal * 1.10;
                SELECT SUM(sal) INTO total_sal FROM emp;
             END LOOP;
          END;


  ⠪: 横 while, declare, number, select into, update, ਬ,
               .
@/
/@
ਬ

 ⮡ ᬮ  ਬ    ।  ⥬ ᪠,   HELP
 EXAMPLE _⥬.  ⮡ 㢨  騥  ਬ,     HELP
 EXAM. ᮪  ਬ஢ ਫ. ࠧ  ᪮ ਢ 
 ⢥ ᭥  ᯨ,     .

 ਬ connect by ( start with)
 ਬ ८ࠧ (㭪樨)
 ਬ ᮮ. 
 ਬ for  ஬ (横)
 ਬ ஢ ( insert into)
 ਬ ⨯  (ࠬ)
 ਬ ࠡ⪨  (䬥᪮)
 ਬ delete ( rowid)
 ਬ ࠡ⪨ 訡
 ਬ ଠ஢ (ᥫ  )
 ਬ group by ( having)
 ਬ 㯯 㭪権
 ਬ insert
 ਬ like ()
 ਬ lock table
 ਬ nextval ( currval)
 ਬ null ( 祭)
 ਬ ᫥ for (横  if)
 ਬ 筮 ᮥ
 ਬ 
 ਬ rollback ( 窨 ࠭)
 ਬ ᯨ᪠ select
 ਬ select into
 ਬ ஢ 
 ਬ set transaction (read only)
 ਬ ⮣ ᮥ
 ਬ 
 ਬ where current of
 ਬ while (横)
  
     
  ⠪:  select, , .
@/
/@
 ࠦ

   ࠦ          - 몠 SQL
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ⮫, ⠭,   ⠡.⮫, ⠡.ROWID, ROWNUM, ⥪,
   ᯥ. 祭    number, sequence.NEXTVAL, sequence.CURRVAL, NULL,
                        LEVEL, SYSDATE, UID, USER

                                    -- 72 --



  ६ 裡      :६
  ॡ 㭪樨  _-樨(DISTINCT  ALL ࠦ,
                            ࠦ...)

  ⠭       (ࠦ), +ࠦ, -ࠦ,
  ࠦ             PRIOR ࠦ, ࠦ*ࠦ,
                        ࠦ/ࠦ, ࠦ+ࠦ,
                        ࠦ-ࠦ, ࠦ||ࠦ

  ᮪ ࠦ     (ࠦ1, ࠦ2, ࠦ3,
  ᪮                   ࠦ4,...)
  
 
  ⠪: ࠦ, nextval, ᥢ⮫, .
@/
/@
ࠦ

 ࠦﬨ  몥 SQL 뢠 ᮢ㯭 ࠫ,  ६ 
 ⠭, ᮥ  ࠬ,  믮騬      -
 ⢨. 祭,  饥  १ ᫥ ࠦ, -
     ⨯ ,   - ࠦ.

     ࠦ  ᯮ짮:
        -   ᯨ᪥  SELECT
        -   ᫮ ᫥ । WHERE  HAVING
        -   । CONNECT BY, START WITH  ORDER BY
        -   । VALUE  INSERT
        -   । SET  UPDATE

     冷 ᫥ (設⢮ 権)
           1:  -, 祭  ᪮
           2:    ⥯
           3:   
           4:  㬭  
           5:  ᫮, ⠭  ⥭

  ⠪:  ࠦ, ࠫ, ६, ᯨ᮪ 
               select, where, ᫮, connect by, order by, insert,
               update, .
@/
/@
FETCH
                          ( )
                                                           PL/SQL

 FETCH _ INTO _६1, _६2,...;
 FETCH _ INTO _;

  FETCH  । ப      ᠭ  
 ⮣      頥  :

  - INTO _६:  ᯨ᮪  (᪠)  ६. 
    祭 ⮫  ᮮ⢥⢮  ६   -
      ⨯  (  ᮢ⨬, ⮬᪨ ८ࠧ-
     ⨯).



                                    -- 73 --



  - INTO _: ६  ࠭ , ᠭ  
    %ROWTYPE.

  祭 ⢠ ப   ᯮ짮 横 FOR  -
 ஬.  ⠪ 砥  㤥 室 뢠 (OPEN), 
  (FETCH)  뢠 (CLOSE)    ப.


  ⠪: ਬ ஢, ,  ८ࠧ,
               ਡ, 横 for  ஬, .
@/
/@
FOR UPDATE OF
                              (⮡ )
                                                          । SQL
 SELECT list  FROM...
    FOR UPDATE OF ⮫, ⮫,...          --易⥫ - 
    NOWAIT;                                       ⮫



 ஢ FOR UPDATE OF "ࠥ" 祭 ப ⠡ । -
    ᪮쪨  ஢  UPDATE...WHERE.   ⠫
 짮⥫  ᬮ ஢    ப   ,
     ᢮ ࠬ COMMIT  ROLLBACK.  ।-
  FOR   UPDATE  OF    ᯮ짮 ⠪   ࠬ INSERT 
 DELETE.

  FOR UPDATE OF  ᯮ짮   ﬨ   -
 ⢠,  㭪ﬨ     ࠧ DISTINCT, GROUP BY, UNION,
 INTERSECT  MINUS.

  NOWAIT 맮 ய ,  ᫨      ࠭
 ப ஢  㣨 짮⥫ (   -
 ஢).


  ⠪: ਬ delete, select, update, commit, rollback, insert,
               delete, , .
@/
/@
FROM
                                    ()
                                                          । SQL
 SELECT ᯨ᮪
    FROM ⠡ WHERE...                     -- SELECT ॡ FROM
    ...

 DELETE FROM ⠡ WHERE...                --FROM  WHERE 易⥫
    ...

    FROM .⠡ _ @__,...       --ࠬ  SELECT
    ...                                                  DELETE

 । FROM ।,    ⠡  ⠡  
  ( SELECT),     ⠡   ப (-



                                    -- 74 --



  DELETE).  ᫨ ⠡ ਭ  ,   ᫥ 㪠 
  .  __ ᯮ  饭  ⠡栬,  室-
 騬  㤠 .


  ⠪: ਬ , ᯨ᮪  select, delete,
               . 짮⥫, , 裡, 㤠 , select,
               .
@/
/@


 , ᯮ㥬 SQL*Plus

  SQL*Plus   뢠    䠩.  ஬ ⮣,
   뢠  䠩 १ ⮢ ( ..  -䠩). -
 ᪠    -䠩   樮  -
 ⥬ 襩 .  ஢     ᮮ.  -
 樮 ⥬.


   믮 

      SQL,  PL/SQL  SQL*Plus ᫥   ⢥  ਣ-
     
       SQL>
     
     SQL*Plus ࠭    SQL   PL/SQL  ᢮
      (..   SQL).   , ᫨ , ᮧ -
     ⥫   ࠭ .


  ⠪: , , .
@/
/@
ଠ஢ 

                祭  TO_CHAR
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   CC  SCC            -  ..
   YYYY  SYYYY        -  ..
   YYY  YY  Y    ᫥ 3,2,1  
   Y,YYY                 ⮩  㪠 
   YEAR  SYEAR      ந襭 
   AD  BC             .. -- AD (anno Domini)  BC
                       (before Christ)
   A.D.  B.C.       A.D.  B.C.
   AM  PM            ਤ
   A.M.  P.M.        ਤ  窠
   HH  HH12          (1-12)
   HH24                 (0-23)
   MI                   (00-59)
   SS                  㭤 (00-59)
   SSSSS               ᫮ ᥪ㭤 ᫥ 㭮 (0-86399)
   Q                   ⠫ (1-4)
   MM                   (01-12)
   MONTH                 (  - 9 ᨬ)
   MON                 3- 㪢   ()

                                    -- 75 --



   WW                    (1-52)
   W                     (1-5)
   DDD                   (1-366)
   DD                    (1-31)
   D                      () (1-7)
   DAY                   (  - 9 ᨬ)
   DY                  3- 㪢 ᮪饭   ()
   J                   ᪠ : ᫮    1 
                       4712 .  ..


  ⠪: 䨪 ଠ, ८ࠧ (㭪樨),
               ଠ஢ ᥫ, .
@/
/@
䨪 ଠ

 䨪 ॣ 㪢  SQL:
                         MON = APRIL     Mon = April     mon = april
                         DAY = FRIDAY    Day = Friday    day = friday

          
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   fm            䨪, 뢠騩   ஡ 
                 ଠ MONTH   ,  ਢ  祭
                 १. ப ६ .   ⠥ 
                 ᨫ   ᫥饣 ᯮ짮 fm, ⠭-
                 饣  ஡.

   TH            ந ᫨⥫쭮 (DDth  5th)

   SP            ந襭 ᫠ (ddSP  )

   THSP, SPTH    ந襭 ᫨⥫쭮 (DdthSP  Fifth)

   'string'      ⠢ ப  १.


  ⠪: ଠ஢ , 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ ,
               date (⨯_), .
@/
/@
ଠ஢ ᥫ

  ࠬ ८ࠧ TO_CHAR  ᯮ짮  ᫥.   
 ᠭ ଠ  SQL.

   ਬ     ᠭ
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 9        99999      ᫮ ⮪  ਭ .
 0        099        뢥 । ᫮ 騥 㫨.
 $        $999       । ᫮ 뢥   ($).
 B        B99        ࠦ 㫨  ஡,    '0'.
 MI       999MI      뢥  ᫥ ⥫쭮 ᫠.
 PR       999PR       ⥫쭮 ᫮  㣫 ᪮
                     (<123>).
 ,        9,999      뢥   㪠 ࠧ拉.
 .        9.999      뢥   㪠 ࠧ拉.

                                    -- 76 --



 V        99V99       祭  10 ⮫쪮 ࠧ, ᪮쪮 
                     ⮪ ᫥ 'V'.
 E        9.99EEEE   뢥 ᫮  ᯮ樠쭮 ଠ.
 DATE     DATE       뢠   ᫥  ( ଠ
                     //).



  ⠪: ८ࠧ (㭪樨), ଠ஢ , .
@/
/@
GOTO
                                 (३ )
                                                           PL/SQL
 <<_⪨>>
 ...
 ...
 GOTO _⪨;

  GOTO  ।  ࠢ   ,  ᫥騩 ᫥ ⪨
 <<_⪨>>.

 <<_⪨>>  室  ⮬   ஢,   GOTO. 
 横 LOOP     ⢫ IF  GOTO 맮 室  _3
 쪮 ᫨ <<⪠_3>> 室  LOOP  IF.

 <<_⪨>>   㭨  .  騥    
 㯮ॡ  ࠧ    .


  ⠪: ਬ, loop, if, , 䨪, , .
@/
/@
GRANT
                                ()
                                                              SQL

  GRANT  ᯮ짮  ⨦ 3- 楫:
   1)  ।⠢  㯠  ;
   2)  ।⠢  㯠   ࠭ (
      ⠪ 㪠 ।쭮 -  ࠭⢠  
      짮⥫);
   3)  ।⠢  㯠  ꥪ⠬  (⨯ ⠡,
      ।⠢ , ஢ ᫥⥫쭮⥩  ..).

 * 1- 楫*

 GRANT ࠢ__, ࠢ__,...
     TO _짮⥫, _짮⥫,...
     IDENTIFIED BY ஫, ஫,...

  ଠ   GRANT  ।⠢ 짮⥫ (짮-
 ⥫)      .    
  .    ᢮ ஫.  㣨 権  
 GRANT 㦭  ࠢ DBA.

     ࠢ__
         ।⠢塞 ࠢ: CONNECT, RESOURCE / DBA.

                                    -- 77 --



     ஫
         ஫  ᮮ.   . ᫨ GRANT ᯮ  -
         ⠢ ⥫ ࠢ 㦥 饬 .,  -
         ஫  .  ᫨ ᯮ ᪮쪮  .  
         ஫  1- ஫  ⭮  1- ,  2- -- 
         2-  ..

 ।⠢ ࠢ CONNECT ॣ     .  -
  ⮬ 짮⥫ ᮥ  ,  㫨஢  ꥪ⠬
     ᮮ. ࠢ  ᮧ ।⠢ , ᨭ-
   裡  㤠묨 .

 ࠢ RESOURCE  ࠧ蠥 짮⥫ ᮧ   ࠧ ꥪ,
  ⠡, ,   ᫥⥫쭮.

 ࠢ DBA  짮⥫     ࠢ,  -
  筮 ॡ  ᯮ짮 ꥪ⮢ .  짮⥫  -
  DBA ⠪  믮 ࠧ ⨢ ⢨,  ⨯
 CREATE TABLESPACE  (ᮧ  ࠭)   CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
 (ᮧ ᥣ ⪠).

 * 2- 楫*

 GRANT RESOURCE  K | M
     ON _࠭
     TO PUBLIC | ., .,...

  ଠ  GRANT   ࠭ 㯭   -
 ⥫.   ⠪ 㪠 ।쭮 - ࠭⢠,  ஥
  ᯮ짮  짮⥫.

     RESOURCE
          짮⥫ ࠢ ᮧ ꥪ  㪠 
         ࠭

      K  M
         - ⮢      ࠭,  ஥  ᯮ짮
         짮⥫. ᫨   ࠭稢  㦭,  㪠 
         ᫥ . ⮡ ⮡ ࠢ RESOURCE, 㪠  =
         0. K 砥,      ( x 1024), M
         -- --    ( x 1 048 576).

     TO PUBLIC  ., .,...
          ࠢ RESOURCE ᥬ (PUBLIC)  ⮫쪮 ᫥ -
         ⥫.

 * 3- 楫*

 GRANT ࠢ__ꥪ, ࠢ__ꥪ,... | ALL
     ON .ꥪ
     TO PUBLIC | , ,...
     WITH GRANT OPTION

   GRANT     ꥪ⠬  ⨯  ⠡,
 ।⠢   ᫥⥫쭮⥩).  ⮡ 믮 ⠪ -
      楬 㪠 ꥪ,     
  ࠢ GRANT OPTION,   ࠢ DBA.


                                    -- 78 --



     ࠢ__ꥪ, ࠢ__ꥪ,...
          ⠡,  :
            ALTER, DELETE, INDEX, INSERT, REFERENCES, SELECT, UPDATE
          ।. ,  :
            DELETE, INSERT, SELECT, or UPDATE
          ᫥⥫쭮⥩:
            ALTER  SELECT

         ࠢ UPDATE  ࠭   ।-
          ⮫殢. ⠪  ⮬ 砥 ᫥騩:
            GRANT UPDATE ⮫, ⮫,...

     ALL PRIVILEGES
         ।⠢   ࠢ   ꥪ.

     WITH GRANT OPTION
          ., 稢襬 (稢訬) 㪠 ࠢ, -
         ⠢  㣨 .

  ⠪: alter user, revoke, create sequence, dba, , .
@/
/@
GROUP BY ( HAVING)
                                                          । SQL

 SELECT cgbcjr...                       --ॡ ⮫쪮  ࠦ
   FROM ⠡, ⠡...             --ॡ. ⮫쪮  ⠡
   WHERE ᫮                        --易⥫쭮
   GROUP BY ࠦ, ࠦ,...    --ॡ ⮫쪮  ࠦ
   HAVING ᫮                       --易⥫쭮

  ᯮ짮 । GROUP BY  SELECT    -
    ࠭ 㯯 ப  ⮣ ப.   - 
 ᯨ᪥ ᫥ SELECT :

     -  ⠭⮩  㭪樥  ࠬ஢ (⨯ SYSDATE);
         
     -  -⮬, ᮤঠ騬 㯯 - (⨯ SUM, COUNT,  MAX);
         
     - ᮮ⢥⢮ ࠦ  GROUP BY.

 ᫮ HAVING ।,   㯯, ࠭  GROUP BY, 
  १.


  ⠪: ਬ group by, ᯨ᮪ select, ࠦ, ᫮,
               㯯 㭪樨, select, , .
@/
/@
㯯 㭪樨

 㯯 -樨 몠 SQL ந ᫥   㯯  ப.   
  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮    .

 AVG(D|A ࠦ)         । 䬥᪮ 祭
                           ࠦ  ப.



                                    -- 79 --



 COUNT(D|A ࠦ)       - ப,   'ࠦ'
                            .
 COUNT(*)                    - ப,  
                           祭.

 MAX(D|A ࠦ)        室 ᨬ쭮 . ࠦ.  ப.
 MIN(D|A ࠦ)        室 쭮 . ࠦ.  ப.

 STDDEV(D|A ࠦ)      ⠭⭮ ⪫.
 SUM(D|A ࠦ)         㬬 ࠦ  ப.
 VARIANCE(D|A ࠦ)    ᯥ ࠦ  ப

 D|A = DISTINCT  ALL (ࠧ㬥 ALL).  祭 (NULL) 
 ᫥  (஬ -樨 COUNT(*)).

  ⠪: ਬ ᯮ짮 㯯 㭪権, ,
                ᨬ 㭪樨,  ᫮ -樨,
               ८ࠧ, 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ , ⨪ 訡,
               稥 㭪樨, ਬ, , .
@/
/@
HAVING ( GROUP BY)
                                                          । SQL

 SELECT ᯨ᮪...                        --㦭    ࠦ
   FROM ⠡, ⠡...              --㦭    ⠡
   WHERE ᫮                         -- 易⥫쭮
   GROUP BY ࠦ, ࠦ,...     --㦭    ࠦ
   HAVING ᫮                        -- 易⥫쭮

  ᫮ ᫥ ᫮ HAVING ।,  㯯 GROUP BY  -
  祭.

  ᯮ짮 । GROUP BY,  SELECT   -
   ࠭ 㯯 ப  ⮣ ப.   -  
 ᯨ᪥ ᫥ SELECT :


     -  ⠭⮩  㭪樥  ࠬ஢ (⨯ SYSDATE);
         
     -  -⮬, ᮤঠ騬 㯯 - (⨯ SUM, COUNT,  MAX);
         
     - ᮮ⢥⢮ ࠦ  GROUP BY.


  ⠪: ਬ group by, ᯨ᮪ select, ࠦ, ᫮,
               㯯 㭪樨, select, , .
@/
/@
HELP
                                  ()

 HELP [⥬] | help

  HELP 㦨  뢮  ࠭ ଠ樨    
 SQL*Plus, SQL   PL/SQL.  祭 ଠ樨  HELP, ஡,
   (  ) ⥬   [].


                                    -- 80 --



 ᫨   ⮫쪮   ⥬,    ࠭    䠢⭮
 浪 뢥 ⥪   ᥬ ⥬  宦 . -
 , ᫨    HELP SE,    ࠭  ᫥⥫쭮  
 ᠭ ஢ SELECT, SELECT INTO   SET.

     ...         ...
     --------------------------------------------------------------
     help menu          ⥬,    
     help commands     ᯨ᮪  SQL*Plus, SQL  PL/SQL
     help comm         ᭥  ࠬ comment  commit
     help help          ࠭
     help ਬ      ᯨ᮪ ਬ஢
@/
/@
IF
                                  (᫨)
                                                           PL/SQL

 IF ᫮_1 THEN
    ᫥⥫쭮_஢;

    ELSIF ᫮_2 THEN
       ᫥⥫쭮_஢;

    ELSIF ᫮_3 THEN
       ᫥⥫쭮_஢;...

    ELSE ᫥⥫쭮_஢;

 ENDIF;

  IF    ᫮_1  ,   ᫨  ⨭ ( 祭
 TRUE),   㤥 믮 ᫥⥫쭮_஢.     ⨢
 砥 ࠢ ।   ELSIF,  ⠪  ࠧ
 ࠡ뢠 ᫮_2,  ..   ELSE,  ᫥⥫쭮
 _஢ 㤥  믮 ⮫쪮 ᫨  ᫮  IF  ELSIF .


  ⠪: ਬ ᫥ for, ᫮, 㫥 ࠢ, end,
                祭, , .
@/
/@
INSERT
                                 ()
                                                              SQL

 INSERT INTO _⠡/।⠢ (⮫, ⮫,...) --ᯨ᮪
    VALUES(祭, 祭,...);                          ⮫殢
                                                             易⥫
 INSERT INTO _⠡/।⠢ (⮫, ⮫,...) SELECT...;

  INSERT  ।祭    ப  ⠡  ।-
 ⠢ .    ᯨ᪥ ⮫殢   ᫥  
 浪.   ⮫,   㪠  ᯨ᪥,   ⮥ 祭.
  ⮫  ਧ NOT NULL   㪠    ।-
 騥   祭.



                                    -- 81 --



  । VALUES   祭 ⮫殢  -
 塞 ப.  㪠 ⮫   ᮮ.  祭
  । VALUES.   祭  ⮫   ᮢ-
 ⨬  ८ࠧ㥬.  祭 ⨯ CHAR  DATE     -
  窨 ('').

 ⮡   ப  㣮 ⠡ ᫥ ᯮ짮 .
  SELECT  ⮬    祭   
 ᫥ ⮫.

  ⠪: ਬ insert, ਬ for  ஬,  sql%,
                祭, , , .
@/
/@
䨪

 䨪ࠬ 뢠  ,  ᢠ ६  ⠭-
 ⠬, ⠡栬,  ।. , ⮫栬, ᠬ  稬 ꥪ⠬ .
 䨪    稭  ⨭᪮ 㪢     30
 ᨬ. 䨪     ⨭᪨ 㪢,   ᨬ-
  $ _  #. 䨪   ᮤঠ ஡  ᮢ  -
  祢 ᫮ SQL  PL/SQL.   㪢  (..   ய-
 /)   祭.

 ᫨ 䨪  祭   窨 ("Id"),     ᮢ 
 祢 ᫮  ᮤঠ  ᨬ,   ஡. 䨪-
   ⤥   㣠    ஡  -
  ९.

                           
         -------------      -------------------------------------
         Balance_Due        BALANCE DUE        ᮤন ஡
         client_1           1st_client         稭  
         "row"              row                祢 ᫮
         largest_$          $largest           稭   㪢


  ⠪: ६, , ࠢ , 祢 ᫮,
               .
@/
/@
 ८ࠧ

 PL/SQL    ८ࠧ ⨯  ६  ॡ㥬
 ⥬  맮 -権 TO_NUMBER, TO_CHAR  TO_DATE. ਬ:

    ᢠ (CHAR  NUMBER  DATE, NUMBER  DATE  CHAR)
        ६ := ࠦ
        INSERT INTO ⠡ VALUES...
        UPDATE ⠡ SET ⮫ = ࠦ...
        SELECT ࠦ INTO ६ FROM...

    ᫥ ࠦ (CHAR  NUMBER, CHAR  DATE)
         ࠦ          :  bal + '44'
        㫥 ࠦ           : bonus > salary / '20'
        -樨  맮 楤    : MOD(counter, '3')
        ᫮  । WHERE: WHERE hiredate = '15-MAR-89'


                                    -- 82 --



  ८ࠧ  CHAR  DATE ॡ ப   --.


  ⠪: ८ࠧ (㭪樨), ࠦ, where, .
@/
/@
䠢 㪠⥫

  HELP,  ஡   (  ) ⥬.,  ன
    ᪠.


                     
                     䠢 㪠⥫
                     䬥᪨ 
                     ਡ
                     ਡ 

                     
                     㫥 ࠢ
                     
                            
                      ࠦ
                     ࠦ

                     㯯 㭪樨
                     
                     ॢ 

                     
                     १ࢨ஢ ᫮
                     
                     䨪
                     䨪 짮⥫
                     筮 ᮥ

                     
                     
                     ਨ
                      SQL%
                     

                     ᪨ 
                     ࠫ
                     
                     䨪 ଠ
                     
                     
                      ८ࠧ
                     
                     ࠭祭
                     
                     ࠡ⪠ 訡
                      LIKE
                      ࠡ⪨ 
                      ࠢ
                     ᮡ 樨  PL/SQL


                                    -- 83 --



                     ࠬ
                     
                     ⠭
                     ६
                     ࠢ 
                     ।
                     ।⠢ 
                     ਬ SELECT
                     ਬ CONNECT BY
                     ਬ DELETE
                     ਬ FOR  ஬
                     ਬ GROUP BY
                     ਬ INSERT
                     ਬ LIKE
                     ਬ LOCK TABLE
                     ਬ NEXTVAL
                     ਬ ROLLBACK
                     ਬ SELECT INTO
                     ਬ SET TRANSACTION
                     ਬ WHERE CURRENT OF
                     ਬ WHILE
                     ਬ 㯯 㭪権
                     ਬ 
                     ਬ 筮 ᮥ
                     ਬ ஢
                     ਬ ࠡ⪨ 訡
                     ਬ 
                     ਬ ஢ ࠡ⪨ 
                     ਬ ८ࠧ
                     ਬ ⮣ ᮥ
                     ਬ  祭
                     ਬ ᯨ᪠ SELECT
                     ਬ ᮮ⭮饣 
                     ਬ ⨯ 
                     ਬ ଠ⮢
                     ਬ 㭪権 ࠡ⪨ 
                     ਬ ᫥ FOR
                     ਬ
                     稥 
                     稥 㭪樨
                     ᥢ⮫
                     ᫥⥫쭮
                      ᨬ 㭪樨
                      ᫥ 㭪樨
                      祭

                     ⥫
                     । 

                     裡
                     
                     
                      
                     ⭮騩 

                     
                     ࠭樨


                                    -- 84 --



                      
                     ᫮
                     ॢ訥 

                     
                     ଠ  
                     ଠ஢ ᥫ
                     ଠ஢ 
                     㭪樨 ஢ 訡
                     㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ 
                     㭪樨 ८ࠧ

                      FOR  ஬
                     

                     ᫥ 横 FOR

                     / ( )
                     @ (᪮ "")
                     ACCEPT
                     ALTER CLUSTER
                     ALTER DATABASE
                     ALTER INDEX
                     ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
                     ALTER SEQUENCE
                     ALTER TABLE
                     ALTER TABLESPACE
                     ALTER USER
                     APPEND
                     AUDIT
                     BEGIN
                     BOOLEAN
                     BREAK
                     BTITLE
                     CHANGE
                     CHAR
                     CLEAR
                     CLOSE
                     COLUMN
                     COMMENT
                     COMMIT
                     COMPUTE
                     CONNECT
                     CONNECT BY
                     COPY
                     CREATE CLUSTER
                     CREATE DATABASE
                     CREATE DB LINK
                     CREATE INDEX
                     CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
                     CREATE SEQUENCE
                     CREATE SYNONYM
                     CREATE TABLE
                     CREATE TABLESPACE
                     CREATE VIEW
                     DATE
                     DBA
                     DECLARE

                                    -- 85 --



                     DECLARE CURSOR
                     DEFINE
                     DEL
                     DELETE
                     DESCRIBE
                     DISCONNECT
                     DROP CLUSTER
                     DROP DATABASE LINK
                     DROP INDEX
                     DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
                     DROP SEQUENCE
                     DROP SYNONYM
                     DROP TABLE
                     DROP TABLESPACE
                     DROP VIEW
                     EDIT
                     END
                     EXCEPTION
                     EXIT
                     EXIT PL/SQL
                     FETCH
                     FOR UPDATE OF
                     FROM
                     GET
                     GOTO
                     GRANT
                     GROUP BY
                     HAVING
                     HELP
                     HOST
                     IF
                     INPUT
                     INSERT
                     LIST
                     LOCK TABLE
                     LONG
                     LONG RAW
                     LOOP
                     NEXTVAL
                     NOAUDIT
                     NOWAIT
                     NULL
                     NUMBER
                     OPEN
                     ORDER BY
                     PAUSE
                     PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT
                     PROMPT
                     QUIT
                     RAISE
                     RAW
                     REMARK
                     RENAME
                     REVOKE
                     ROLLBACK
                     RUN
                     RUNFORM
                     SAVE

                                    -- 86 --



                     SAVEPOINT
                     SELECT
                     SELECT INTO
                     SET
                     SET TRANSACTION
                     SHOW
                     SPOOL
                     SQLPLUS
                     SQL  PL/SQL
                     START
                     START WITH
                     TIMING
                     TOPICS
                     TTITLE
                     UNDEFINE
                     UPDATE
                     VALIDATE INDEX
                     WHENEVER SQLERROR
                     WHERE
                     WHERE CURRENT OF
                     WHILE


   ⠪: select, ਬ select, ਬ, 䠢 㪠⥫,
                , .
@/
/@


 SELECT ⮫, ⠡.⮫, ...          --'⠡.' 易⥫쭠
   FROM ⠡1, ⠡2, ...
   WHERE ⠡1.⮫1 = ⠡2.⮫1 --। WHERE -
                                                 ⥫쭮


  ᮥ     ஢ ப 
    ⠡ ६.     १    祭
 ப  ᮤঠ   ࠧ ⠡. । WHERE 
 冷 ⠢ ப.

 ᫨  ⮫   ᪮쪨  ᮥ塞  ⠡,
  ।    室 㪠뢠  ⠡.  ਬ,  ⮫ sal
 ⠡ emp:
     emp.sal

 ⮥ ᮥ   ப   ⠡.  
  ⮫쪮  ப,    祭 ⮫殢 ⢥ ᫮  
 । WHERE.   ᫨ । WHERE ,    祭 
 ப.   ਬ, ᮥ  WHERE 2 ⠡  300 ப , 
 稬 90 000 ப --    ,   㦭.


  ⠪: ਬ ⮣ ᮥ, select, where,
               ਬ select, .
@/
/@



                                    -- 87 --



 ࢨ 箬 (PRIMARY KEY)  뢠   ᪮쪮  ⮫殢,
 ।祭  筮 䨪樨 ப  ⠡.  祭
 ࢨ 祩        .

 譨 箬 (FOREIGN KEY)  뢠 ⮫,   ᮤঠ騩  祭
 ࢨ筮    㣮  ⠡.  譨   ਭ ⮥
 祭.   ਬ,  ᫨ ⮫ DEPTNO  ࢨ  箬  
 ⠡ DEPT,  ⮫ DEPTNO  ⠡ EMP 㤥 譨 箬, ..
  ᮤন 뫪  DEPTNO ⠡ EMP.

   (UNIQUE KEY)   ᥬ 祭 ࢨ筮,  ᪫-
  ⮣,      ।砥  ᯥ祭 㭨쭮 
 , ਬ,   ⥫䮭   ⥫᪨ ࠢ. ࢨ-
         ᮤঠ   ଠ樨,   㦨
 ⮫쪮  䨪樨 ப.  ⠡   ᪮쪮 ࢨ
 祩.


  ⠪: ⠡, create table, alter table,  祭, .
@/
/@
 LIKE

 SELECT...
    WHERE ᨬ LIKE 'ࠧ'
    ...

  SQL  LIKE ࠢ ப 'ᨬ'  ࠧ殬.   ࠧ 
 ᯮ짮 ᨬ %  _.
               
          % ( 業)  ᮮ.  ᨬ  ⮩ ப
          _ (ન)  ᮮ.  筮 ᨬ.


  ࠫ     ('ABC').   ࠢ-
  뢠 ॣ 㪢 (ய/).

 ࠦ...           맮 祭...          ...
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 lname LIKE 'S_ile%'    Smile, Stiles, Skilerson      smile, Samiler
 title LIKE '%ager'     Manager, dowager,  pager      MANAGER, agent


  ⠪: ਬ like, ࠢ (), ࠦ, .
@/
/@
LOCK TABLE
                          (஢ ⠡)
                                                              SQL

 LOCK TABLE .⠡, .⠡...   --. 易⥫
   IN ० MODE NOWAIT;                      --NOWAIT 易⥫쭮

  LOCK TABLE ࠭稢     ᪮쪨 ⠡栬.

                                
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 SHARE                 , ஢    ஢, ,

                                    -- 88 --



                        ० SHARE         㤠
 EXCLUSIVE             ⮫쪮           稥 樨
 ROW SHARE             ७⭮ ᯮ.  ஢ ᥩ ⠡
 ROW EXCLUSIVE         ७⭮ ᯮ.  .  ० SHARE
 SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE                   .  ० SHARE,
                                              .

  ⠥  ஢    殮  ᥩ 樨 DELETE,
 INSERT  UPDATE.   ஢  ᭨    믮  COMMIT  
 ROLLBACK. ᫨  ⠡ 㦥 ஢ 㣨 짮⥫,  -
  NOWAIT 㤨  ࠢ (    ᢮  ⠡-
 ).

  ⠪: ਬ lock table, , delete, insert, update, commit,
               nowait, rollback, savepoint, ଠ , , .
@/
/@
LONG

 LONG                   --⮫쪮  SQL.   PL/SQL  ᯮ짮
                          ६ ⨯ LONG.

 ⮫, 騥 ⨯  LONG,   ࠭ ப ६ 
 (  65 535 ᨬ).  ⠡   ⮫쪮  ⮫
 ⨯ LONG.  ⮫  ⠪ ⨯    ᯮ짮  ⮫  
 ᯨ᪥  SELECT   । SET ஢ UPDATE  DELETE.
 ⮫ ⨯ LONG  ஢     ᯮ짮    -
 ⢥ 㬥⮢ 㭪権.    㯮ॡ:
       -   ࠦ
       -   ᯨ᪥ SELECT  
       -   ᯨ᪥ SELECT । 
       -     ᯮ짮 । UNION, INTERSECT 
          MINUS
       -   । WHERE, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, CONNECT BY, 
          DISTINCT


  ⠪: ८ࠧ, ६, number, char, long raw, date,
               boolean, raw, .
@/
/@
LONG RAW

 LONG RAW

   LONG RAW  SQL ।祭  ࠭  , -
  ᨬ ப  楯祪 ᪨ ᨬ.  ORACLE 뢮 -
  ⨯ RAW  ⭠筮 ।⠢.


   LONG RAW 祭 ⨯ LONG,   ᪫祭 ⮣,   
 ।   १ SQL*Net  ந ४஢ ᨬ
  ⥬ ASCII  EBCIDIC  .


  ⠪: connect, char, date, number, long, boolean, raw, .
@/
/@

                                    -- 89 --



LOOP
                                                           PL/SQL
               
 <<_⪨>>                    --<<_⪨>> 易⥫쭮
 LOOP
     ᫥⥫쭮_஢
 END LOOP _⪨;              --᫨ । ஬ LOOP ⮨
                                  _⪨,       
                                   END LOOP.

   ᥣ ᯮ   ஬ FETCH.  ४饭
 ࠡ  横  ᯮ짮  GOTO, RAISE  EXIT.

         <<first>>
         LOOP
            FETCH _ INTO _;
            EXIT WHEN _ %NOTFOUND;
               ࠡ⪠_
         END LOOP first;


 㣨 横: while, for  ஬, ᫥ 横 for.
  ⠪: fetch, goto, raise, exit, end, , .
@/
/@
।

  ࠭祭    ⥬,    PDP11  mc68000.

 ࠬ                           ।쭮 祭  SQL*Plus
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   䠩                    
   짮⥫           30 ᨬ
   ६             30 ᨬ
  祭 ६          240 ᨬ
 ᫮ 짮⥫᪨ ६  1024
 - ६.  ᯨ᪥ INSERT INTO 50
 ६   SQL           100
   ப             500 ᨬ
  . ⨯ LONG  SQL*Plus   250 ᨬ
 ࠧ 室 ப             500 ᨬ ( = 5  ᨬ)
  ப ᫥ ⠭
 ६                         1 000 ᨬ (७ ࠬ)
 ᫮ ப                500 (। 80 ᨬ.  ப)
 ᫮ ப  ࠭            50 000
 . ਭ ப ⠡        60 000 ᨬ   VMS;
                                     㣨 = 32,767
 - ப  롮થ  ᨢ    5 000 ப
   䠩          20   VMS, CMS, Unix; 㣨 -- 5
 ஢ ࠭                    99 999 ࠭

  ⠪:  , .
@/
/@
裡




                                    -- 90 --



      ࠡ  묨  㤠 . ⮡ -
   㦭   짮⥫  㤠 .   ⮬
  ⥬ (⭮  㤠)    ⠭ ᮥ-
     SQL*Net   ⨢   ⭮,    㤠.  
 裡  , ⫨騬  ORACLE, 㦥 ⨢ SQL*Connect.

  뫪  ⠡,  室  㤠 ,   ।  FROM
    室 㪠  裡. ਬ, 
     SELECT * FROM powers.dept@PACIFIC
 १    PACIFIC    ⠡ DEPT, ਭ-
 饩 짮⥫ POWERS.

    ᯮ  । . - 痢  -
 ⮬   ࠢ ࠭祭 . १   -
   ⨯ LONG.


  ⠪: । , 㤠  ,
               create db link, .
@/
/@
ࠫ

 ࠫ  몥 SQL 뢠 ᫠  ப ᨬ ᨬ.

  :
                    楫묨 ᫠ (⨯ 3,  1444,  23)   -
                  ⢥묨 (⨯ 3.14159,  .25, -12, 2.e, 7E).  ᯨ-
                   ᫮ ࠫ ⤥   㣠  -
                  .     祭  ⠥   ᫥ 
                  ⮩  ஡.

  :
                     ᪮쪮  ᨬ,  祭  
                  (' 窨').    ᠬ ࠫ -
                  뢠        ᬥ 䮢.  ਬ,
                  'You''re a strong, happy person, aren''t you?'. -
                  ,  ᯮ   ,   窨
                  (").  窨   䨪.

  :
                  ப ࠫ  ଠ  ('09--42').

  :
                  ।। ⠭ TRUE (⨭),  FALSE ()
                   NULL ().


  ⠪: 䨪, .
@/
/@
᪨ .

 ᪨    SQL  ࠡ뢠 १ ᫥
 ᫮.   ਢ  ⠡  ᫥  騥  ᪨
  (ᯨ᮪ ⠢  浪 設⢠).



                                    -- 91 --



   ⢨                    ਬ
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 NOT ()   १       SELECT...WHERE NOT (bal = 0)
           ᪮ ࠦ
           ᪫祭: NOT (NULL)
           ࠢ NULL.

 AND ()   ࠡ뢠 TRUE (⨭), ...WHERE A >= 1 AND B <= 5000
           ᫨  ᫮ ⨭

 OR ()  ࠡ뢠 TRUE, ᫨       ...WHERE A IS NULL OR B IS NULL
           ⨭   ᫮



  ⠪: ᫮, ࠦ, 㫥 ࠢ, .
@/
/@


  몥 PL/SQL  ⢮ 樮 権  -
  믮  ய᪠ ⥩ .  ஡ .  ᠭ-
 :
 ***** !

    横                    end loop      ਬ ᫥ for

    while                   exit plsql    ਬ for  ஬

    ᫥ 横 for      goto

    横 for  ஬



  ⠪: , , .
@/
/@


 ᮪ ⥬,     ᪠.

  SQL            PL/SQL        㭪樨             SQL*PLUS
 ---------------    ----------------   ----------------    ---------------
 alias              attributes         1 row number        help
 comments           blocks             1 row char          commands
 ᫮s         commands           conversion          old commands
 data dictionary    cursors            date functions      overview
 delimiters         error handling     error reporting     buffer
 ࠦessions        examples           group functions     files
 identifiers        loops              other functions     substitution
 keys               scoping rules      format dates        parameters
 links              sql in pl/sql      format numbers      remote databases
 literals           variables          format modifiers    dba
 nulls                                                     limits
 pseudo-⮫s     DATATYPES          OPERATORS
 reserved words     ----------------   ------------------- ===DIRECTIONS===
 sequences          boolean   number   arithmetic (& char)  Type help, a

                                    -- 92 --



 synonyms           char         raw   comparison           space, and then
 ⠡s             date               like                 all or part of
 transactions       implicit           logical operators    a topic name.
 user id            long               set operators
 views (& indexes)  long raw           other operators
               
  ⠪: 䠢 㪠⥫.
@/
/@
NEXTVAL

 ᥢ⮫ ᫥⥫쭮.NEXTVAL ।祭  祭 ᫥-
 饣 ᫠  ᫥⥫쭮,   ६  ᥢ⮫ ᫥-
 ⥫쭮.CURRVAL 㦨  祭 ᫥ ᫠,  ᣥ-
  ᫥⥫쭮.    ᫨   ᯮ NEXTVAL  CURRVAL 
   SELECT,     ࠢ  ᫮ NEXTVAL.
 
 NEXTVAL  CURRVAL:

  ᯮ짮...               ᯮ짮...
 -------------------------------------------------------------------
  ᯨ᪥  SELECT           ᯨ᪥ SELECT, 饣 
 (஬ 롮ન  ।. )   ।.    

  ᯨ᪥ 祭           ࠬ஬ DISTINCT  
 INSERT                             ﬨ  ⢠
  ࠦ SET  UPDATE   । ORDER BY, GROUP BY 
                                    HAVING  SELECT.


  ⠪: ਬ nextval, ᥢ⮫, sequence, ᯨ᮪ select,
               select, insert, update, order by, group by, , .
@/
/@
NOAUDIT
                                                              SQL
  NOAUDIT   ᯮ짮   楫:
    1) ⮡ 筮   ⬥ ॢ (AUDIT)  ࠡ -
       ⥬
    2) ⮡ 筮   ⬥ ⢨ ᫥ -
        AUDIT.

 *1- 砩*

 NOAUDIT _ࠬ, _ࠬ,... | ALL
     WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL | WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL

 ᯮ짮  NOAUDIT  ⠪ ଥ ਢ   筮  
  ⬥   ॢ ࠡ ⥬.  ⮡ 믮  
 室  ࠢ DBA.

     ࠬ ( ALL)
         ࠬ஬     CONNECT,  DBA,  NOT EXISTS  RESOURCE.
          ALL 砥   ࠬ.





                                    -- 93 --



     WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL  WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL
     (᫨ ᯥ譮  ᫨ ᯥ譮)
         ⪫砥 ᫥ ᮮ⢥⢥  ᯥ묨   ᯥ-
          饭ﬨ  ⥬.  ᫨  㪠 ,   ⪫砥
          ᫥.

 *2- 砩*

 NOAUDIT ࠬ, ࠬ,... | ALL
     ON ꥪ | DEFAULT
     WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL | WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL

   NOAUDIT 筮   ⬥ ⢨  ।-
 饣  AUDIT.   'ꥪ'  ਭ . ⮡
 ᯮ짮 ᫮ DEFAULT 㦭  ࠢ DBA.  NOAUDIT -
  ⢥ত ⥪饩 ࠭樨.

     ࠬ ( ALL)
          ⠡:
                        ALTER, AUDIT,   COMMENT,  DELETE,  GRANT,  INDEX,
                        INSERT, LOCK, RENAME, SELECT  UPDATE

          ।. :
                        AUDIT, DELETE,   GRANT,   INSERT,  LOCK,  RENAME,
                        SELECT  UPDATE

          ᫥⥫쭮⥩:
                        ALTER, AUDIT, GRANT  SELECT

          ᨭ:
                        ⠪ ,    ⠡/।⠢ , 
                          ⭮.

          ALL 砥   ࠬ.

     ꥪ | DEFAULT
          ਭ騥  ⠡  ।⠢  ,   
         (DEFAULT) ࠧ㬥 ࠬ ॢ   ⠡.

     WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL  WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL
     (᫨ ᯥ譮  ᫨ ᯥ譮)
         ⪫砥 ᫥ ᮮ⢥⢥  ᯥ묨   ᯥ-
          饭ﬨ  ⠡.  ᫨  㪠 ,   ⪫砥
          ᫥.


  ⠪: audit, grant, , .
@/
/@
NOWAIT
                                                          । SQL
 SELECT ᯨ᮪... FROM...
    FOR UPDATE OF ⮫, ⮫,... NOWAIT;   --ॡ   
                                                   ⮫

 LOCK TABLE [.]⠡ [,[.]⠡]...
    IN ० MODE [NOWAIT]


                                    -- 94 --



 । NOWAIT ᯮ   SELECT  LOCK TABLE.  -
  SELECT । NOWAIT 㪠뢠  ORACLE,   ᫨ ப
 ⠡ ஢ 㣨 짮⥫,      ᢮-
 ,    믮 SELECT   ࠢ .  -
  LOCK TABLE ।.  NOWAIT 砥  ORACLE    ᢮-
  ⠡, ஢ - 㣨,    ⠪ 砥
  ࠢ 짮⥫.

  ⠪: for update of, lock table, select, ਬ delete, commit,
               rollback, insert, delete, , .
@/
/@
NULL
                                (祣)
                                                           PL/SQL
 NULL;

  NULL  易⥫      室 ᫥  .
   ᯮ짮  襭 來 ᫮. ਬ:

    EXCEPTION                           IF job_title = 'DESIGNER' THEN
      WHEN VALUE ERROR THEN                GOTO calc_bonus;
        INSERT INTO parts               ELSE
        VALUES ('ZZ', 9999);               NULL;
      WHEN OTHERS THEN                  END IF;
        NULL;


  NULL    ⭮襭   祭.  
 IS NULL  IS NOT NULL  ࠬ ࠢ.


  ⠪:  祭, ࠢ (), ᫮, ,
               .
@/
/@
NUMBER

 NUMBER(ਭ, ⠡)            --ਭ  ⠡ 易⥫

  ⨯ NUMBER ।祭  ࠭ ᫮ 稭.  -
 ᠭ ⮫ ⨯ NUMBER  㪠 .  ⨬ ᫮ ࠧ冷
 (precision)   - ࠧ冷 ᫥ 筮 窨 (scale). ᫨ -
 祭, ᨬ   ⮫,    ࠧ冷 祬 㪠  -
 ,  뤠 ᮮ饭  訡 "exceeds precision". 譨 ࠧ
 ᫥ . ⮩ 㣫.

 ᫨ ⠡  ⥫,     ᨬ 祭 㤥 㣫 
 㪠 ᫠ ࠧ冷   . 窨. ᫨ 㪠 ⮫쪮 -
 ,    ⠡ 饭,   ᨬ 祭 㤥 㣫  楫
 ᫠. ᫨   㪠 ਭ,  祭 㤥 ᠭ   (-
 ࠭稢 ⮫쪮 . ⨬묨 ਭ  ⠡).


  ⠪: ८ࠧ, ६, char, long, date, raw,
               boolean, .



                                    -- 95 --



@/
/@
 祭

 ⮥ 祭 砥,     ,   -
 ᫥   ⥪. ⮥ 祭   ⮫  
 ⨯ , ᫨   뫨 ।  NOT NULL.

  祭 ਬ  ,    祭  -
     ᫥.  ⮥ 祭  祭= ।⠢
 ᮡ ᮢ襭 ࠧ .   ࠦ,  ᮤঠ騥     
 ⮥ 祭, ࠢ ⠪ ⮬ 祭.

  ⨢ ⠭  .   ᫥ ᯮ-
  㭪 NVL.  ਬ,  NVL(comm,  0) ୥ 祭 comm, ᫨
   ⮥,  0, ᫨  ⮥.

  ஢થ    ⮥  祭  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  IS
  IS NOT.  㣮   ࠢ   祭 ᥣ-
  ୥ ⮥ 祭.

 㯯 㭪樨  ᫥   祭.


  ⠪: ਬ  祭, null (),
               稥 㭪樨 (NVL), 㯯 㭪樨,
               ࠢ (), .
@/
/@
᫥ 横 FOR
                                                           PL/SQL

 FOR _横 IN 1-_楫..2-_楫 LOOP
     ᫥⥫쭮_஢
 END LOOP;

 FOR _横 IN REVERSE 1-_楫..2-_楫 LOOP
     ᫥⥫쭮_஢
 END LOOP;

 ᫥⥫쭮_஢  ᫥ 横 FOR 믮  -
  ࠧ    祭  横.   横 㢥稢
  1   樥, 稭  祭=1-_楫  稢 2-
 _楫.   ⠭  2- 楫, 믮 横 -
 稢. ᫨  ᯮ짮 । IN REVERSE,  । 砫
 横  ᢠ 祭=2-_楫.   뢠
  ਭ騩  ⨯  NUMBER.  "" ⮫쪮  ⥫ 横 
 ࠡ뢠  ⠭:  ..    祭  뫠, 
  .


 ᠭ 㣨 横: loop, 横 while, 横 for  ஬.
  ⠪: ਬ ᫥ for, number, , .
@/
/@
OPEN
                               ()


                                    -- 96 --



                                                           PL/SQL
 OPEN 
     (_ࠬ1, _ࠬ2...);          -- 易⥫쭮


  OPEN  , ਪ९  㪠 . -
       믮 OPEN.  ᫨   ᠭ (
 DECLARE CURSOR)   ࠬࠬ,     OPEN ᫥  
  ⢮ 祭   ࠬ.



  ⠪: ਬ ஢, , declare cursor, close, ,
               .
@/
/@
ORDER BY
                               (㯮冷稢 )
                                                          । SQL
 
 SELECT ...                       SELECT ...
    ORDER BY ࠦ ASC,...       ORDER BY ࠦ DESC,...

    ORDER BY  ASC,...         ORDER BY  DESC,...

 । ORDER BY ।,   뢮  㯮冷祭 ,
 祭 ᮬ.    'ࠦ'        ᪮쪨
 ⮫栬  ᯨ᪠ SELECT,    । FROM.   ''  
  浪 ஬ ⮫  । SELECT.  ASC  DESC 㪠-
  冷 ஢: ASC -- 室騩, DESC -- 室騩. ࠧ-
  冷 -- 室騩.

 । ORDER   BY    ᯮ짮      ஢
 INSERT, UPDATE, CREATE TABLE  CREATE VIEW. । ORDER BY ⬥-
  ⢨ । CONNECT BY, ᫨  ᯮ   -
 .


  ⠪: ਬ ࠡ⪨ , select, , , insert,
               update, create table, create view, connect by, .
@/
/@
ॢ訥 

 ᫥    SQL*Plus ࠡ,    ॢ訬,
 ..    ᨨ SQL*Plus  ,  䥪⨢ .


 BTI[TLE] ⥪
     BTITLE 砥  㫠       ࠭.
        BTITLE   ࠭祭  ଠ-
     ஢,     ᮢ⨬   UFI  (।⢥  SQL*Plus).
         BTITLE    ।   
      ப  ᫥饩   ப   ࠢ    業
     ⥪⮬.    ஡⥩    ᠭ ன 
     TTITLE.



                                    -- 97 --



 COL[UMN] {⮫|ࠦ} DEF[AULT]
  : COLUMN CLEAR
      COLUMN  DEFAULT ᢠ ਡ⠬ ࠦ 㪠
     ⮫ ࠧ㬥 祭.  ⠥ ⠪,  COLUMN CLEAR.


 DOC[UMENT]
  : REMARK
      DOCUMENT 稭  ਥ  ⥪  䠩-
     .     DOCUMENT   [], SQL*Plus 稭
      ਣ襭  SQL> 뢮 ਣ襭 DOC>.    -
     ਥ 稢 ᨬ #  ⤥쭮 ப.  ᫨  -
      DOCUMENT ⠭  OFF,   ਨ  -
     ਭ   ( SET DOCUMENT).


 NEWPAGE [1|n]
  : SET  NEWPAGE
     NEWPAGE ய᪠  -䠩 n ப ᫥ 砫 ᫥饩 -
     .


 SET BUF[FER] {|SQL}
      SET BUFFER  㪠   ࠭  ⨢-
     . SQL*Plus  ᯮ ⮫쪮   -- .. SQL-.  -
     砫 ᥠ ⨢ 㤥  .   ࠢ,     
      墠⠥.   ᫨    饣 ,   
     㤥 ⮬᪨ ᮧ   㤥 ᢮ 㪠 .  -
     ⥫  祧  室  SQL*Plus.

      믮  ஬  ⮬᪨  SQL- ⨢.
      ஢ ⥪      ᯮ짮  
     GET  SAVE.  CLEAR BUFFER 㭨⮦ ⥪  ⨢ .
      CLEAR SQL 㭨⮦ ⥪  SQL-,   ᫨  
      ⨢ 㣮 .


 SET DOC[UMENT] {OFF|ON}
          SET  DOCUMENT    (ON)   ⪫
     (OFF)    ਥ ᫥  DOCUMENT.  ᫥
     믮 SET DOCUMENT OFF (⪫祭)  ப,  ᫥
      DOCUMENT  ਭ  ,     -
     ਨ. ஡    ᠭ  DOCUMENT.


 SET TRU[NCATE] {OFF|ON}
      SET  TRUNCATE  㪠뢠,   ,   
     뢮 १⮢  㬥   ப ᫥  뢠
     (ON),   ७ (OFF).  ,  १ 
     SET TRUNCATE ON  SET WRAP OFF .  ,   ,
     짮  SET WRAP,  ..   SHOW  "" -
      TRUNCATE.


 TTI[TLE] ⥪
      TTITLE ।祭   ।  孥  㫠
       ࠭ .   TTITLE  쭮 -
     ࠭祭  ଠ஢,     ᮢ⨬  UFI

                                    -- 98 --



     (।⢥ SQL*Plus).    BTITLE । -
        騩   ப:  1-  ⮨    ,
     㪠      ⥪   ࠭; 2-,  ᫥ 
     , .     1- ப ࠢ   ,  
     ࠭ --  ࠢ,  ⥪ --  業.

     SQL*Plus ࠢ ⥪  業 ࠭ 室   -
      SET LINESIZE ਭ ப.  ⨪쭠  (|)   ⥪
     砥 室   ப.   ⨪  (||) -
      ய  ப. ⮡  ᨬ,  ࠧ-
      ப  뢮,  ᫥ ᯮ짮  SET HEADSEP. -
     ࠢ ଠ஢   TTITLE  BTITLE      
     ६ _page,  ᮤঠ饩 蠡 ଠ ("page &P4"). ⮡ -
      ଠ, 㦭 ८।  ६   
     DEFINE, ਬ:

           SQL> SET ESCAPE /
           SQL> DEFINE _page = '࠭ /&P2'

      㤥  㫠  㤥    "࠭"    
     ࠭.   2   砥 ⠭ - ࠧ冷 
       ࠭ = 2.   ᫮ '࠭'  ᯮ짮
      ⥪.  ਭ   ࠭ ⮦   ந-
     쭮. ,       ।  ᥭ  (&)      
     ESCAPE-ᨬ, ⮡ SQL*Plus  ਭ   ᨬ ⠭-
      祭 ६.  ESCAPE-ᨬ   SET ESCAPE.

     SQL*Plus ਭ  TTITLE   ᫨ ࠧ ᫥ 
      ᫥   ।,  ᯮ  ᮢ६ -
     .

     ਬ: ᫨ 㦭,  ᯮ   TTITLE, ⠭ -
              -         ࠭  1- ப,
             ᫮ MARKETING  2-  PERSONNEL REPORT  3-,  ᫥
             :

               SQL> TTITLE 'MARKETING | PERSONNEL REPORT'

      ⠪: , .
@/
/@
稥 㭪樨

 DECODE(ࠦ, ࠧ1, १1,  頥          १1,
   ࠧ2, १2,..._)     ᫨  'ࠦ' = 'ࠧ1',
                                          १2, ᫨ 'ࠦ' =
                                          'ࠧ2'     '_',
                                          ᫨  㦥    
                                          ᮢ.
                                          ᫨ ࠬ '_' ,
                                            砥 ⢨ ᮢ-
                                           頥  ⮥ -
                                          .

 DUMP(ࠦ, ଠ, 砫,          ࠦ ࠦ  
     )                               ଠ -- 8=쬥,   10=
                                          ., 16=⭠, 17=
                                          ᨬ. '砫'   ''

                                    -- 99 --



                                          㪠뢠,    ࠦ-
                                             ࠡ.     
                                          ࠧ   ࠦ -
                                           '砫'  ''.

 GREATEST(ࠦ1, ࠦ2, ࠦ3...)      頥    襥     
                                          ᫥ 祭  ࠦ-
                                          . 頥  祭 -
                                           ८ࠧ     ⠪ 
                                          ⨯ ,   'ࠦ1'.

 LEAST(ࠦ1, ࠦ2, ࠦ3...)         頥   襥      
                                          ᫥ 祭  ࠦ-
                                          . 頥  祭 -
                                           ८ࠧ     ⠪ 
                                          ⨯ ,   'ࠦ1'.

 㭪樨 DUMP, GREATEST  LEAST  ᯮ짮  PL/SQL.


 NVL(ࠦ1, ࠦ2)    頥 'ࠦ1', ᫨  祭   
                        'ࠦ2'  ⨢ 砥.    -
                        頥 祭   ᮮ⢥᢮ ⨯ -
                         'ࠦ1'.

 UID                    頥 㭨쭮 楫 ᫮,  -
                        饥 짮⥫.

 USER                   頥  ⥪饣 짮⥫.

 USERENV('ENTRYID')     頥 㯭 䨪 ॢ
                        .

 USERENV('LANGUAGE')    頥 , ⠭ ࠬ஬
                        LANGUAGE  䠩 INIT.ORA.

 USERENV('SESSIONID')   頥 䨪 ॢ ᥠ
                        짮⥫.

 USERENV('TERMINAL')    頥 䨪 ନ  .

 VSIZE(ࠦ)       頥  ᫮  ⮢,    ᯮ짮  
                        ࠭ 'ࠦ'   ७ ।⠢
                        ORACLE.


  ⠪: ࠦ, null, user id, .
@/
/@
稥 

           ⢨  SQL
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     (+)         ।騩 ⮫  ⮫殬 筮
                 ᮥ ( ᮥ ⠡).

      *            ⮫ ⠡ (SELECT * FROM...).


                                   -- 100 --



     ⠡.*     ⮫ 㪠 ⠡
                 (SELECT ⠡.* FROM...).

     ALL            㯯஢  뢠 騥
                 祭,   .

     DISTINCT       㯯஢ 뢠 騥
                  ( ⮫쪮  宦). ࠧ㬥-
                  ᥣ ALL.

     PRIOR       ᯮ  । START WITH ... ॢ
                   ।  ⭮襭 -.



  ⠪: 筮 ᮥ, select, , ॢ ,
               .
/@
/@
筮 ᮥ

 SELECT ...
   FROM ⠡1, ⠡2, ...
   WHERE ⠡1.⮫ = ⠡2.⮫ (+)


  筮  ᮥ (+)  뢠 祭  ᮥ
 ⠡  ⮫쪮 ப,  㤮⢮ ᫮ ᮥ,      
 ப,   ⢥ ᫮,  ⠡.⮫, 祭 ஬
 (+).

 筮 ᮥ   SELECT  ந ⮫쪮   -
  ⠡楩.



  ⠪: ਬ 筮 ᮥ, select, ਬ select,
               .
@/
/@
 (SQL*Plus)

  SQL*Plus  ࠡ  몥 SQL    ७  楤୮
 ਠ PL/SQL.   몠 SQL  ࠭    
 ५樮   ORACLE.  SQL*Plus    믮  
 몠 SQL,      몥 PL/SQL   㣮.   ⭮,
 ࠡ  SQL*Plus  :

  - ,  ।஢,  ࠭,   믮  SQL 
     PL/SQL;
  - ᯮ짮    ᫥ १ 믮 ᮢ,   ⠪
    ଠ஢  ࠭  १;
  - 㢨 ᠭ   ⠡;
  - ࠡ뢠 ଠ  㣨   ஢   
      ;
  -  ᮮ饭ﬨ  짮⥫ﬨ.



                                   -- 101 --



 ᭮  SQL*Plus:

            - 뢠  ⢨,   믮
                     SQL*Plus   ORACLE.

               - 㯯  SQL  PL/SQL, ᪨ 易
                      ᮡ   ⬠.

            - ᭮  ࠭ ଠ樨   ORACLE.

             -  SELECT, ।祭  祭
                          ᪮쪨 ⠡.

  - , 祭    믮 .

              -  , ଠ஢   
                      SQL*Plus.

   믮 :

    ࠭  襣  ᯫ ( ࠢ  룫廊  
 ન,    ᢥ騩 אַ㣮쭨,    )
 室   ப ਣ襭.  㪠뢠  ,  -
 ஬  ᫥騩   ᨬ.     
 묨, ⠪   ய묨 㪢.    SQL*Plus, SQL 
 PL/SQL   ᫮    ஡ ( ᨬ  ⠡樨,
    []).  譨 ஡, ⠡  室   ப
  ᯮ짮  祭 ᫥饣 ⥭ .

  ⢥  ਣ襭    ⨯ :

  -  몠 SQL,  ।祭  ࠡ  ଠ樥  ;
  -   PL/SQL, ।祭  ࠡ  ଠ樥  ;
  -  SQL*Plus, ।祭  ଠ஢ १⮢ -
    ,    ⠭ ࠬ஢,  ।஢  ࠭ -
     SQL  PL/SQL.

   SQL 㦭 稢:
    
   ᨬ ; (窠  ⮩)   
    
   ᨬ / ( )  ⤥쭮 ப
    
   ⮩ ப.

 窠  ⮩ (;) 맮 믮 .   ᫥ ப
  ;,   ⥬  []   믮.  ᫨  
 []  ।⥫쭮 ;,   SQL*Plus ஥  ப  -
   ࠭  .    (/),    ⤥쭮 ப,
 ⠪ 뢠 믮 ଠ. ᫥ ᫥ ப  -
  [], ⥬  襩 ப  /  ᭮  [].


 믮  PL/SQL





                                   -- 102 --



   몥 PL/SQL 稭   ஢ DECLARE  BEGIN, -
    .    ⠪ ,    SQL, 
 ᪫祭 ⮣,   窠  ⮩ (;)    ப  
  .    PL/SQL 㦭 稢 窮 (.),  饩 
 ⤥쭮 ப.   ⮡ 믮 ,  ࠭騩  ⨢ ,
    RUN  / ( ).

 ਬ,     믮 ᫥騩  PL/SQL:

  SQL> DECLARE
     2     x   NUMBER := 100;
     3  BEGIN
     4     FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
     5        IF TRUNC(i,2) = i / 2 THEN    --i = ⭮ ᫮
     6          INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i, x, 'i -- ⭮ ᫮');
     7          ELSE
     8             INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i, x, 'i -- ⭮ ᫮');
     9          END IF;
    10          x := x + 100;
    11     END LOOP;
    12  END;
    13  .

  SQL> 楤 PL/SQL ᯥ譮 襭.

            ᯮ   SQL     ᥡ  -
           , 祬 ᫨   ᯮ﫨   .


 믮  SQL*Plus

  SQL*Plus 㦠  ࠢ  SQL  PL/SQL,   ⠪
  ଠ஢    १⮢ ᮢ.    ६
   SQL*Plus  ᮪    ᪮쪨 㪢.


 믮  樮 ⥬

  SQL*Plus  믮  樮 ⥬.    -
 , ਬ, ⮡ ᬮ ᮤন 䠩. ⮡ 믮
    HOST  ᮡ⢥ . ਬ, ⮡ 믮
   DIRECTORY *.SQL ᫥ :

               SQL> HOST DIRECTORY *.SQL

  ⠪: , .
@/
/@
ᮡ 樨  PL/SQL

  ।।     祭   訡  稭 
  ᮡ. .  PL/SQL  SQLCODE   ORACLE      樨
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX     -1        ORA-00001    INSERT/UPDATE
                                             ⠫ ୮ 
                                             - 祭  ⮫
                                              ਡ⮬ UNIQUE
                                             (㭨).

                                   -- 103 --



  INVALID_CURSOR       -1001     ORA-01001     ࠢ쭮
                                             㪠 
  INVALID_NUMBER       -1722     ORA-01722   訡  ८ࠧ
                                              CHAR  NUMBER: ப 
                                              ᫮
  LOGIN_DENIED         -1017     ORA-01017   訡 _짮⥫/
                                             ஫
  NO_DATA_FOUND        +100      ORA-01403    SELECT   
                                              ப
  NOT_LOGGED_ON        -1012     ORA-01012   饭  ORACLE 
                                             ।⥫쭮 ᮥ-
                                               
  PROGRAM_ERROR        -6501     ORA-06501   ७ 訡 PL/SQL
  STORAGE_ERROR        -6500     ORA-06500     PL/SQL
                                               ᯮ祭
  TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE  -51       ORA-00051     ᢮ 
                                             㪠 ६
  TOO_MANY_ROWS        -1427     ORA-01427    SELECT  
                                             祬  ப
  VALUE_ERROR          -6502     ORA-06502   訡  ८ࠧ
                                             (//ப)
  ZERO_DIVIDE          -1476     ORA-01476   ⪠   0


  ⠪: exception, ⨪ 訡 (㭪樨), insert, update,
               char, number, user id, select, ࠡ⪠ 訡, .
@/
/@
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT
                                                           PL/SQL

 PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(_ᮡ_樨, _訡);

  PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT  ᢮  訡 ᠭ-
  ७ ᮡ 樨 ஥ .

 '_ᮡ_樨'   ⢮  ᥪ樨 DECLARE ⥪饣 
 ꥬ饣 .   '_ᮡ_樨' ᫥ ᢠ  ⮫쪮
  ᮡ 樨.

 '_訡'    , 頥 㭪樥 SQLCODE.

  PRAGMA ।  PL/SQL  樨 (..  믮-
   樨 ,     ᯮ).


  ⠪: ࠡ⪠ 訡, declare, exception,
               ᮡ 樨  pl/sql, ⨪ 訡 (㭪樨),
               , .
@/
/@
ࠬ

 ࠬࠬ 뢠 ६, 砥 & (ᥭ)  ᫥-
 騬   ᫮ (ਬ,  &1).  ࠬ ᯮ ⮫쪮  -
  䠩.  祭   ࠬ     㬥
  START.  ᫨ ࠬ   ⮩  ⥪⮢ ப, 
  ᫥   :

                                   -- 104 --



               SELECT * FROM EMP
               WHERE JOB='&1'  /*⥪⮢ */
               AND SAL=&2;     /*᫮*/

 ,  믮  䠩,    START 㦭  
 祭   ࠬ஢. 祭 ᫥  ᫥  ᠬ
 ᪠ 䠩. 1-祭  ࠬ &1, 2- -- ࠬ &2 
 .. ਬ,  ਢ   ᪠  䠩 MYFILE
  ᢠ ࠬ &1 . '',  . &2 -- 7900.

               SQL> START MYFILE CLERK 7900

  ࠬ,  稢訩 祭  㬥⮢  START, -
 ᪨ 뢠  SQL*Plus DEFINE.

  ⠪: ⠭, ࠭祭, , .
@/
/@
ᥢ⮫

 ᥢ⮫  SQL 祭 宦  몭묨 ⮫栬,  ᪫祭-
  ⮣,    ࠭    ⠡.  ᥢ⮫殢 
  ,    ,   㤠 (.. 
  INSERT, UPDATE  DELETE).

 ᥢ⮫        ন
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 ᫥.NEXTVAL   ᫥饥 ᣥ஢ ᫮

 ᫥.CURRVAL   ᫥ ᣥ஢ ᫮

 ROWID                㭨 䨪 ப ⠡

 ROWNUM               浪  ப  १ 롮ન 
                        ᪮쪨 ⠡

 LEVEL                1= , 2= , 3= ,  ..


  ⠪: , nextval, ਬ nextval, ॢ ,
               ᫥⥫쭮, .
@/
/@
QUIT
                                 ()

 {QUIT | EXIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | ६]

  QUIT ⢥ত  ⢥ত     -
  ࠡ SQL*Plus,  ࠢ 樮 ⥬.

     QUIT  EXIT
          塞

     SUCCESS
         ଠ쭮 襭



                                   -- 105 --



     FAILURE
         襭  ⮬ ᮮ.  訡

     WARNING
         襭  ⮬ , 魣 ।०. 
         QUIT    ࠬ஢ 뢠 ⠪  襭, 
          QUIT SUCCESS

     n
         n = 頥  襭  (楫 ᫮)
         
     ६
         । .       ⥬   ६   (ਬ,
         SQL.SQLCODE).   QUIT ६ 稢 ࠡ, -
          祭 ६  ⢥  襭.

    QUIT    ᯮ짮   ,  ਭ 
 ⭮  ,  ᫥⥫쭮,  ᯮ  樨  
 믮  䠩 SQL*Plus  ⭮ ०. ᮡ ᯮ-
  頥    .  SUCCESS, WARNING  FAILURE
 ।⠢ 祭,  ᢮⢥ ,   ன ࠡ⠥  . 
  ⥬  WARNING  FAILURE .   ⮡  믮
 QUIT    - ᫮,  ᯮ  WHENEVER
 SQLERROR.


 ਬ:    ਬ ணࠬ 頥  १ ᫥
          믮   .

               SQL> QUIT SQL.SQLCODE

          ᮡ 祭 饭    .


  ⠪: connect, disconnect, host, save, spool, SQLPlus,
               whenever sqlerror, , .
@/
/@
EXIT
                                 (室)

 {EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | ६]

  QUIT ⢥ত  ⢥ত     -
  ࠡ SQL*Plus,  ࠢ 樮 ⥬.

     EXIT  QUIT
          塞

     SUCCESS
         ଠ쭮 襭

     FAILURE
         襭  ⮬ ᮮ.  訡





                                   -- 106 --



     WARNING
         襭  ⮬ , 魣 ।०. 
         QUIT    ࠬ஢ 뢠 ⠪  襭, 
          QUIT SUCCESS

     n
         n = 頥  襭  (楫 ᫮)
         
     ६
         । .       ⥬   ६   (ਬ,
         SQL.SQLCODE).   QUIT ६ 稢 ࠡ, -
          祭 ६  ⢥  襭.

    EXIT    ᯮ짮   ,  ਭ 
 ⭮  ,  ᫥⥫쭮,  ᯮ  樨  
 믮  䠩 SQL*Plus  ⭮ ०. ᮡ ᯮ-
  頥    .  SUCCESS, WARNING  FAILURE
 ।⠢ 祭,  ᢮⢥ ,   ன ࠡ⠥  . 
  ⥬  WARNING  FAILURE .   ⮡  믮
 EXIT    - ᫮,  ᯮ  WHENEVER
 SQLERROR.


 ਬ:    ਬ ணࠬ 頥  १ ᫥
          믮   .

               SQL> EXIT SQL.SQLCODE

          ᮡ 祭 饭    .


  ⠪: connect, disconnect, host, save, spool, SQLPlus,
               whenever sqlerror, , .
@/
/@


 ᮬ 뢠     몥 SQL ॡ  ,
 ࠭騥     ᪮쪨  ⠡.   ᮬ  뢠
 , 室騩  ⥫ 㣮 .

  ᯮ:

         -  ।  ப ࠡ뢠 ⠡  -
            COPY, INSERT  CREATE TABLE.

         -  祭 祭   ࠢ    ।  WHERE,
           HAVING  START WITH, 㯮ॡ   SELECT, UPDATE
            DELETE.

                      SELECT...WHERE ࠦ  
                            ...HAVING ࠦ  
                            ...START WITH ࠦ  

                      UPDATE...SET(⮫, ⮫,..)  
                            ...WHERE ࠦ  

                      DELETE...WHERE ࠦ  

                                   -- 107 --



                      INSERT...


 : ਬ , , select, update, delete, where,
         create table, ਬ select, , .
@/
/@
RAISE
                                                           PL/SQL
 RAISE(_ᮡ_樨);

 RAISE;


  RAISE  ४頥  믮   PL/SQL  । -
 ࠢ ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 㪠 ᮡ 樨.

  RAISE ᫥ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⥫ ࠡ稪 ᮡ -
 権  ୮  㦤  楫 室  ࠡ稪,  -
 室騩  ꥬ饬 .

 ᫨ PL/SQL  室 ࠡ稪  ᮡ 樨  ⥪饬  -
 ,    ।  ꥬ騩   ..,  ࠡ稪 
 㤥 . ᫨ ࠡ稪  㦨    ,  -
  訡 "ࠡ⠭ ᮡ "  믮 ४.


  ⠪: declare, ࠡ⪠ 訡, exception, , ,
               .
@/
/@
RAW

 RAW(ࠧ)

   RAW  SQL ।祭  ࠭    ,   ⨯
 ᨬ ப  楯祪 ᪨ ᨬ.  ORACLE ࠦ -
  ⨯ RAW  ⭠筮 ।⠢.


 ᨬ쭠 ਭ  ⮫  ⨯ RAW = 255.    RAW 祭
 ⨯ CHAR,   ᪫祭 ⮣,    ।  १  SQL*Net
  ந ४஢ ᨬ  ⥬ ASCII  EBCIDIC 
 .

 뢠 ࠧ  易⥫쭮.  ᫨   㪠,   ࠧ㬥
 ࠧ = 1.


  ⠪: long, long raw, raw, char, date, number, boolean, connect,
               .
@/
/@
RENAME
                                (२)
                                                              SQL
 RENAME ⥪饥 TO 


                                   -- 108 --



  RENAME   ⥪饥  ⠡,  ।⠢  
 ᨭ  .      室  ண  ꥪ
 室  .

  RENAME    २ ⮫.  ⮡ ᤥ ,  -
   CREATE TABLE...AS SELECT. ਬ, ᫨ 㦭 २-
  ⢥  ⮫ ⠡ STATIC OLDCOL  NEWCOL,   㦭
 :

     CREATE TABLE temporary (newcol) AS SELECT (oldcol) FROM static
     DROP TABLE static
     RENAME temporary TO static


  ⠪: create synonym, create table, create view, 䨪,
               ⠡, ।⠢ , ᨭ, , .
@/
/@
REVOKE
                                 (⮡)
                                                              SQL
 
  REVOKE  ᯮ짮  ⨦   3- 楫:
  1) ⮡ ⮡    ࠧ    ᪮쪨  짮⥫  -
     - ࠢ   ;
     
  2) ⮡    ᪮쪨 .  ᮧ -
       㪠  ࠭ (,  ᫥., । 㢥-
      ꥬ ࠭⢠,   ꥪ⠬);
     
  3) ⮡ ᤥ - ⠡, ।.   ᫥⥫쭮-
      㯭묨    ᪮쪨 .


 *1- 砩*

 REVOKE CONNECT, RESOURCE, DBA
     FROM , ,...

   REVOKE 蠥 ᫥ 짮⥫  ࠢ  -
  . । ⥬   짮⥫ ࠢ CONNECT ४
 ।⥫쭮 㭨⮦  ਭ騥  ꥪ. ⮡ 믮
  REVOKE 㦭  ࠢ DBA.

 *2- 砩*

 REVOKE RESOURCE ON _࠭
     FROM , ,...

   REVOKE  㪠 짮⥫    ᮧ-
  ꥪ  㪠  ࠭  ।। 㢥祭 -
   ꥬ.

 *3- 砩*

 REVOKE ࠢ__ꥪ, ࠢ__ꥪ,... | ALL
     ON .ꥪ
     FROM PUBLIC | , ,...

                                   -- 109 --



   REVOKE 蠥 ᫥ 짮⥫ ࠢ 㯠  
 ⠡栬, ।.      ᫥⥫쭮.  ⮡ 믮 
     楬 ꥪ⮢,    ⠡ ࠢ
 WITH GRANT OPTION.

 ᫨ .  稫 ࠢ 㯠  ⠡   祬  祫-
 ,     짮    ,    訥    
 ࠢ    ⠪.

     ࠢ__ꥪ
          ⠡:
             ALTER, DELETE, INDEX, INSERT, REFERENCES, SELECT  UPDATE

          ।⠢ :
             DELETE, INSERT, SELECT  UPDATE

          ᫥⥫쭮⥩:
             ALTER  SELECT


  ⠪: audit, grant, dba, , .
@/
/@
 ROLLBACK
                                   (⪠)
                                                              SQL
 ROLLBACK WORK;

 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT 窠_࠭;

  ROLLBACK 㫨  , ᥭ   ᫥ ᫥-
   COMMIT  㭨⮦  窨 ࠭.

  ROLLBACK TO 窠_࠭ 㫨  ,  ᥭ-
    ᫥ 㪠 窨 ࠭.

  ORACLE ⮬᪨ ᮧ   ࠭ । -
 ࠬ INSERT,   UPDATE  DELETE,   ⥬,  ⮡ 믮 ⪠  ⮩
 窨, ᫨   믮 ᯥ譮.

  WORK  SAVEPOINT   易⥫묨.    ᯮ짮
  襩 來.


  ⠪: ਬ rollback, commit, savepoint, insert, update,
               delete, , .
@/
/@
  

  ORACLE  ᯮ  ᪮쪨 ࠧ , ꥤ 
 .     室   ﭨ   㣠. -
 ,      ᥤ ,   室  -
  த.

      뢠  ,  室  㣮 
  室  襩 ,      ࠡ祩. 
  ଠ樥  㤠  , ᫨    SQL*Net  ᮢ-

                                   -- 110 --



   ⭮  ⥢ ࠩ.     㤠   
 אַ  SQL*Plus (   CONNECT),    ᪥ SQL*Plus
 (. ᠭ  SQLPLUS).

   㤠   SQL*Plus

     ⮡ ᮥ  㤠     SQL*Plus      
     CONNECT    ᠭ ⮩   ଥ,  ਣ  SQL*Net.
     ਬ:

                CONNECT SCOTT@ᠭ_
                CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER@ᠭ_

     ᫥ ᮥ   ⠭ 襩 ࠡ祩    , -
        ᤥ   :
         1. ᮥ  㣮 
         2. ᮥ    ( DISCONNECT)
         3.  ࠡ  SQL*Plus

     ଠ ᠭ    CONNECT   ᯫ㥬 
     襩  ⮪ SQL*Net.

   㤠   ᪥ SQL*PLus

     ⮡ ᮥ  㤠   ᪥ SQL*Plus,  -
        SQLPLUS  ⮩ .

               SQLPLUS SCOTT@ᠭ_
               SQLPLUS SCOTT/TIGER@ᠭ_

     _짮⥫, ஫,    ᠭ_   ⨬묨 
     㤠 .   ⮬ 砥 SQL*Plus ᫥ ᪠ ᮥ    
     㪠    㤥 襩 ࠡ祩   ,    ᤥ-
        :
         1. ᮥ  㣮 
         2. ᮥ    ( DISCONNECT)
         3.  ࠡ  SQL*Plus

  ⠪: , .
@/
/@
१ࢨ஢ ᫮

 ਢ  ᫮  ᮡ 祭  SQL  PL/SQL.    -
   ᯮ짮  ⢥  䨪஢ (᫨    -
 祭  窨).

 ABORT      AUDIT           CLUSTERS     DATA_BASE      DISPOSE
 ACCEPT     AUTHORIZATION   COLAUTH      DATE           DISTINCT
 ACCESS     AVG             COLUMN       DBA            DO
 ADD        BEGIN           COMMENT      DEBUGOFF       DROP
 ALL        BETWEEN         COMMIT       DEBUGON        ELSE
 ALTER      BODY            COMPRESS     DECIMAL        ELSIF
 AND        BOOLEAN         CONNECT      DECLARE        END
 ANY        BY              CONSTANT     DEFAULT        ENTRY
 ARRAY      CASE            COUNT        DEFINITION     EXCEPTION
 AS         CHAR            CRASH        DELAY          EXCEPTION_INIT
 ASC        CHAR_BASE       CREATE       DELETE         EXCLUSIVE

                                   -- 111 --



 ASSERT     CHECK           CURRENT      DELTA          EXISTS
 ASSIGN     CLOSE           CURSOR       DESC           EXIT
 AT         CLUSTER         DATABASE     DIGITS         FALSE



 FETCH        IF            LIKE         NOCOMPRESS     OTHERS
 FILE         IMMEDIATE     LIMITED      NOT            OUT
 FLOAT        IN            LOCK         NOWAIT         PACKAGE
 FOR          INCREMENT     LONG         NULL           PARTITION
 FORM         INDEX         LOOP         NUMBER         PCTFREE
 FROM         INDEXES       MAX          NUMBER_BASE    PRAGMA
 FUNCTION     INDICATOR     MAXEXTENTS   OF             PRIOR
 GENERIC      INITIAL       MIN          OFFLINE        PRIVATE
 GOTO         INSERT        MINUS        ON             PRIVILEGES
 GRANT        INTEGER       MOD          ONLINE         PROCEDURE
 GRAPHIC      INTERSECT     MODE         OPEN           PUBLIC
 GROUP        INTO          MODIFY       OPTION         RAISE
 HAVING       IS            NEW          OR             RANGE
 IDENTIFIED   LEVEL         NOAUDIT      ORDER          RAW



 RECORD       ROWTYPE       SQLERRM      THEN           VARGRAPH
 RELEASE      RUN           START        TO             VARIANCE
 REM          SAVEPOINT     STATEMENT    TRIGGER        VIEW
 REMARK       SCHEMA        STDDEV       TRUE           VIEWS
 RENAME       SELECT        SUBTYPE      TYPE           WHEN
 RESOURCE     SEPARATE      SUCCESSFUL   UID            WHENEVER
 RETURN       SESSION       SUM          UNION          WHERE
 REVERSE      SET           SYNONYM      UNIQUE         WHILE
 REVOKE       SHARE         SYSDATE      UPDATE         WITH
 ROLLBACK     SIZE          TABAUTH      USE            WORK
 ROW          SMALLINT      TABLE        USER           XOR
 ROWID        SPACE         TABLES       VALIDATE
 ROWNUM       SQL           TASK         VALUES
 ROWS         SQLCODE       TERMINATE    VARCHAR



  ⠪: 䨪, , .
@/
/@
SAVEPOINT
                              (窠 ࠭)
                                                              SQL
 SAVEPOINT _窨;

  SAVEPOINT ⠢  室 믮 ࠭樨 ⬥,  
  ᯮ짮    ROLLBACK  㪠 窨,   ன
 㦭 ⬥   .

   - ᫨   ࠭樨 ୮ ᯮ짮  窨  ࠭,
      । 窠  ⨬  ࠥ.

   -  ROLLBACK TO _窨 㫨  , ᥭ 
      ᫥ ⠭ 㪠 窨 ࠭.


                                   -- 112 --



   -  COMMIT  ROLLBACK  ࠬ஢ 㭨⮦  窨 -
     ࠭.


  ⠪: ਬ rollback, ࠭樨, rollback, commit, ,
               .
@/
/@
SELECT
                                                           
                                                              SQL
 SELECT ALL | DISTINCT * | ⠡.* | ࠦ alias,...
    FROM .⠡, ⠡ alias,...
    WHERE ᫮
    CONNECT BY ᫮  START WITH ᫮
    GROUP BY ࠦ, ࠦ... HAVING ᫮
    UNION | INTERSECT | MINUS  SELECT...
    ORDER BY ࠦ | ASC | DESC,...
    FOR UPDATE OF ⮫, ⮫... NOWAIT;

  SELECT    ⮫殢    ᪮쪨  ⠡-
 .  SELECT ᠬ  ᥡ  ᮬ. ᫨  ᯮ
  ।  㣮 ,    뢠 ᮬ.
     SELECT 易⥫쭮  ⢮ । FROM.
 ⠫ ।   室묨.  ᮢ⭮ ᯮ짮-
  ᪮쪨   ।    ᠭ  㪠 
 浪.

  ⠪: ଠ  , ਬ  select, ,
               , from, where, , connect by, group by,
               order by, for update of,  ࠡ⪨ ,
               稥 , ࠦ, ᫮, ਬ ,
               ਬ , , .
@/
/@
SELECT INTO
                                                           PL/SQL
 SELECT_祭 INTO ᯨ᮪_६
    FROM ⠡, ⠡,...
    ⠫쭠__;


  SELECT...INTO   ⠡ (⠡)  祭 㪠
 ⮫殢  頥   ᮮ. ६, ᫥  ᯨ᪥_-
 .    ६  ᮮ. ⮫殢   ᮢ,
   ᮢ⨬묨.

 祭 ப   ࠭  ६,    -
  ਡ %ROWTYPE.


  ⠪: ਬ select into, ᯨ᮪ select, variables, select,
                ८ࠧ, ਡ, fetch, , .
@/
/@
᮪ SELECT



                                   -- 113 --



 SELECT list
   FROM...

 ᮪  SELECT ⮨    ᪮쪨   ଠ-
 樨, ᯮ  ᫮ SELECT  FROM  ⤥   -
  묨.  冷 -⮢  ⮬ ᯨ᪥ । 冷 ᯮ-
  ⮫殢  १. -⠬ ᯨ᪠ SELECT  :

     -  ⮫殢   ୠ⨢  (ename "", deptno)
     
     - ࠦ  ⮫栬  ࠭祭ﬨ,  ६ 饣
       몠
     
     - 㯯 㭪樨 (MAX(sal), MIN(comm))
     
     - 㯯 㭪樨 (SYSDATE, INITCAP(ename))

 ᫨   SELECT ᯮ । GROUP  BY,     -⠬
 ᯨ᪠ SELECT    ⮫쪮 㯯 㭪樨,  ࠦ,  騥
 ᫥ । GROUP BY,  ⠭  㭪樨    ࠬ஢  (⨯
 SYSDATE).


  ⠪: ਬ ᯨ᪠ select, select, group by, , ࠦ,
               㯯 㭪樨, ਬ select, .
@/
/@
SET TRANSACTION
                                                              SQL
 SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY


  SET  TRANSACTION READ ONLY ⠭  ⥪饩 ࠭樨
 ० ࠡ "⮫쪮 ⥭".  ᫥ ⮣   , 믮-
 騥  ⥪饩 ࠭樨,  ஢  , ᤥ-
  㭨 짮⥫ﬨ.   SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY  -
  ,    ᫨ 㦭 ᮧ   ᭮   ⢠
 ⠡, ﭭ 塞 ࠧ묨 짮⥫ﬨ. ⢨ 
 SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY 稢  믮 ஢ COMMIT
  ROLLBACK.

  ⨢ ⢨  SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY    -
   DELETE, INSERT  UPDATE. 蠥 ⮫쪮 믮
 ᮢ.  SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY    -
 ஬  ࠭樨.


  ⠪: ਬ set transaction, ࠭樨, , commit,
               rollback, , .
@/
/@
SQL  PL/SQL

  SQL  楤 몮  ⥬  ࠢ  ५樮
  ,    ࠡ뢠  㯯  ᯥ稢
 ⮬᪨  㦭 .  SQL   㪠뢠,
   室 ,     ⮬,    -


                                   -- 114 --



 .  PL/SQL,  ᢮ ।,  楤 몮, ᯮᮡ
 ࠢ 室 ᫥.  몥 PL/SQL  ᫮ , 横-
 , ।⢠   ࠡ  ࠬ ORACLE  ࠡ⪨ ᮡ 権.

   -   PL/SQL,    ⠭  ६  PL/SQL
              (var :=  var  + 1),  ࠬ ࠢ 室 믮
              ணࠬ (IF,  GOTO,  EXIT)   横 (LOOP,   FOR...LOOP,
              WHILE...LOOP),   ᯮ짮   SQL, -
              騥  ⥣ ࠡ⪨   ࠢ  ࠭-
              ﬨ.

 㭪樨    -   PL/SQL   SQL     
              㭪樨 몠 SQL.   PL/SQL    -
              짮  -樨 몠 SQL, ஬ 㯯.

 ।  -  PL/SQL  ᯮ짮  ᫮, ਣ  -
                ।. WHERE    ࠢ.

  ⠪: 横, ࠡ⪠ 訡, , ६, .
@/
/@
 SQL%

  믮    ࠢ SQL,   易   ᠭ
 ஬, PL/SQL  ⮬᪨ 뢠    ,   뢠
 " SQL%".  ਡ  SQL%    -
   室   १  믮  ஢  DELETE,   UPDATE  
 INSERT.

            ,         
                        ,  
                                             .
 ------------------------------------------------------------------
 SQL%NOTFOUND    . FALSE             . TRUE

 SQL%FOUND       . TRUE              . FALSE

 SQL%ROWCOUNT    . =            . = 0
                㤠//
                 ப


  ⠪: declare cursor, , ਡ , delete, update,
               insert, ਡ (%type and %rowtype), .
@/
/@
START WITH
                                                          । SQL
 SELECT list  FROM...
    WHERE...
    CONNECT BY PRIOR ࠦ1  ࠦ2   --᭠砫 뢥 ࠦ1
    CONNECT BY ࠦ1  PRIOR ࠦ2   --᭠砫 뢥 ࠦ2
    START WITH ᫮;                       --易⥫쭮


 ᫮   । START WITH । "७" ("୨")  ॢ.
 ⮡ 稭   ப,  ⢥饩 ᫮ WHERE, ᫥ -
  । START WITH.

                                   -- 115 --




  ⠪: ਬ connect by, ᫮, connect by,
               ॢ , where, , .
@/
/@
ࠢ 

 䨪 (६,  ⠭,  ,   ᮡ -
 樨)   묨  ,  ஬  ,  -
 묨   , 室  ⠪. ᫨  -
 䨪           ,    
   쭮  ⠭ ⢨⥫  ⮣   
     㣨 .     뫠  -
 䨪,    㣨 ,ᯮ   ⮬    ஢
 .

 ᫨ 䨪  ८    㦭 ᯮ짮  -
   譥 ,    譥   ᫥  ।  
 .   <<_⪨>>,   ⥬ ।  .   
 ⪨  窮.

                     <<top>>
                     DECLARE
                        day  DATE;
                     BEGIN
                        ...
                        DECLARE
                           day  DATE;
                        BEGIN
                           IF day = top.day THEN...

  ⠪: 䨪, ६, , declare, end, .
@/
/@
᫥⥫쭮

 ᫥⥫쭮 뢠 ꥪ  ORACLE, 騩 -
 騥 楫 ᫠.  祭  ᫥⥫쭮 ᫠ 祭  
 ᯮ  ⢥ 祭  ࢨ 祩. ⮡ 짮-
   ਭ饩    .,   㦭        ࠢ  롮ન
 (SELECT). 㯭 ᫥. ᫥  ।⠢ ᫮ 
 USER_SEQUENCES  ALL_SEQUENCES.  ᮧ ᫥⥫쭮 ⠭-
 :

   - ᫠, ᮧ ᫥.,    ﭭ, -
          ⮫쪮  । ।, ,  ⨦ ।,
         稭 ⠭ ,  砫쭮 祭.

  饭 - ᫥.  ᮧ 楯窨  㢥稢 ᥫ,
         ⠪  㬥.   ⠪  饭 祭.

 ᥢ⮫ ᫥⥫쭮.NEXTVAL ᮤন  ᮧ ᫮,
  ᥢ⮫  ᫥⥫쭮.CURRVAL ᮤন ᫥ ᮧ
 ᫮.





                                   -- 116 --



  ⠪: keys, ᫮ , nextval, create sequence,
               alter sequence, drop sequence, .
@/
/@
 ࠡ⪨ 

  ࠡ⪨  ꥤ १ ᪮쪨 ᮢ 
 .

          ⢨  SQL                   ⠪
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    UNION         ꥤ 騥       SELECT...
                  ப, 祭           UNION SELECT...
                   ᮢ.

    INTERSECT     ⠥  ⠪, ⮡       SELECT...
                    騥        INTERSECT SELECT...
                  ப, 頥 
                  ᮬ.

    MINUS         뤠  騥       SELECT...
                  ப, 祭 ,        MINUS SELECT...
                    , ᮬ.


     ⠪: ਬ , , select, .
@/
/@


 ᮬ 뢠  SELECT, 騩  ࠢ  ࠦ
 ᫥ ᫮ WHERE.       㣮. 
    㣨 .

            SELECT...WHERE ࠦ  (SELECT...);
            UPDATE...WHERE ࠦ  (SELECT...);
            DELETE...WHERE ࠦ  (SELECT...);

            SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE cityname IN
               (SELECT id FROM city WHERE stateabbr IN
                  (SELECT stateabbr FROM state WHERE
                     name = 'NEW YORK'));


  SQL  ᯮ짮  ࠢ  १.  , -
 饣  祬  祭.   ⮣  ᫥  ࠢ-
  ᯮ짮 ᫮ ANY, ALL  SOME.

            SELECT ename FROM emp
               WHERE job <> 'MANAGER' AND sal > ANY
               (SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE job='MANAGER');

  ⠪: ਬ , select, where, update, delete,
               ࠢ, , ਬ select, .
@/
@/
⠭


                                   -- 117 --



 ६묨 ⠭   ६, । .,
 । 묨 ⮨    ᥭ (&).      
 ६ ⠭,     SQL*Plus 믮  ⠪,   
  뫪   ६ ⮨  祭.

 ਬ:  ।,  ६ SORTCOL  祭 = "JOB", 
            ६ MYTABLE = "EMP".    SQL*Plus 믮 
               SQL> BREAK ON &SORTCOL SQL> SELECT &SORTCOL, SAL
                 2  FROM &MYTABLE
                 3  ORDER BY &SORTCOL;
            ⠪,   뫮 ᠭ
               SQL> BREAK ON JOB
               SQL> SELECT JOB, SAL
                 2  FROM EMP
                 3  ORDER BY JOB;


 ⠭ 祭 ६  ਬ       
 SQL  SQL*Plus, ஬ 1- ᫮,   ⢥  ਣ襭. ᫨
 SQL*Plus 砥 ⠭ ६  । 祭, 
  訢  祭  짮⥫.

 ਬ:  ।,  祭  ६ GIVENNAME 
            ।,    ᫥. :

               SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME = '&GIVENNAME';

            SQL*Plus 뢥  ࠭ ਣ襭:

                祭  givenname:


  ⢥  祭        ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ,
  ஡   ९.  ᫨ ᠬ ६   -
 祭  窨,      . SQL*Plus   砥 㤥
    祭   ନ,  ᫨  
 뢮 ७ࠢ  䠩. ᫨ ନ  ( 砥,  
 믮  䠩,  ⭮ ०),  SQL*Plus ᯮ 䠩, 
  ७ࠢ . ⮡   ⠭ 祭
 - ᨬ,    ࠧ ᫥  ६, -
   窮.

 ਬ:  SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO='&E.01';
             祭  E:  123

 ਭ 
            SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO='12301';

 ᨬ &  &&

 ᫨ ।  ६ ⮨ ⮫쪮  ᥭ,  SQL*Plus 
 ⠭ 뢠    DEFINE.   ,    ⨢
 ᭮ ⠭  ⮩ ६,  ( 㣮    ୮
 믮 ) SQL*Plus     祭. ᫨ -
 ।  ६ ⠢  ᥭ,   ᫥  祭
  㤥 ⮬᪨   DEFINE     -
   ॡ.


                                   -- 118 --



 ਬ:   䠩 STATS  (믮饬  ᪨
           ᫥) ᠭ ᫥饥:

               SELECT &&GROUP_COL, MAX(&&NUMBER_COL)  MAXIMUM,
                   MIN(&&NUMBER_COL) MINIMUM,
                   SUM(&&NUMBER_COL) TOTAL,
                   AVG(&&NUMBER_COL) AVERAGE
               FROM &TABLE
               GROUP BY &&GROUP_COL;

            ᪥  ⮣  䠩  SQL*Plus  砫 믮 䠩
            祭 ६:

                祭  group_col: PROJNO
                祭  number_col: SAL
                祭  table: EMP

           ⥬ SQL*Plus 믮 ᫥騩 :

               SELECT PROJNO, MAX(SAL)  MAXIMUM,
                   MIN(SAL) MINIMUM,
                   SUM(SAL) TOTAL,
                   AVG(SAL) AVERAGE
               FROM EMP
               GROUP BY PROJNO;

           ᫨   ୮    믮  ⮣  ,   
           SQL*Plus ॡ   ⮫쪮  祭  ६  TABLE
           (।   ⮨  ᥭ).   ६   -
           ᥭ (GROUP_COL or NUMBER_COL)  祭  ॡ-
           .


 ࠭祭  ⠭ ६.

 ⠭ ६   ᯮ짮      ।஢
 APPEND, CHANGE, DEL  INPUT.  ⠭  ᯮ짮  -
 ,     ᫥ (..   ⨯ HELP, REMARK 
 TIMING).  APPEND, CHANGE  INPUT ਭ ⥪, 稭騩
  ᥭ  ⮩ ⥪.

 ᫥  ६,  ⠭  SET, ।-
 ⢥    ⠭ ६  ࠬ஢.

 SET SCAN      砥  몫砥 ⠭.

 SET DEFINE    ⠭ ᨬ ⠭.
               ࠧ㬥 ᨬ -- &.

 SET ESCAPE    ⠭  ᨬ  ⬥.   ᨬ 㦭  ⠢
               । ᨬ , ᫨  ⨬, ⮡   -
                SQL*Plus  몭 ᨬ,     ᨬ -
               . ࠧ㬥 ᨬ ⬥ -- \.

 SET VERIFY ON 뢠   ࠭   ப   䠩
                 ᫥ ⠭ ६.



                                   -- 119 --



 SET CONCAT    ⠭ ᨬ, ⠢騩   ६ 
               ᮥ塞   祭 ப. ࠧ㬥 ᨬ-
                -- . (窠).

  ⠪: &, , .
@/
/@


  뢠 ⥫ , ᢠ ⠡栬,
 ।⠢   ᫥⥫쭮.    
 ᯮ짮   㦨  㤠 ⠡  ।⠢,
    㪠뢠  ࠧ   ,  ன
 ᯮ  ꥪ.   뢠 묨  饤㯭묨.
  ।   ᮧ.    ⭮ ᨭ 
 ⫨    ꥪ⮢, ਭ  ᮧ⥫.  
 ᮧ    CREATE SYNONYM.



  ⠪: ⠡, ।⠢ , ᫥⥫쭮,
               create synonym, , .
@/
/@
᮪ 㯭 ⥬

----------------------------------------

䠢 㪠⥫
䬥᪨ 
ਡ
ਡ 

㫥 ࠢ

 ࠦ
ࠦ
㯯 㭪樨
ॢ 

१ࢨ஢ ᫮
䨪
䨪 짮⥫
筮 ᮥ


ਨ
 SQL%

᪨ 
ࠫ
䨪 ଠ

 ८ࠧ
࠭祭

ࠡ⪠ 訡
 LIKE

                                   -- 120 --



 ࠡ⪨ 
 ࠢ
ᮡ 樨  PL/SQL
ࠬ

⠭
६
ࠢ 
। ⥩
।⠢ 
ਬ SELECT
ਬ CONNECT BY
ਬ DELETE
ਬ FOR  ஬
ਬ GROUP BY
ਬ INSERT
ਬ LIKE
ਬ LOCK TABLE
ਬ NEXTVAL
ਬ ROLLBACK
ਬ SELECT INTO
ਬ SET TRANSACTION
ਬ WHERE CURRENT OF
ਬ WHILE
ਬ 㯯 㭪権
ਬ 
ਬ 筮 ᮥ
ਬ ஢
ਬ ࠡ⪨ 訡
ਬ 
ਬ ஢ ࠡ⪨ 
ਬ ८ࠧ
ਬ ⮣ ᮥ
ਬ  祭
ਬ ᯨ᪠ SELECT
ਬ ᮮ⭮饣 
ਬ ⨯ 
ਬ ଠ⮢
ਬ 㭪権 ࠡ⪨ 
ਬ ᫥ FOR
ਬ
稥 
稥 㭪樨
ᥢ⮫
᫥⥫쭮
 ᨬ 㭪樨
 ᫥ 㭪樨
 祭
⥫
। 
裡


 
⭮騩 

࠭樨
 

                                   -- 121 --



᫮
ॢ訥 

ଠ  
ଠ஢ ᥫ
ଠ஢ 
㭪樨 ஢ 訡
㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ 
㭪樨 ८ࠧ
 FOR  ஬

᫥ 横 FOR
/
@
ACCEPT
ALTER CLUSTER
ALTER DATABASE
ALTER INDEX
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER USER
APPEND
AUDIT
BEGIN
BOOLEAN
BREAK
BTITLE
CHANGE
CHAR
CLEAR
CLOSE
COLUMN
COMMENT
COMMIT
COMPUTE
CONNECT
CONNECT BY
COPY
CREATE CLUSTER
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DB LINK
CREATE INDEX
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SYNONYM
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE VIEW
DATE
DBA
DECLARE
DECLARE CURSOR
DEFINE
DEL
DELETE
DESCRIBE

                                   -- 122 --



DISCONNECT
DROP CLUSTER
DROP DATABASE LINK
DROP INDEX
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
DROP SEQUENCE
DROP SYNONYM
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE
DROP VIEW
EDIT
END
EXCEPTION
EXIT
EXIT PL/SQL
FETCH
FOR UPDATE OF
FROM
GET
GOTO
GRANT
GROUP BY
HAVING
HELP
HOST
IF
INPUT
INSERT
LIST
LOCK TABLE
LONG
LONG RAW
LOOP
NEXTVAL
NOAUDIT
NOWAIT
NULL
NUMBER
OPEN
ORDER BY
PAUSE
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT
PROMPT
QUIT
RAISE
RAW
REMARK
RENAME
REVOKE
ROLLBACK
RUN
RUNFORM
SAVE
SAVEPOINT
SELECT
SELECT INTO
SET
SET TRANSACTION

                                   -- 123 --



SHOW
SPOOL
SQLPLUS
SQL  PL/SQL
START
START WITH
TIMING
TOPICS
TTITLE
UNDEFINE
UPDATE
VALIDATE INDEX
WHENEVER SQLERROR
WHERE
WHERE CURRENT OF
WHILE
@/
/@
, ⮫  ப

  ࠭     ⠡,    ⮫殢   ப.   
 ⠡   ⮫殬  ࠭  ᯨ᮪.   -
 쪨 ⮫栬 ࠭ ଠ,  ன  祭 -
  ப  ⮫殢.

  ⮫  ।⠢  ᮡ   ਡ ப.   ப
 ⠡ ᮤন      筮    祭
 ᥢ⮫ ROWID.   ᪮쪮 ⮫殢 ⠡   -
 묨, 譨  㭨묨 砬.  ⠡  ⮫ 뫠-
 , ᯮ   (ਬ, emp.sal).



  ⠪: ᥢ⮫, 䨪, , create table,
               alter table, drop table, ࠭祭, .
@/
/@
࠭樨

 ࠭樥  SQL 뢠 ᪨  ᫥⥫쭮 -
 ஢, ᬠਢ    楫.  믮 -
 ஢, 室   ࠭,    ࠭    
  COMMIT,    㫨஢ ஬ RKLLBACK  (
 ROLLBACK  窨 ࠭). ࠭ 稭  1- 믮塞
 ,    1-  ᫥ COMMIT  ROLLBACK.  ࠭
 稢  믮 ஢ COMMIT  ROLLBACK.

 ⮡ ࠤ   ஢ 㣨 짮⥫ﬨ,  -
  ࠭樨 ᫥ 믮  SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY.



  ⠪: commit, rollback, savepoint, set transaction, .
@/
/@
ॢ 



                                   -- 124 --



 ॢ ᮬ 뢠 ,  ஬  ।-
  CONNECT BY, ।祭  ⮡ࠦ ப १  -
  ᪮ 浪. 稭  , ᠭ ।
 START WITH,  ᬠਢ  ᮥ  ୥ . -
 ਬ: ᯨ᮪  . ⤥ ( ⠡ EMP)   稭 (४
 -- KING).

 ஢ 1               KING  (७)
               |-----------|----------------------|
               |           |                      |
 ஢ 2   CLARK       JONES                  BLAKE
               |       |---|---|     |-----|------|-------|-------|
               |       |       |     |     |      |       |       |
 ஢ 3   MILLER  SCOTT   FORD  ALLEN  WARD  MARTIN  TURNER  JAMES
                       |       |
                       |       |
 ஢ 4           ADAMS   SMITH



  ⠪: ਬ connect by, select, , ਬ select,
               .
@/
/@
UPDATE
                                ()
                                                     SQL  PL/SQL

 UPDATE ⠡/_।_ SET
     ⮫_ = ࠦ
     ⮫_ = (SELECT___१⮬) --᪠  SQL
     (⮫_, ⮫_,...) = _SELECT --᪠  SQL
   WHERE_।;
   WHERE CURRENT OF _; --᪠  PL/SQL

  UPDATE  祭   ᪮쪨 㪠 ⮫-
 殢  祭 ࠦ  १ .   SELECT  ⮬
       ப  ᯥ稢  -
    ⮫, 饣 ᫥   =.   SELECT
   ᮤঠ ࠧ INTO.   ।  ப, 
 , ᯮ  । WHERE.    㪠뢠 ᫮,
   ⢥ 塞 ப. ᫨ । WHERE -
 ,     ப.

  PL/SQL, । WHERE CURRENT OF 뢠  ⥪饩 ப
 .


  ⠪: example rollback, , where current of,  sql%,
               ਬ where current of, select, , .
@/
/@
. 짮⥫
                         (䨪 짮⥫)

 짮⥫, 騩   ,       -
 ஫. .    ⠡栬, ।⠢ﬨ   ᫥-
 ⥫쭮ﬨ.   짮⥫     ࠢ  SELECT,

                                   -- 125 --



 INSERT, DELETE  UPDATE   ꥪ 㣨 짮⥫. -
  짮⥫ ᮧ       GRANT,   믮塞
 ., 騬 ࠢ DBA.



  ⠪: grant, select, insert, delete, update, dba, .
@/
/@
ਬ SELECT

  SELECT  ᨭ⠪ ।,  ᯮ㥬  
  ᠬ,   ⠪   㣨  SQL.   ᪠  ᫥
  ⥬  ᬮ  ଠ   ਬ 
 SELECT.     뢮 ⥪ ᪠  ࠭  HELP,  ஡ 
 筮 ( )  㦭 ⥬.

         ᯨ᮪ select             ᮮ⭮騩 

         ᮥ (⮥)      । 

         筮 ᮥ     ॢ 

                             select into (PL/SQL)

                           (PL/SQL)



  ⠪: select, , ਬ, .
@/
/@
VALIDATE INDEX
                     (஢ ࠢ쭮 )
                                                              SQL
 VALIDATE INDEX .

  VALIDATE INDEX ஢,  ࠢ쭮  㪠뢠  
   .  ,    砥,    ப 㤥 -
 . -  .  ᫨ ORACLE  뤠 ᮮ饭  ⮬,    
 ஢७,  ᫥ 㭨⮦   ᭮ ᮧ .


  ⠪: create index, alter index, , .
@/
/@
६

 ६   ᯮ짮  ࠭ १⮢ ,  
  ᫥ 祭, ᨬ  ⠡. ६   -
  ⨬     SQL  PL/SQL ⨯ :  NUMBER,  CHAR,  DATE 
 BOOLEAN. ਬ: balance NUMBER(5,2); wkphone CHAR(12); sex BOOLEAN

   ᯮᮡ ᢮ 祭 ६.  :

      -  ᢠ :=
             ਬ, discount := price * 0.15)


                                   -- 126 --



      - 믮 SELECT INTO  FETCH INTO:
             ਬ:
               SELECT price * 0.15 INTO discount FROM pricelist
               WHERE stockdate <= SYSDATE - 60

 ⮡ । ⠭, ᫥ ᫥   CONSTANT  -
  ᢮ 祭. ਬ:
    discount CONSTANT NUMBER(2,2) := 0.15;


  ⠪: declare, number, char, date, boolean, select into, fetch,
               , .
@/
/@
।⠢   

 ।⠢   ( 뢠 㠫묨 ⠡栬)   -
 ঠ   ⠪,       ⮡ࠦ  ଠ樨,
 ࠭饩  -    ᪮쪨 ⠡ (..  ⠡-
 ). ।.  :

     - ࠭   ,  ࠭騬      ⮫  
       () ப.
     -   襭 ᫮ ଠ樨;    ।.
        ࠡ뢠 ଠ  ᪮쪨 ⠡.
     -  ᫮ ᨭ⠪;  ।.  ⮡ࠦ -
         ᪮쪨 ⠡,  ॡ  ࠧ 믮 権
       ᮥ.
     - ९   ࠧ 祪 ७; ⮫栬 ।.  
       ᢠ  ,     ⮬  ⮫殢 -
        ⠡.

 ,   ᢮ ।,  ᯥ稢    ப ⠡.
 ᫨  SQL ࠡ뢠  25% ப,  ᯮ짮 
 ⢥ 㢥稢 ᪮ 믮 .

   ࠭,    ⠡  㤥 ப  ᮢ-
 騬 祭ﬨ ண ⮫ (饣 ࢨ 箬).


  ⠪: tables, keys, create view, create index, .
@/
/@
WHENEVER SQLERROR
                           ( 砥 訡 SQL)
     
 WHENEVER SQLERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS|FAILURE|WARNING|n|६]|CONTINUE}

  WHENEVER SQLERROR 㪠뢠,    砥  訡
  믮     SQL    PL/SQL,   ᫥    ࠡ
 SQL*Plus.

     EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | ६]
         㤨 SQL*Plus,   砥  訡 SQL,  
         ࠡ, ।⥫쭮 ⢥न  ⢥ত 
          .  訡  SQL*Plus   뢠 襭 ࠡ-
         .


                                   -- 127 --



     CONTINUE
         ⬥ EXIT.

 ଥ:   뢠 襭 SQL*Plus    訡,  
        砥, ᫨,  UPDATE 믮  訡.  ⮬ 砥
        ⠪ 㤥 ய饭  COPY.

               SQL> GET RAISE
                 1  WHENEVER SQLERROR EXIT SQL.SQLCODE
                 2  UPDATE EMP SET SAL = SAL*1.1
                 3  COPY TO SCOTT/TIGER@D:BETHESDA -
                 4  REPLACE EMP -
                 5  USING SELECT * FROM EMP
                 6  WHENEVER SQLERROR CONTINUE

  ⠪: ਬ ࠡ⪨ 訡, exit, , .
@/
/@
WHERE
     
                                                          । SQL

 SELECT ...              UPDATE ...              DELETE ...
    WHERE ᫮           WHERE ᫮           WHERE ᫮


  ᭮  㪠 ᫮,  । WHERE 蠥,   ப 
 ⠡  ࠡ⠭ ஬ (SELECT, UPDATE  DELETE),  -
 ஬   । ᠭ.   ᫮ ⮨   ⮫,
  ࠢ  ண  業,  饣     ⨯
 ,   業 ⮫.  ᫮  ᯮ짮  -
 ᪨ .   NOT ॢ १ 業    ;
 AND    㪠뢠 ᪮쪮 易⥫ ᫮; OR ॡ -
     ᫮.  ਬ,  ᫨ 㦭   ⮢,
    $100, 祭  90   , 
  믮 ᫥. :

 SELECT * FROM clients WHERE bal > 100 AND SYSDATE - duedate >= 90;


  ⠪: , select, update, delete, ᫮, ࠢ,
               ᪨ , , .
@/
/@
WHERE CURRENT OF
                                                       । PL/SQL

 । WHERE CURRENT OF _  ਬ    ணࠬ  
 몥 PL/SQL   뫪  ᫥ ࠭ ஬ FETCH ப.
  । ᯮ 㯥  ࠬ UPDATE  DELETE. -
         ࠭ ப.  ⮡ -
 짮 । WHERE CURRENT OF,    ᠭ  -
 ࠪ⨪ FOR UPDATE OF.


 ਡ   SQL%    ஢   
  ଠ  믮 ஢ UPDATE  DELETE.


                                   -- 128 --




  ⠪: ਬ where current of, update, delete, for update of,
               ,  SQL%, ਡ , , .
@/
/@
WHILE
                                                           PL/SQL

 WHILE ᫮ LOOP
     㯯_஢
 END LOOP;


  WHILE 믮 㯯_஢   ,    砫 
 樨 㪠 ᫮ 㤥 ⨭.   稢 ᫥ -
 ,  ᫮ ⠭    (NULL).


 ᠭ 㣨 横: loop, 横 for  ஬, ᫥ 横 for.
  
  ⠪: ਬ while, ᫮, 㫥 ࠢ, .
@/
/@
@
                        ( "at" -- ᪮ "")

 @_䠩[.७]
 
  @ 㦨  ᪠  䠩.

 _䠩
     䠩,  㦭 믮. ᫨   ७,
    SQL*PLUS  㬮砭 筮 ᯮ ७ SQL. ࠧ㬥-
     ७  䠩      SET.

         䠩  ,    筮
  ࠪ⨢ ( SQL  SQL*PLUS).

     START,    । -
 .

 ਬ, ⮡  믮    䠩  PRINTRPT  ७ SQL,
 :

     SQL> @PRINTRPT

 ⮡ 믮  䠩 WKRPT  ७ QRY, :

     SQL> @WKRPT.QRY
     
  ⠪: 䨪, start, edit, run, get, set (), spool,
                list, save, ࠬ, , .
@/
/@
/
                              ( )



                                   -- 129 --



    뢠 믮  SQL      PL/SQL,
 室饩 (室饣)      .

      ᫥  ਣ襭  ᫥
 ਣ襭  ஬ ப, 뤠   । ப.

      RUN,     뢮   
 ࠭   .

 믮  SQL   PL/SQL, ᯮ "/",   
 ⥪饩 ப  ,  ᫨     ᮤন  訡.   
 砥 ⢮   訡 SQL*PLUS ⠢ 㪠⥫ ⥪饩 ப
  ப  訡.

 ਬ, ⮡ ᬮ ,    㤥 믮,  -
  뢥 ᮤন :

      SQL> LIST
         1* SELECT ENAME, JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME = 'JAMES'

 ⮡ 믮  ,  "/".

      SQL> /

  襯ਢ  SQL*PLUS  ᫥饥:

      ENAME     JOB
      --------- ---------
      AMES         CLERK

  ⠪: @, edit, get, list, run, save, ࠬ, set (),
               spool, start, , .
@/
/@
ACCEPT
                                 (ਭ)

 ACC[EPT] ६ [NUM[BER] | CHAR] [PROMPT ⥪ | NOPR[OMT]] [HIDE]
     
  ACCEPT ⠥ ப  ன⢠   ࠭   㪠-
  짮⥫ ६.
  
 ६
       ६,   ன   ࠭ 祭. ᫨ -
        ,  SQL*PLUS ᮧ .

 NUM[BER]
      ࠭稢 ⨯  ६ ⨯ NUMBER.  ᫨ ⢥  -
      ⢥ ⨯ ,  ACCEPT 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡  -
      蠥.

 CHAR
      ࠭稢 ⨯  ६ ⨯ CHAR.  ᫨ ⢥  ᮮ-
       ⨯ ,  ACCEPT 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡  -
      .
                    
 PROMPT ⥪
      뢮 ⥪  ࠭  ਥ 祭 ६  짮-

                                   -- 130 --



      .
 
 NOPR[OMPT]
      ய᪠ ப     뢮 ᪠.
 
 HIDE
       ⮡ࠦ  .

 ਬ: ⮡ 뢥 ᪠ ":  "   ⢥   -
            SALARY ( ⨯  NUMBER), :

                    SQL> ACCEPT salary NUMBER PROMPT ': '

           ⮡ 뢥 ᪠ "஫: "   ⢥  CHAR-
           ६ PSWD         , :

                    SQL> ACCEPT pswd CHAR PROMPT '஫: ' HIDE
 
  ⠪: define, input, prompt, ࠬ, , .
@/
/@
APPEND

 A[PPEND] ⥪
     
  APPEND   㪠 ⥪   ⥪饩 ப .


 ⥪
      ,    . ᫨   ⤥ ⥪ 
      । ᨬ ஡,    ஡  APPEND
       ⥪⮬.

 ਬ: ⮡  ஡   ⮫ DEPT  ன ப
          , ᭠砫 室 ᤥ  ⥪饩:

                    SQL> 2
                      2* FROM EMP,

          ⥬  APPEND:

                    SQL> APPEND  DEPT
                    SQL> 2
                      2* FROM EMP, DEPT

              ஡  APPEND  DEPT. 
          ࠧ APPEND  ⥪; ன ஡     -
          塞 ᨬ.

          ⮡    ⮩, :

                    SQL> APPEND ;;

          SQL*PLUS      ⮩  ⥪饩 ப,  
               APPEND.
     
  ⠪: change, del, edit, list, save, set (), spool,
               , .

                                   -- 131 --



@/
/@
BREAK
 
 BRE[AK] [ON _ [⢨ [⢨]]]
     
  BREAK ।    ଠ஢ 㤥   .
 BREAK ᯮ :

      *  뢮 㡫஢ 祭  㪠 ⮫殢
      * ய ப   祭 ⮫
      *  १ ஬ ᫥   祭
        ⮫     (.  COMPUTE)
                    
  BREAK  ࠬ஢ 뢮 祭 ⥪ ⠭ BREAK.

 _
      室 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

           {column | expr | ROW | REPORT}

 ⢨
      室 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:
           
           SKI[P] n | [SKI[P]] PAGE]
           [NODUP[LICATES] | DUP[LICATES]]


 ON ⮫ [⢨ [⢨]]
      । ⢨   SQL*PLUS,   室 ந
       뢠  㪠 ⮫  (뢠  ⮫殬  뢠-
      ). 뢠 ந室     稭:

      *  祭 ⮫  ࠦ
      * 砭 뢮 
      *  
      
        ᪠ ⢨,  "BREAK ON ⮫"  頥  
      㡫஢ 祭  ⮫  砥   ,  -
      ஬ SQL*PLUS ந ᫥, ।   ᮮ⢥-
      饩  COMPUTE.

        㪠 "ON ⮫"   ᪮쪮 ࠧ. ᫨  㪠-
       ࠧ ON ᪮쪮 ࠧ,    砥:

              SQL> BREAK ON DEPTNO SKIP PAGE ON JOB SKIP 1 -
                 > ON SAL SKIP 1

       ᭠砫 ࠧ ON ᬠਢ ᠬ 譥 뢠 (  
       砥 ON DEPTNO)    ᠬ ᫥ । ࠧ ON ᬠ-
        ᠬ   ७  뢠  (    砥  ON  SAL).
       SQL*PLUS  뢠   뢮   㪠 -
       , 稭  ᠬ 譥 뢠  ᠬ ७
       뢠     浪.    砥,  SQL*PLUS
         祭  DEPTNO, ⥬  JOB, ⥬  SAL.
       
       ⥬, SQL*PLUS 믮 ⢨ 稭    ⢨  㪠
        ᠬ  ७ 뢠  ⠪ ࠡ⪠   ⭮

                                   -- 132 --



       浪  ᠬ 譥 뢠 (  砥    SKIP  1
        ON   SAL    SKIP PAGE  ON DEPTNO).  SQL*PLUS 믮 
       ⢨ ᭨ ,   ⢨   ⮫,    ஬
       ந諮 뢠.

       ᫨, ਬ,   뢮 ᫥⥫쭮 ᥩ 
       祭 ⮫ JOB,   祭 DEPTNO  SAL  ,  
       SQL*PLUS ய  ப । ⥬    (-
        ப-  १ SKIP 1  ࠧ ON SAL,   㣠 ப-
        १ SKIP 1  ࠧ ON JOB).

       ᥣ   ᯮ짮 "ON ⮫",    ⠪ ᯮ짮-
        ࠧ ORDER BY   SQL SELECT. 筮 ⮫,  ᯮ-
       㥬   BREAK,     ⮩  ᫥⥫-
         ࠧ ORDER BY (  ⮫, 㪠    ORDER  BY
       易⥫쭮  ⢮   BREAK).  ।-
       頥 ᫥ 뢠  襬 .
       
        襯ਢ  BREAK,  ᫥  SELECT -
        ᫥騥 (᫥) १:

                              SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, JOB, SAL, ENAME
                                2  FROM EMP
                                3  ORDER BY DEPTNO, JOB, SAL, ENAME;
                              
            DEPTNO     -
       ,    ⮩ ࠭     JOB 
         㯯.    㯯 ᨩ (job), ࠡ⭨ 
         (SAL)  ꥤ  㯯.  뢠  -
        ENAME  ਢ    ⢨,  ..  ⮫ 
          BREAK.

 ON ࠦ [⢨ [⢨]]

       । ⢨  SQL*PLUS,   室 ந
           祭  ࠦ.   ᫨    ⢨,
       "BREAK ON expr"  뢮 㡫஢ 祭 expr  -
          ,  SQL*PLUS ந   ᫥-
         ᮮ⢥饩  COMPUTE.

         ᯮ짮  ࠦ   ᪮쪮 ⮫殢 ⠡-
         , ᢮  ⮫   SELECT   -
        COLUMN.  ᫨  ᯮ  ࠦ  (expr)     
       BREAK,      ࠦ 筮 ⠪,   -
          SELECT.  ᫨ ࠦ  SELECT ࠢ a+b,  -
       ,     ᯮ짮 b+a  (a+b)    BREAK 
       뫪   ࠦ   SELECT.

       ,  ਫ   "ON ⮫",   ⠪  ਬ    "ON
       expr".

 ON ROW [⢨ [⢨]]
       । ⢨  SQL*PLUS,   ந, 
        SQL SELECT 頥 .  ROW-뢠 ⠭ 
        娨 뢠,  ᨬ  ⮣,   ࠧ ON  ROW
          BREAK.   ᥣ  ⢨  -
       짮  뢠.


                                   -- 133 --



 ON REPORT
       ⬥砥   ,   SQL*PLUS ந ᫥ -
          ᮮ⢥饩  COMPUTE.  ᯮ BREAK
       ON REPORT ᮢ⭮  COMPUTE    㬬.

       REPORT-뢠 ⠭  設 娨 뢠,  -
       ᨬ  ⮣,    㪠   BREAK.

  ᬮਬ ᯨ᮪  ⢨:

 SKI[P] n
       ய᪠ n ப । 뢮    뢠-
       .

 [SKI[P]] PAGE
       室    ࠭ । 뢮   
       뢠.

 NODUP[LICATES]
       ⠥ ஡  祭 ⮫ 뢠,   -
        ⮫ ࠢ 祭 ⮫  ।饩 .

 DUP[LICATES]
       ⠥ 祭 ⮫ 뢠   ࠭ .

          ⥪  ᠭ  뢠 室  
       BREAK  ࠬ஢.

 
    BREAK,   ,  ।.

 ਬ:
        祭 ,   뢮 㡫஢ 祭  -
       ᨩ (job), 뢮 ।  (SAL)  ⠢  -
       ,    祭 JOB,  ⥫쭮 ⠥ 㬬
         ⠢    ப,    -
       祭 DEPTNO,    ᫥騥 . ( ਬ 롨-
        ⮫쪮 ⤥ 10  30  ᨨ   த).

                    SQL> BREAK ON DEPTNO SKIP 1 ON JOB SKIP 1
                    DUPLICATES
                    SQL> COMPUTE SUM OF SAL ON DEPTNO
                    SQL> COMPUTE AVG OF SAL ON JOB
                    SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, JOB, ENAME, SAL FROM EMP
                      2  WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','SALESMAN')
                      3  AND DEPTNO IN (10,30)
                      4  ORDER BY DEPTNO, JOB;

                     稬 ᫥饥:

                    DEPTNO     JOB        ENAME            SAL
                    ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
                            10 CLERK      MILLER           1300
                               **********            ----------
                               avg                         1300

                    **********                       ----------
                    sum                                    1300

                                   -- 134 --



                            30 CLERK      JAMES            1045
                               **********            ----------
                               avg                         1045

                               SALESMAN   ALLEN            1760
                               SALESMAN   MARTIN           1375
                               SALESMAN   TURNER           1650
                               SALESMAN   WARD             1375
                               **********            ----------
                               avg                         1540

                    **********                       ----------
                    sum                                    7205
     
  ⠪: compute, order by, select, SQL  PL/SQL, , .
@/
/@
BTITLE

 BTI[TLE] [ᯥ_ଠ [⥪ | ६] ...] | [OFF | ON]
 
  BTITLE ࠧ頥  ଠ      -
  ࠭ ,  뢠 ⥪騥 । BTITLE.

 砭: ᠭ ண ଠ BTITLE ᬮ  ⥬ "ॢ訥 -
 ".
  
 SQL*PLUS ।  ଠ BTITLE,  ᫨  ࠢ쭠  ᯥ䨪
 ଠ ᫥   ।⢥      (LEFT,SKIP,COL,  
 ..).

  ଠ樥   ஢ ࠭   頩   -
 ᠭ  TTITLE.

 ਬ: ⮡    ⠭         "CORPORATE   PLANING
          DEPARTMENT" ࠢ    ࠢ,  :

                    SQL> BTITLE LEFT 'CORPORATE PLANING DEPARTMENT' -
                    > RIGHT '11 MAR 1988'

          ⮡ ⠭   "CONFIDENTIAL"   50 
           १ 6 ஡, :

                    SQL> BTITLE COL 50 'CONFIDENTIAL' TAB 6 '11 MAR
                    88'
     
  ⠪: ॢ訥 , ttitle, , .
@/
/@
CHANGE
                                 ()
 
 C[HANGE] ࠧ⥫ ஥ [ࠧ⥫ [ [ࠧ⥫]]]
 
  CHANGE  ⥪ ⥪饩 ୮ ப.




                                   -- 135 --



 ࠧ⥫
      ।⠢   䠢⭮-஢ ᨬ,  ⠪  "/" 
      "!". ᯮ  ᨬ ࠧ⥫,        
      ஬    ⥪.  ᪠ ஡  CHANGE  -
       sepchar.

 
      ,    .  CHANGE  ࠧ砥 ॣ 
      ᪥ 㪠 ⥪.
      ਬ:

              CHANGE /aq/aw

               ࢮ  "aq",  "AQ",  "aQ",  "Aq"  
                "aw". SQL*PLUS ⠢ ⥪ ⠪,    -
                .

      ᫨ ஬  ⥪ । "...",    CHANGE 
       ⥪  砫 ப  ᪮ ⥪ ( ᠬ ⥪).
      ᫨ "..."  ᫥ ண ⥪,  CHANGE   ⥪
        ப.  ᫨ "..."  ,  CHANGE 
       ப  ࢮ   ன  ࠬ "".

 
       騩 "" ⥪.  ᫨    ࠬ  
      ன  ⨩ ࠧ⥫,  CHANGE 㤠  ⥪  ⥪饩
      ୮ ப.

 CHANGE    ⥪    ⥪饩 ୮  ப.
  뢮   ࠭ ⥪ ப 砥 窮 (*).

  ⠪  ᯮ짮 CHANGE   ப,  ਢ
  ORACLE-訡.  SQL*PLUS ⠭  㪠⥫  ⥪饩  ப  
 ப, ᮤঠ 訡, ⮬   ஢ .

 ⮡  ப ,      ப    -
   ⥪.  ᫨  㪠  ,  祬 ⢮ ப 
 ,   SQL*PLUS   ⥪   . ᫨  㪠
  ப ࠢ ,   ⥪     砫    (
 ப   1).

 ਬ: ⨬,  ⥪ ୠ ப ᮤন ᫥騩 ⥪:

                    4* WHERE JOB IN
                    ('CLERK','SECRETARY','RECEPTIONIST')

           ᫥ :

                    SQL> C /RECEPTIONIST/GUARD/

          ப  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                    4* WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','SECRETARY','GUARD')

            ᫥ :

                    SQL> C /'CLERK',.../'CLERK')/


                                   -- 136 --



          ப  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                    4* WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK')

            ᫥ :

                    SQL> C /(...)/('COOK','BULTER')/

          ப  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                    4* WHERE JOB IN ('COOK','BULTER')

             ᮤন   ப,   ᯮ  
          ப.  

                    SQL> 2 FROM EMP e1

          砥,    ୠ ப 頥  祭-
          :

                    FROM EMP e1

          砭:   ப  ᫥饣 ⥪,  㤥 -
            ப ᬮ  ,   ⥪  . 
          ࠧ,

                    SQL> 2 c/old/new

             ப ⠪ ࠧ:

                    SQL> c/old/new
     
  ⠪: append, del, edit, input, list, save, set (), spool,
               , .
@/
/@
CLEAR
                                  ()
 
 CL[EAR] 
 
  CLEAR 뢠  頥 ⥪饥 祭  ⠭ 㪠-
  ࠬ஢.

  ।⠢   ᫥ ࠧ:

      BRE[AKS]
      BUFF[ER]
      COL[UMNS]
      COMP[UTES]
      SCR[EEN]
      SQL
      TIMI[NG]

 BRE[AKS]
       ᠭ 뢠, ஥ ⠭  BREAK.



                                   -- 137 --



 BUFF[ER]
      ᪠ .  CLEAR BUFFER 筠 CLEAR SQL,  ᫨    -
       ᪮쪮 ஢ ( SET BUFFER  ਫ F).

 COL[UMNS]
      뢠 ਡ 뢮  ⮫殢,   ⠭  
      COLUMN,    ⠭  㬮砭.    ਡ⮢ 뢮
       ⮫ , ᯮ ࠧ CLEAR  COLUMN

 COMP[UTES]
        ᠭ COMPUTE ⠭  COMPUTE.

 SCR[EEN]
      ⪠ ࠭.

 SQL
      ⪠  SQL.  CLEAR SQL 筠 CLEAR BUFFER,  ᫨  
      ᯮ ᪮쪮 ஢ ( SET BUFFER  ਫ F).

 TIMI[NG]
          ⥩   ஭஢,   ᮧ  
      TIMING.

 ਬ:    ⮡   뢠, :

                    SQL> CLEAR BREAKS

             ⮡   ᠭ ⮫殢, :

                    SQL> CLEAR COLUMNS
     
  ⠪: break, buffer, column, compute, set (buffer, timing),
               , .
@/
/@
COLUMN
                                 (⮫)
               
 COL[UMN] [{⮫|expr} [ ...]]
     
  COLUMN  ।  ਡ 뢮   㪠 ⮫殢,
 ⠪ :
      * ⥪   ⮫
      * ࠢ  ⮫
      * ଠ   NUMBER
      * ᢥ⪠  ⮫  뢮

  뢠 ⥪騥 ਡ 뢮  
   ⮫殢.


     ᫥ ࠧ:

      ALI[AS] 
      CLE[AR] | DEF[AULT]
      COLOR {梥 | ६_梥}
      FOLD_A[FTER] n
      FOLD_B[EFORE] n

                                   -- 138 --



      FOR[MAT] ଠ
      HEA[DING] ⥪
      JUS[TIFY] {L[EFT] | C[ENTER] | C[ENTRE] | R[IGHT]]
      LIKE {ࠦ | }
      LINEAPP {LIKE | MARK | BOTH}
      NEWL[INE]
      NEW_V[ALUE] ६
      NOPRI[NT] | PRI[NT]
      NUL[L] ᨬ
      OLD_V[ALUE] ६
      ON | OFF
      PATTERN {᫮_ࠧ | ६_ࠧ}
      WRA[PPED] | WOR[D_WRAPPED] | TRU[NCATED]

   ⥪ ਡ⮢ 뢮 ⮫쪮  
  ⮫  ࠦ  COLUMN   ⮫   -
 ࠦ. ⮡    ⮡ࠧ ਡ 뢮   ⮫殢,  
 COLUMN  ࠬ஢.
 
 ᬮਬ 祭 ᠭ ନ  ࠧ:

 {⮫| ࠦ}
         (筮,   ⮫)   SQL
      SELECT,    뫠  COLUMN.  ᫨   ᯮ
      ࠦ (expr)     COLUMN,   室   
      ⠪  ,        SELECT. ᫨ ࠦ-
         SELECT ࠢ a+b, ਬ,    ᯮ짮
      b+a  (a+b)    COLUMN  뫪  ࠦ   
      SELECT.

      ᫨   롨ࠥ  ⮫  묨   ࠧ ⠡,
       COLUMN     ⮫.   , 
      COLUMN    ⮫  ENAME      ⮫  
      ENAME,     뫠  祭  ᥠ.   COLUMN
       ।饥  ⠡   SELECT.

      ⮡ ଠ஢ ⮫  ࠧ, ᢮ 㭨 -
        ⮫     SELECT  (  ᯮ  ࠧ
      ALIAS  COLUMN)     COLUMN   .

 ALI[AS] 
      ᢠ 㪠  ⮫,   ᯮ짮 
      뫪  ⮫   BREAK,COMPUTE,COLUMN.

 CLE[AR]
      뢠 ਡ 뢮 ⮫殢   祭  㬮砭.

 COLOR {梥 | ६_梥}
      뢠  "SQL*graph User's Guide".


 FOLD_A[FTER] n
      ⠢   ⪨  ᫥   ⮫  ᫥
         ⮫.     n; 祭 n   
       ଠ.




                                   -- 139 --



 FOLD_B[EFORE] n
      ⠢  ⪨    ⮫    
          ⮫.   n; 祭 n    -
      . FOLD_BEFORE n  ⠪  䥪,   NEWLINE.

 FOR[MAT] ଠ
      砥 ଠ 뢮  㪠 ⮫. 䨪 ଠ
      .. ⥪⮢  ⠭⮩ (⠪  A10  $9,999),    -
      .

       㬮砭 ਭ ⮫ ⨯ CHAR  ⠪,   -
          ࠢ    ⮫  (롨ࠥ  -
      쭮).   㬮砭 ਭ ⮫ ⨯ LONG ࠢ 祭 -
      ६ SET LONG.  ⮡  ਭ CHAR   LONG  ⮫殢,
      ᯮ FORMAT  An.  ᫨  㪠 ਭ  祬 -
      ,  SQL*PLUS ० .

      SQL*PLUS ଠ CHAR- ࠢ  . ᫨ 祭
       頥  ⢥   ਭ,  SQL*PLUS ᢮稢
       ᥪ ப ᨬ,  ᨬ  ⠭ SET WRAP.

       㬮砭 ਭ 䮬஢ DATE-⮫殢  SQL  A9.
      ⮡  ଠ DATE-᮫,  ᯮ SQL-㭪 TO_CHAR
       襩 SQL- SELECT.

        ᯮ TO_CHAR,  ORACLE ⮬᪨  
      祭 ப ⮫, ⠪  SQL*PLUS ⮬᪨ ਭ ⮫-
       ࠢ  80  ᨬ.   ⥬      ᯮ짮  
      SQL*PLUS COLUMN   ⠭ ਭ ⮫.  ⮡ 
      ਭ DATE-⮫  n, ᯮ FORMAT An. ᫨  㪠 -
      ਭ  祬 ,   SQL*PLUS ० . ஡-
        㭪樨 TO_CHAR ᬮ  "SQL Language User's Guide"    "SQL
      Language Reference Manual".

      砭: 㣨 SQL-᫥  ਢ   䥪⠬;
       ⠪ 砥 ᯮ SQL*PLUS  COLUMN   -
       ⮫.

      ਭ NUMBER-⮫    㬮砭  ࠢ 祭 SET NUMWIDTH.
      ⮡  ਭ, ᯮ FORMAT  ࠬ஬  
       ⠡

      6-1         ࠬ  ਬ    ᠭ
     ᫮ ଠ
     -----------------------------------------------------------
                    9         9999       ਭ 뢮
                    ।⢮
                                        ⢠  .
                    0         0999      뢮  㫥.
                              9990      뢮   ஡,
                    
                                        祭 ࠢ .
                    $         $9999     । ᫮ 뢮 
                                        .
                    B         B9999      㫥 祭 ஡.
                    MI        9999MI    뢮 "-" ᫥ ਤ⥫쭮
                                        ᫠.
                    PR        9999PR    뢮 ਤ⥫쭮 ᫠ 

                                   -- 140 --



                                        㣫 ᪮.
                       9,999     뢮 ⮩  㪠
                                        樨.
                    窠     99.99     ࠢ  㪠
                                        筮 窥.
                    V         999V99     ᫮  10n,  n-
                                         ⢮ "9" ᫥ "V".
                    EEEE      9.999EEEE 뢮  ᯮ樠쭮 ଠ
                                        (ଠ  ᮤঠ 
                                        "E")
                    DATE      DATE      뢮 ᫮   
                                        ଠ MM/DD/YY; ᯮ
                                         ଠ  NUMBER-⮫-
                                        殢, ࠭ ᪨ .

      SQL*PLUS ଠ NUMBER- ࠢ  ࠢ. ਭ -
       롨ࠥ   ࠢ   ਭ    ଠ 
       ஡   (롨ࠥ 襥). SQL*PLUS   -
      १  NUMBER-⮫. ᫨ ਭ, ⢥  ⮫-
      ,  墠⠥  뢮 ᫠,  SQL*PLUS 뢮 窨 (*),
         ९.

         ᫮  ଠ⮢ SQL*PLUS 㣫 ᫠  㪠
      ⢠  .  ଠ  ,  㬮砭 -
       ᫮    ६ NUMWIDTH (  SET 
       ).

 HEA[DING] ⥪
      ।  ⮫. ᫨   ᯮ ࠧ HEADING,
       ⮫  㬮砭   ⮫  ࠦ.
      ᫨ ⥪ ᮤন ஡   㭪樨,    -
            窨.  ᨬ HEADSEP (
      㬮砭 '|') 稭  ப. ਬ,

              COLUMN ENAME HEADING 'Employee|Name'

       -ப .   ६ HEADSEP 
      SET   .

 JUS[TIFY] {L[EFT] | C[ENTER] | C[ENTRE] | R[IGHT]}
      ࠢ . ᫨   ᯮ ࠧ JUSTIFY, NUMBER
      -⮫ ࠢ ࠢ,  㣨- .

 LIKE {expr | }
       ਡ  뢮  㣮  ⮫  ࠦ (ਡ
      ன 㦥  㣮  COLUMN). LIKE  ⮫쪮 
      ਡ,     ⥪饩  COLUMN.

 LINEAPP {LINE | MARK | BOTH}
      뢠  "SQL*Graph User's Guide".
                    
 NEWL[INE]
      뢮 祭 ⮫ 稭   ப. NEWLINE  ⠪
       䥪,   FOLD_BEFORE n.

                    
 NEW_V[ALUE] ६
      । ६,    頥 祭 ⮫.   

                                   -- 141 --



       뫠     ६   TTITLE.  ᯮ
      NEW_VALUE  뢮 祭 ⮫    孥 .
           ⮫  BREAK-  ⢨ SKIP
      PAGE. NEW_VALUE   祭 ᭮/⠫ ⮢, 
               ࠭.  
      ᭮/⠫ ⮢   ⠪    ⮫
       ࠧ ORDER BY.  ਬ   ᠭ  .

 NOPRI[NT] | PRI[NT]
      ࠢ  ⮫ (     ࠭  祭).
      NOPRINT 몫砥  ⮫. PRINT 砥  ⮫.
 
 NUL[L] ᨬ
      ࠢ 뢮 ⥪   祭 ⮫殢.  ᫨   
      ᯮ ࠧ NULL   COLUMN,  SQL*PLUS 뢮 ஡-
       ⥪,      NULL, ᯮ  SET- ⠬,
       砥  祭   ⮫.  (SET NULL -
       ⥪,  뢮    祭  ⮫殢, ᫨
          ⬥    ⭮  ⮫  ࠧ  NULL  
      COLUMN.)

 OLD_V[ALUE] ६
      । ६,     頥 祭 ⮫.  
       뫠   ६    BTITLE.   ᯮ
      OLD_VALUE   뢮 祭 ⮫     .
          ⮫  BREAK-  ⢨  SKIP
      PAGE.

      OLD_VALUE   祭 ᭮/⠫ ⮢,  -
             ࠭.  ᭮-
      /⠫ ⮢      ⠪   ⮫ 
      ࠧ ORDER BY. ஡  뢮 祭 ⮫  孨 -
       ᬮ  COLUMN NEW_VALUE.   ᠭ TTITLE ᬮ  ⮬ 
       뫠  ६  .
                    
 ON | OFF
      ࠢ ﭨ  ਡ⮢  뢮  ⮫.  OFF ⪫砥
      ਡ  ⮫,      ᠭ ਡ⮢. ON -
      ⠭ ਡ  ० .
     
 PATTERN {᫮_ࠧ | ६_ࠧ}
      뢠  SQL*Graph User's Guide

 WRA[PPED] | WOR[D_WRAPPED] | TRU[NCATED]
      ।,  SQL*PLUS 㤥   CHAR-ப,  
      ᫨誮 ப  ⮫.  WRAPPED ᢮稢    ப  
      ᫥ .   WORD_WRAPPED 㭪 筠 WRAPPED,   
      ᢥ⪥ ᫮ ७   ப . TRUNCATED 
      뢮 १  ப.
     
     ⢮  COLUMN    ᪮-
  ⮫殢.   ⠭ ਡ ⮫殢    -
 ,      ⪫ ਡ ࠧ OFF.   ࠧ, -
  COLUMN,     ,   ࠢ  ਡ⠬  ⮫殢  
 ⢠   SELECT.   ࠧ ⮫殢    
   ᫮ ࠧ.  ,   ᫮  COLUMN    
       ⮣  ⮫,    ࠧ  ਬ ᮢ-
 ⭮. ᫨   ᪮쪮  COLUMN ਬ       ࠧ

                                   -- 142 --



  ⮣  ⮫, ࠢ ⢫   ᫥.
 
 ਬ: ⮡ ᤥ ⮫ ENAME ਭ  20 ᨬ  --
            EMPLOEYY NAME, :

                    SQL> COLUMN ENAME FORMAT A20 HEADING 'EMPLOYEE
                    |NAME'
          
          ⮡ ଠ஢ ⮫ SAL ⠪ ࠧ,    뢮-
            ஢, 㣫﫠  業⮢, ᯮ짮 -
            ࠧ ,  뢮 $0.00,  ᫮ ࠢ
          ,   :

                    SQL> COLUMN SAL FORMAT $9,999,990.99

          ⮡ ᢮  NET ⮫ ᮤঠ饩  ࠦ,
          뢥 १  ଠ ஢,  뢥 <NULL>  -
           祭,   :

                    SQL> COLUMN SAL+COMM+BONUS-EXPENSES-INS-TAX ALIAS
                    NET
                    SQL> COLUMN NET FORMAT $9,999,999.99 NULL '<NULL>'

          ⨬,    ਬ ᯥ䨪 ⮫ ࠧ 
           .  ࢠ ।  NET,    ᯮ
          NET   ଠ.  ⨬,   ࢮ  
             ࠦ 筮 ⠪ ,    㤥 ᯮ짮-
              SELECT.  , SQL*PLUS   ᠭ
           ⮫.

          ⮡ 'ᢥ'  祭  ⮫ REMARKS,   
          :

                    SQL> COLUMN REMARKS FORMAT A20 WRAP

                    ਬ:

                    CUSTOMER DATE      QUANTITY  REMARKS
                    -------- --------- --------- --------------------
                    123      25-AUG-86 144          
                                                 ⠢ ࠭ᯮ
                                                 ⮬.

                    ᫨   WRAP   WORD_WRAP,   REMARKS  㤥
                    룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                    CUSTOMER DATE      QUANTITY  REMARKS
                    -------- --------- --------- --------------------
                    123      25-AUG-86 144         
                                                 ⠢
                                                 ࠭ᯮ⮬
     
                    ᫨   㪠  TRUNCATE,   REMARKS 㤥 룫拉
                    ᫥騬 ࠧ:
                    
                    CUSTOMER DATE      QUANTITY  REMARKS
                    -------- --------- --------- --------------------
                    123      25-AUG-86 144          

                                   -- 143 --



                     ⮣, ⮡ ᯥ ⥪   -
                        ᨨ   孥 ,  
                    ᫥饥. (  ᮧ ६  ⥪饩 -
                    ⮩  襬 LOGIN 䠩 ᬠਢ  "뢮 ⥪-
                    饩   " ⥬ "।  
                    ࠧ୮⥩ ࠭"   4.)

                    SQL> COLUMN JOB NOPRINT NEW_VALUE JOBVAR
                    SQL> COLUMN TODAY NOPRINT NEW_VALUE DATEVAR
                    SQL> BREAK ON JOB SKIP PAGE ON TODAY
                    SQL> TTITLE CENTER 'Job Report' RIGHT DATEVAR SKIP
                    2 -
                    > LEFT 'Job:     ' JOBVAR SKIP 2
                    SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'MM/DD/YY') TODAY/
                      2  ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, DEPTNO
                      3  FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','SALESMAN')
                      4  ORDER BY JOB, ENAME;

                     2-࠭  㤥 룫拉  ᫥-
                    饬 :
                                        Job Report
                    05/01/88
                    Job:    CLERK

                    ENAME           MGR HIREDATE         SAL    DEPTNO
                    --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------
                    ADAMS          7788 14-JAN-87       1100        20
                    JAMES          7698 03-DEC-81        950        30
                    MILLER         7782 23-JAN-82       1300        10
                    SMITH          7902 17-DEC-80        900        20


                                        Job Report
                    05/01/88
                    Job:    SALESMAN

                    ENAME           MGR HIREDATE         SAL    DEPTNO
                    --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------
                    ALLEN          7698 20-FEB-81       1600        30
                    MARTIN         7698 28-SEP-81       1250        30
                    TURNER         7698 08-SEP-81       1500        30
                    WARD           7698 22-FEB-81       1250        30
@/
/@
COMPUTE
     
 COMP[UTE] [㭪 ...
     OF {expr | ⮫| } ...
     ON {expr | ⮫|  | REPORT | ROW}]
 
  COMPUTE   ⠥ ⮣, ᯮ ⠭ -
   ⢮ ࠭ ᥩ.  COMPUTE  ࠬ஢ -
 뢠  । COMPUTE.


 㭪 ...           㭪権 ⠡



                                   -- 144 --



 㭪                             ࠬ 㭪樨
 ----------------------------------------------------------------
 AVG         ।  祭      NUMBER
 COU[NT]     稪 㫥 祭      ⨯
 MAX[IMUM]   ᨬ쭮 祭          NUMBER,CHAR
 MIN[IMUM]   쭮 祭           NUMBER,CHAR
 NUM[BER]    稪 ᥩ                 ⨯
 STD         ।筮 ⪫  NUMBER
              祭
 SUM         㬬  祭        NUMBER
 VAR[IANE]  ᯥ  祭    NUMBER

 ᫨  㪠   㭪樨,  ࠧ  ஡.


 OF {expr | ⮫| } ...
      । ⮫    ࠦ,  ஥   ᯮ짮
       ᫥.    ⠪   ⮫    
      SELECT,  SQL*PLUS ந   COMPUTE.

      ᫨   , ⮡ 塞 祭  㪠 ⮫-
       﫮  ࠭,    ࠧ NOPRINT 
      COLUMN. ᯮ    ஡  ࠧ ᪮쪨 ࠦ,
      ⮫殢  ᮢ  ࠧ OF.

      ⮡ ᫠  SELECT  ࠦ  㭪  ࠧ OF, -
       뫪   ࠦ  㭪  窨.   ⮫ 
         窨  .

 ON {ࠦ | ⮫|  | REPORT | ROW}
      । ᮡ⨥,  ஥ SQL*PLUS 㤥 ᯮ짮  -
      . COMPUTE  뢮 塞 祭   稭  ୮
      ᫥,  ந室  ᮡ⨥ (⠪,  -
       祭 ࠦ, ᫥ 롮ન  ,  稢-
       ).

      ᫨ ᪮쪮   COMPUTE 뫠      ⮫ 
      ࠧ ON,   ⮫쪮 ᫥  COMPUTE.

      ⮡ ᫠  SELECT  ࠦ  㭪  ࠧ ON, -
       뫪   ࠦ  㭪  窨.   ⮫ 
         窨  .

      ⮡ 뢥  ᠭ COMPUTE,  COMPUTE  ࠬ஢.

  ஢ ᫥ 室,  ⮡ 믮﫨 ᫥騥 ᫮-
 :

      * ࠦ,  ⮫,    ⮫,    뫠
         ࠧ ON,      SELECT.

      * ࠦ,  ⮫,    ⮫,    뫠
         ࠧ ON,     ᫥  BREAK.

      * ᫨   ROW  REPORT  ࠧ ON, ⠪ 室 -
         ROW  REPORT  ᫥  BREAK.



                                   -- 145 --



      *    ࠦ, ⮫殢,  ᮢ ⮫殢, 
           ࠧ OF, 室    SELECT.

 ਬ: ⮡  ᫨  ஬  㬬      ᨩ
          "clerk","analyst","salesman", :

                    SQL> BREAK ON JOB SKIP 1
                    SQL> COMPUTE SUM OF SAL ON JOB
                    SQL> SELECT JOB, ENAME, SAL
                      2  FROM EMP
                      3  WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','ANALYST','SALESMA')
                      4  OREDER BY JOB, SAL;

            ᫥騥 १:

                    JOB       EMANE             SAL
                    --------- ---------- ----------
                    ANALYST   SCOTT            3000
                              FORD             3000
                    *********            ----------
                    sum                    6000

                    CLERK     SMITH             800
                              JAMES             950
                              ADAMS            1100
                              MILLER           1300
                    *********            ----------
                    sum                    4150

                    SALESMAN  WARD             1250
                              MARTIN           1250
                              TURNER           1500
                              ALLEN            1600
                              WILSON           3000
                    *********            ----------
                    sum                    8600

          ⮡ ᫨ ।  ᨬ   ⤥ த-
          殢, :

                    SQL> BREAK ON DNAME SKIP 1
                    SQL> COMPUTE AVG MAX OF SAL ON DNAME
                    SQL> SELECT DNAME, ENAME, SAL
                      2  FROM DEPT, EMP
                      3  WHERE DEPT.DEPTNO=EMP.DEPTNO
                      4  AND DNAME IN ('ACCOUNTING','SALESMAN')
                      5  ORDER BY DNAME;

                      ᫥騥 १:

                    DNAME              ENAME            SAL
                    --------------- ----------- -----------
                    ACCONTING     CLARK           2450
                                  KING            5000
                                  MILLER               1300
                    ***************             -----------
                    avg                      2916.66667
                    maximum                       5000

                                   -- 146 --



                    SALESMAN      ALLEN           1600
                                  WARD            1250
                                  MARTIN               1250
                                  TURNER               1500
                                  JAMES            950
                                  BLAKE           2850

                    ***************             -----------
                    avg                      1566.66667
                    maximum                       2850
     
  ⠪: column, break, select, , .
@/
/@
CONNECT
                              (ᮥ)
               
 CONN[ECT] [室]
 
  CONNECT 砥 짮⥫  ORACLE.


 室
      뢠  ᫥饬 ଠ:
          
         _[/஫][@ᠭ_]
                                   | /

 _[/஫]
         ஫ 짮⥫,  묨   
       ORACLE. ᫨  ⨫ username  ஫, SQL*PLUS 뤠 -
         .  ᫨     (/)    
       [Return]    ⢥  ᪠   username,  SQL*PLUS
      , ᯮ  祭  㬮砭 ( "/" ).  ᫨
       ⨫ ⮫쪮 ஫,  SQL*PLUS 뤠 ᪠   -
      ஫.   ६  ஫ ᫥ ᪠,  SQL*PLUS   뢮
        ࠭.

      ।⠢ 㬠稢 (ops$)  室  ⥬.    -
       database_specification,  ᫨  ᯮ 室  ⥬ 
      㬮砭.   室  ⥬  㬮砭, SQL*PLUS ⠥ -
      ஢, ᯮ  짮⥫ OPS$name,  name 
       짮⥫  樮 ⥬.

 ᠭ_
      ⮨  SQL*NET-ப 祭.   ᨭ⠪   -
      襣 SQL*NET ⮪.  ଠ樥 ᬮ ᮮ⢥饥 -
      ⢮  SQL*NET          (  ).
      SQL*PLUS   뤠 ᪠   ᯥ䨪樨 ,    -
          㬮砭, ᫨     ࠬ.

 CONNECT 뢠 ந   
 
 (蠥 ⥪ ࠭), 稢 ᥠ
 襩 ࠡ  ORACLE   믮
 ॣ  㪠  짮⥫.



                                   -- 147 --



 ਬ: ⮡ ॣ஢   SCOTT  ஫ TIGER   
          㬮砭  DECnet-㧫 "corp", :

                    SQL> CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER@d:corp

          ⮡ ॣ஢    SCOTT  ᫥騬 ᮬ
          ஫, :

                    SQL> CONNECT SCOTT
     
  ⠪: disconnect, exit, host, quit, , .
@/
/@
COPY
                                (᪮஢)
     
      COPY [FROM] _[/஫][@ᠭ_] |
                  TO _[/஫][@ᠭ_]]
                  {APPEND | CREATE | INSERT | REPLACE} 楫_⠡
                  [(⮫, ⮫, ⮫...)] USING 
 
  COPY      ⠡ 쭮   㤠-
  .


 _[/஫]
          ஫ 짮⥫     ଠ樥.
      ࠧ FROM । 筨 ଠ樨; ࠧ TO ।  -
      . ᫨   㪠 ஫  FROM  TO, SQL*PLUS ॡ
       . SQL*PLUS  뢮  ஫.
       
 ᠭ_
      ⮨   裡    SQL*NET-ப 祭.  -
       FROM  ࠬ   筨;  ࠧ TO   -
      ࠬ   . ⠪ ࠬ   襣 SQL
      *NET-⮪ 裡.  ⥫쭮 ଠ樨  SQL*NET "-
      ⢮ 짮⥫  SQL*NET"    .  SQL*PLUS 
      뤠 ᪠   ᯥ䨪樨 ,    ᯮ  
        㬮砭, ᫨     ࠬ.

 楫_⠡
       ⠡,     ᮧ      
       .

 (⮫, ⮫, ⮫...)
        ⮫殢  楫 ⠡.     
         窨,  ᫨  ᮤঠ ᨬ  ॣ 
      ஡.
      
      ᫨   ⮫,    ⮫殢    ᮮ⢥᢮
      ࠬ 롨ࠥ . ᫨    ⮫,  -
       ⮫    ,     ⠡-筨,   ᫨
      COPY ᮧ ⠡-.

 USING 
        ( SELECT),   ஬ ।  㥬
        ⮫.
 

                                   -- 148 --



 FROM _[/஫][@ᠭ_]
       , ஫, ,  ᮤঠ 㥬 . ᫨ 
      ⨫ ࠧ FROM,  㬮砭 筨  ,  ன
      祭 SQL*PLUS (..,   ன   ). -
         ஢  㣮 ,    易⥫쭮 -
       ࠧ FROM.
       
 TO _[/஫][@ᠭ_]
        ᮤঠ ⠡-. ᫨  ⨫ ࠧ TO, 
       㬮砭 ࠧ㬥 ,  ன 祭 SQL*PLUS (..
      ,  ன   ). ᫨   ஢ 
       ,   易⥫쭮  ࠧ TO.

 APPEND
      ⠢ ப    ⠡-, ᫨  .
      ᫨ ⠡-  , COPY ᮧ .
 
 CREATE
      ⠢ ப    ⠡- ᫥ ⮣,    
      㤥 ᮧ.  ᫨ ⠡- 㦥 , 㤥 祭
      訡.

 INSERT
      ⠢ ப    ⠡-, ᫨  .
      ᫨ ⠡-  , 㤥 祭 訡.

 REPLACE
      頥   ⠡-  ⠢ ப    
      ⠡-, ᫨   .  ᫨ ⠡-  -
      , COPY ᮧ .

 ६ LONG  SET ࠭稢  㥬 LONG-⮫殢.
 ᫨  LONG-⮫ ᮤঠ  ,  祬 祭 -
  LONG,  COPY ०  .  SQL*PLUS      
 ᫥    ᯥ譮  ஢.   ᫨    ᢮ ६
 COPYCOMMIT ⥫쭮 祭 n ( 祬 0),    
  ࠧ ᫥ ஢ n ⮢ ᥩ. (  ।-
  ⥬ ६ ARRAYSIZE).

 ਬ:    ⠡ EMP    HQ    ⠡  
           WESTEMP   WEST. ᫨ WESTEMP 㦥 , SQL*PLUS
            ᮤন.   ⠡ EMP  WESTEMP  -
           .

                    SQL> COPY FROM SCOTT/TIGER@HQ TO JOHN/CHROME@WEST
                    -
                    > REPLACE WESTEMP -
                    > USING SELECT * FROM EMP

             ࠭   ⠡ EMP 
           HQ  ,   ன 祭 SQL*PLUS. SQL*PLUS ᮧ
          SALESMAN  ஢.   SQL*PLUS    ⮫쪮  ⮫
          EMPNO  ENAME,   ⮫   EMPNO  SALESMAN.

                    SQL> COPY FROM SCOTT/TIGER@HQ -
                    > CREATE SALESMAN (EMPNO,SALESMAN) -
                    > USING SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP -
                    > WHERE JOB='SALESMAN'

                                   -- 149 --



     
  ⠪: connect, disconnect, describe, edit, set (arraysize,
               copycommit, long), , .
@/
/@
DEFINE
                                (।)
 
 DEF[INE] [६] | [६ = ⥪]
     
  DEFINE । ६ 짮⥫  ᢠ  CHAR-
 祭. , 뢠 祭  ⨯    ६.


 ६
       짮⥫ ६,   祭   ᬮ-
        ।.

 ⥪
       ᨬ쭮  祭,  ᢠ ६.  ᫨ ⥪
      ᮤন ஡   㭪樨,       
      窨.
      
 ६ = ⥪
      । ६ 짮⥫  ᢠ  ᨬ쭮 -
      祭.

 ⮡ ᬮ  祭  ⨯ ६,   DEFINE   -
 . ⮡  ᬮ 祭  ⨯  ६,  DEFINE
  ࠬ஢.

 DEFINE-६ ࠭ ᢮ 祭,    ந    
 ᫥ ᮡ⨩:

      *     DEFINE   ६
      *    UNDEFINE   ६
      *     ACCEPT   ६
      *    ६  ࠧ NEW_VALUE  OLD_VALUE  -
         COLUMN  ᯮ짮 ⮫   SELECT.
      *  諨  SQL*PLUS

 直 ࠧ,    믮 ࠭     䠩,
 SQL*PLUS ⠢ 祭 ६   ⠭筮 -
 , 뫠饩    ६ ( ଥ &६  &&-
 ६).       ᪠   ⠪ ६  
 ᥠ,    㭨⮦   UNDEFINE.

 ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ६, ।  DEFINE, ࠢ 240.

 ⨬,    ᯮ짮 DEFINE    ।  ६
 _EDITOR,    ⥬ ।, ᪠  -
  EDIT.

 ᫨  ࠧ頥 祭 ६, ।塞 DEFINE,  ᪮-
  ப   (ᯮ  SQL*PLUS ᨬ த),  SQL*PLUS
   ᨬ த   ⪨  ஡   ⮣-
  ६. ਬ, SQL*PLUS   :


                                   -- 150 --



                    SQL> DEFINE TEXT = 'ONE-
                    > TWO-
                    > THREE'

                    :

                    SQL> DEFINE TEXT = 'ONE TWO THREE'

 ਬ: ⮡ ᢮ 祭 MANAGER ६ POS, :

                    SQL> DEFINE POS = MANAGER

          ᫨  믮 ,  ᮤন 뫪  &POS, SQL
          *PLUS ⠢ 祭 MANAGER  &POS      
          ᪠   祭 POS.

          ⮡ ᢮ ᨬ쭮 祭 20 ६ DEPTNO,  -
          :

                    SQL> DEFINE DEPTNO = 20

               20,   SQL*PLUS  ᢮  ᨬ쭮  祭
          DEPTNO, 饥    2  0.

            ᠭ DEPTNO, :

                    SQL> DEFINE DEPTNO
                    DEFINE DEPTNO         = "20" (CHAR)
     
  ⠪: accept, column, edit, ࠬ, undefine, , .
@/
/@
DEL
               
 DEL
 
  DEL 㤠 ⥪  ப.

 饩 ⠭ ᫥ ப.   㤠 ᪮쪨 ᫥-
 ⥫ ப,  DEL ᪮쪮 ࠧ.

 ਬ: ।,  SQL ᮤন ᫥騩 :

                    1  SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO
                    2  FROM EMP
                    3  WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN'
                    4* ORDER BY DEPTNO

          ⮡ ᤥ ப  WHERE ⥪饩,   :

                    SQL> LIST 3
                    3* WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN'

          ⮡ 㤠 ࠧ WHERE, :
           
                    SQL> DEL

             SQL ᮤন ᫥騥 ப:

                                   -- 151 --



                    1  SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO
                    2  FROM EMP
                    3* ORDER BY DEPTNO
     
  ⠪: append, change, edit, input, list, save, set (buffer),
               spool, , .
@/
/@
DESCRIBE
                                 ()
 
 DESC[RIBE] [.]ꥪ[@_裡__]
 
  DESCRIBE g뢠 ᠭ  ⮫殢    㪠  ⠡,
 ।⠢ ,  ᨭ.


 
       짮⥫,    ꥪ⮬.  ᫨  饭,
      SQL ।,       ꥪ.  ꥪ 
      ⠡, ,  ᨭ,  ᠭ   뢥.

 _裡__
      ⮨   裡 ,     ꥪ.  -
      樥     頩    "㪮⢮  짮⥫  
       SQL"  "ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL".

   ⮫ ᠭ ᮤন:

      *  ⮫
      * ࠧ襭  㫥 祭 (NULL  NOT NULL)
      * ⨯ 
      * 筮 ⮫ ( ⢮  ᫥ ⮩,  ᫮
        ⮫殢)

 ਬ: ⮡  ᠭ ⠡ EMP, :

                    SQL> DESCRIBE EMP

          DESCRIBE  ᫥ ଠ:

                                           Null?    
                    ------------------------- -------- ------------
                    EMPNO                     NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
                    ENAME                              CHAR(10)
                    JOB                                CHAR(9)
                    MGR                                NUMBER(4)
                    HIREDATE                           DATE
                    SAL                                NUMBER(7,2)
                    COMM                               NUMBER(7,2)
                    DEPTNO                             NUMBER(2)
     
  ⠪: ।⠢ , 裡  , ⠡, ,
               .
@/
/@
DISCONNECT
                               (ᮥ)

                                   -- 152 --



 
 DISCONNECT
 
  DISCONNECT   ⥪騥      稢
  ᥠ ࠡ  ORACLE,   蠥 ࠡ  SQL*PLUS.

 ᯮ DISCONNECT   䠩,   ⮡    짮⥫
   ,     ⪫ 짮⥫  ORACLE,  ⮡
 짮⥫   SQL*PLUS. ᯮ EXIT  QUIT  ⪫-
   ORACLE  । ࠢ 樮 ⥬.

 ਬ:   䠩  稭  CONNECT  -
            DISCONNECT,   :

                    SQL> GET MYFILE
                      1  CONNECT ...
                         .
                         .
                         .
                         .
                     15* DISCONNECT
     
  ⠪: connect, exit, host, quit, SQLPlus, , .
@/
/@
EDIT
 
 EDIT [_䠩[.७]]
     
  TDIT 뢠 ⥬ ⥪⮢  ।    ।஢
 㪠 䠩  ᮤন .

 _䠩[.७]
       䠩,         ।஢ (筮 
      䠩). ᫨  ७ 䠩 饭,  ७ .SQL . 
      ଠ樥    ७  㬮砭 ᬮ ६-
       SUFFIX  SET   .

      ⮡ ⪮४஢ ᮤন SQL    ⥬  ⥪⮢
      ।஬,  EDIT   䠩.

 ६ 짮⥫  _EDITOR ᮤন  ⥪⮢ । -
     EDIT.  祭 ६ _EDITOR  -
 . ଠ        짮⥫᪨  ६  ᬮ 
 DEFINE. ᫨  ६ _EDITOR  , EDIT ⠥ 맢 -
 ⥬ ⥪⮢ ।  㬮砭.

 EDIT 頥  ᮤন    䠩 AFIEDT  ७ BUF ( -
 騩 ४਩)   뢠 ⥪⮢ ।   䠩. EDIT
 頥 ᮮ饭     訡,  ᫨     䠩   
 .

 ਬ: ⮡ ।஢ 䠩 REPORT  ७ SQL,  ᯮ
          ⥪⮢ । 樮 ⥬, :

                    SQL> EDIT REPORT
     
  ⠪: append, change, del, define, input, list, save, spool,

                                   -- 153 --



               undefine, , .
@/
/@
EXIT
               
 {EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | ६]
     
  EXIT   ⫮   , 蠥 SQL*PLUS, 
 । ࠢ 樮 ⥬.


 {EXIT | QUIT}
      QUIT-  ᨭ EXIT.
 n
        楫  .
       
 ६
        । 짮⥫  ⥬ ६,  ⠪
        SQL.SQLCODE. 'EXIT ६' 室    ࠢ
       祭  ६.

 SUCCESS
       ଠ 室.
 
 FAILURE
       室   , 㪠뢠饬  ᡮ.

 WARNING
       室    㪠뢠饬  ।०.

 EXIT  ࠬ஢ 室  SQL*PLUS  祭 SUCCESS

 EXIT   㪠    樮  ⥬.   
   믮  䠩 SQL*PLUS  ⭮ ०  -
 ஢  ।ᬮ७ ᮡ. ᮡ 㦥 ᮡ -
   .   㪮⢮  ⠭ ORACLE  㪮⢮ 짮-
 ⥫  襩 樮 ⥬.

 祢 ᫮ SUCCESS,FAILURE,WARNING  祭 騥  ⨯
 .   ⥬ FAILURE  WARNING   ࠧ.

 砭: SUCCESS,FAILURE,WARNING   १ࢨ஢묨 ᫮-
            .

  ଠ樥    室    ᫮  頩    ᠭ  WHENEVER
 SQLERROR.
                    
 ਬ:   ਢ  室   訡 ᫥ 믮 -
             PL/SQL:

                    SQL> EXIT SQL.SQLCODE
     
  ⠪: connect, disconnect, host, quit, save, spool, SQLPlus,
               whenever sqlerror, , .
@/
/@
GET
               

                                   -- 154 --



 GET _䠩[.७] [LIS[T] | NOL[IST]]
 
  GET 㦠 䠩 樮 ⥬  ⥪騩 .


 _䠩[.७]
        㦠 䠩 (筮  䠩).  ᫨ -
      ७ 䠩  㪠, ᯮ ७  㬮砭 .SQL .
      ଠ   ७  㬮砭 ᬮ ᠭ  -
       SET ६ SUFFIX   .

 LIS[T
      뢮 ᮤন 䠩.

 NOL[IST]
      頥 뢮.

 ਬ: ⮡ 㧨 䠩 YEARENDRPT  ७ SQL  , -
          :

                    SQL> GET YEARENDRPT
     
  ⠪: @, /, accept, input, list, run, save, set (buffer), spool,
               , .
@/
/@
HOST
               
 HO[ST] []
 
  HOST  믫    樮  ⥬    室   
 SQL*PLUS

 
        樮 ⥬.  HOST  , -
       뢥  ᪠ 樮 ⥬.  ⥬   믮-
       ⢮  樮 ⥬.  ଠ樥  -
       ⭮     SQL*PLUS      㪮  ⠭
      ORACLE  㪮 짮⥫  襩 .

   樮 ⥬  ᯮ짮 "$"  㣮 ᨬ-
     HOST.   㪮⢮  ⠭ ORACLE  㪮⢮
 짮⥫  襩 樮 ⥬.

   樮 ⥬   HOST  㯠.

 ਬ: ⮡ 믮  樮 ⥬ ls *.sql, :

                    SQL> HOST ls *.sql
     
  ⠪: change, del, edit, exit, , .
@/
/@
INPUT
               
 I[NPUT] [⥪]



                                   -- 155 --



 
  INPUT       ப ⥪ ᫥ ⥪饩  -
 ୮ ப.

 ⥪
       塞 ⥪. ⮡   ப,  ⥪
      ப ᫥  INPUT, ⤥ ⥪   ஡. -
         ப    ஡,     
      ஡  INPUT    ᨬ ⥪.

      ⮡  ᪮쪮 ப,   INPUT   ⥪.   INPUT
          ப.  室  INPUT-   -
       ப.

 ᫨    ப 訩 祬 ⢮ ப    
 ⥪, SQL*PLUS     ப   .  ᫨   
 ⢥  ப  (0)   㪠 ⥪,  SQL*PLUS -
   ப  砫  ( ப   1).

 ਬ: ।  SQL ᮤন ᫥ :

                    1 SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL, COMM
                    2 FROM EMP

          ⮡  ࠧ ORDER BY  , :

                    SQL> LIST 2
                      2* FROM EMP
                    SQL> INPUT ORDER BY ENAME

          LIST 2   ப  ⥪饩.   INPUT    
          ப ᫥ ⥪饩 ப.   SQL ᥩ ᮤন ᫥-
          騥 ப:

                    1  SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL, COMM
                    2  FROM EMP
                    3* ORDER BY ENAME

          ⮡   ப  ࠧ WHERE, :

                    SQL> LIST 2
                      2* FROM EMP
                    SQL> INPUT
                      3  WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN'
                      4  AND COMM=500
                      5

          INPUT     ப,     -
          ⮩ ப.  SQL ᥩ ᮤন ᫥騥 ப:

                    1  SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL, COMM
                    2  FROM EMP
                    3  WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN'
                    4  AND COMM=500
                    5  ORDER BY ENAME
     
  ⠪: change, del, edit, list, save, spool, get, input,
               set (SQL buffer), prompt, , .

                                   -- 156 --



@/
/@
LIST
               
 L[IST] [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
     
  LIST 뢮   ᪮쪮 ப .

 n         뢮 n ப.
 n m       뢮 ப  n  m.
 n *       뢮  ப n  ⥪饩.
 n LAST    뢮  ப n  ᫥.
 *         뢮 ⥪ ப.
 * n       뢮 c ⥪饩 ப  ப  ஬ n.
 * LAST    뢮 c ⥪饩 ப  ᫥ ப.
 LAST      뢮 ᫥ ப.

  LIST  ࠬ஢, ⮡ 뢥  ப.

  ᪠ ஡  LIST  n  *,      LIST  LAST.

 ᫥ 뢥 ப ⠭  ⥪饩 ப (砥
 窮).

 ਬ: ⮡ 뢥 ᮤন , :

                    SQL> L

          , ୮, 㢨 ᫥騥 १:

                    1  SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, JOB
                    2  FROM EMP
                    3  WHERE JOB = 'CLERK'
                    4* ORDER BY DEPTNO

          窠 뢠,   ⥪饩 ப ⠫ ப  -
          ஬ 4.

          ⮡ 뢥 ⮫쪮  ப, :

                    SQL> L 2

          뢥 ᫥饥:

                    2* FROM EMP

          ⮡ 뢥  ⥪饩 ப (ᥩ  ப 2)  ᫥-
          , :

                    SQL> L * LAST

          ⥬  㢨 ᫥饥:

                    2  FROM EMP
                    3  WHERE JOB = 'CLERK'
                    4* ORDER BY DEPTNO
     
  ⠪: change, del, edit, get, input, save, spool,

                                   -- 157 --



               set (SQL buffer), , .
@/
/@
PAUSE
               
 PAU[SE] [⥪]
 
  PAUSE 뢮  ப,  ⥬ ப ᮤঠ "⥪", 
 ⥬  ⨥  [Return]. , 뢮   ப 
 ⠭  ०  .

 ⥪
      ।⠢ ⥪,     뢥.
 
 ᫨       ப,  PAUSE  ࠬ஢.

   PAUSE ᥣ  ⪫ 짮⥫,     ᯮ짮
 ᮮ饭, ஥    [Return].

 PAUSE ⠥   ନ (᫨  㯥) ,   ७-
 稫 筨    䠩.

  ଠ樥  ᮧ    ࠭栬      
 ᠭ ६ PAUSE  SET.

 ਬ: ⮡  뢥 ᮮ饭 "⠭ 㬠,   Return" 
             [Return],     ᫥-
            PAUSE   䠩:

                    SQL> GET MYFILE
                    1  SET PAUSE OFF
                    2  PAUSE ⠭ 㬠   Return
                    3  SELECT ...
     
  ⠪: /, @, get, prompt, run, set (pause), start, , .
@/
/@
PROMPT
               
 PROMPT [⥪]
 
  PROMPT 뢮 㪠 ᮮ饭   ப  ࠭.

 ⥪
       ᮮ饭,  ஥   뢥.  ᫨ "⥪"  饭,
      PROMPT 뢥  ப  ࠭.

  ᯮ짮       䠩  ।⠢
 ଠ樨 짮⥫.

 ਬ: 騩 ਬ  ᯮ짮 PROMPT ᮢ⭮ 
          ACCEPT   䠩 ASKFORDEPT. ASKFORDEPT ᮤন ᫥-
          騥  SQL*PLUS  SQL:

                    PROMPT
                    PROMPT Please enter a valid department
                    PROMPT For example: 10, 20, 30, 40


                                   -- 158 --



                    ACCEPT NEWDEPT NUMBER PROMPT 'DEPT:> '
                    SELECT DNAME FROM DEPT
                    WHERE DEPTNO = &NEWDEPT

          ।,   ⨫   䠩,  ᯮ
          START  @:

                    SQL> @ASKFORDEPT

          SQL*PLUS 뢥 ᫥騥 ᪠:

                    Please enter a valid department
                    For example: 10, 20, 30, 40
                    DEPT:>

          짮⥫   ⤥ ᫥ ᪠
                    DEPT:>.
          SQL*PLUS 뢥 ப  &NEWDEPT   ᫥  ⠭,   
          ⥬    ⤥,  ᮮ⢥饥 
           ᫥ ᪠
                    DEPT:>.
     
  ⠪: /, @, accept, get, input, pause, run, start, ,
               .
@/
/@
REMARK
               
 REM[ARK]
 
  REMARK 稭 ਩   䠩.

  REMARK      砫  ப  ਩ 稢 
  ப ( ப    ६  ਩  -
 ). SQL*PLUS   ਩  .

  ଠ樥   ਥ   䠩,  ᯮ -
 ⥫ ਥ SQL,  /*...*/,    ࠧ "饭
 ਥ      䠩"  ࠧ "࠭   
  ᯮ짮"   3.

 ਬ: 騩  䠩 ᮤন ᪮쪮 ⨯  -
          ਥ:

                    SQL> GET EMPSUM
                    1  REM COMPUTE uses BREAK ON REPORT to break on
                    end of table
                    2  BREAK ON REPORT
                    3  COMPUTE SUM OF "DEPARTMENT 10" DEPARTMENT 20" -
                    4  DEPARTMENT 30" "TOTAL BY JOB" ON REPORT
                    5  REM Each column displays the sum of salaries by
                    job for
                    6  REM one of the departments 10, 20, 30.
                    7  SELECT JOB,
                    8        SUM( DECODE( DEPTNO, 10, SAL, 0))
                    "DEPARTMENT 10",
                    9        SUM( DECODE( DEPTNO, 20, SAL, 0))
                    "DEPARTMENT 20",

                                   -- 159 --



                    10       SUM( DECODE( DEPTNO, 30, SAL, 0))
                    "DEPARTMENT 30",
                    11       SUM(SAL) "TOTAL BY JOB"
                    12 FROM EMP
                    13*GROUP BY JOB
     
  ⠪: /, @, edit, get, start, run, whenever sqlerror,
               ਨ, , .
@/
/@
RUN
               
 R[UN]
     
  RUN 뢮  믮  SQL   PL/SQL  
   SQL.
 
 RUN ਢ  ⮬,   ᫥ ப   SQL ⠭  ⥪-
 饩.

  " " (/) 筠 RUN,    뢮 ᮤন-
    ନ.

 ਬ: ।,  SQL ᮤন ᫥騩 :

                    SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT

          ⮡ 믮 , :

                    SQL> RUN

            ᫥騩 १:

                    1*  SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT

                        DEPTNO
                    ----------
                           10
                           20
                           30
                           40
     
  ⠪: /, @, edit, get, list, save, spool, start, SQL  PL/SQL,
               ࠬ, , .
@/
/@
RUNFORM
  
 RUNFORM [樨] _
 
  RUNFORM 뢠 ਫ SQL*Forms  SQL*PLUS.

 ⠪  RUNFORM ⠪ ,     SQL*PLUS. ᫨  㦥 -
   SQL*PLUS,   ᯮᮡ  맢     ॥,
 祬 ⨢    ᫥ ⥬ ᪠,  ⠪   
 ୮ ஢  ORACLE.  ஡  ᨭ⠪ ᬮ  "-
 ⢮ ॠ  SQL*Forms".


                                   -- 160 --



 ⨬,  ᫨  ᯮ RUNFORM  SQL*PLUS,    㪠-
 뢠 /஫ 짮⥫ (SQL*PLUS 쬥 ⥪騥 祭). ᫨
     ᯮ짮  㣨  /஫  짮⥫,  ᯮ
 SQL*PLUS- CONNECT  祭  室 짮⥫.

 ਬ:  믮    MYFORM, :
      
                    SQL> RUNFORM MYFORM
     
  ⠪: , .
@/
/@
SAVE
               
 SAV[E] _䠩[.७] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
 
  SAVE ࠭ ᮤন   䠩 樮 ⥬.

 _䠩[.७]
        䠩,   ஬   ࠭ ᮤন .
      ᫨     㪠 ७,  SQL*PLUS ᯮ ७ 
      㬮砭 (筮 SQL).  ଠ   ७  㬮-
      砭 ਢ   ᠭ ६ SUFFIX  SET  -
       .

      ᫨  㪠뢠   ࠧ CREATE, REPLACE, APPEND,  -
        㪠 ७ 䠩.

 CRE[ATE]
       䠩, ᫨   .

 REP[LACE]
      頥 ᮤন  饣 䠩.  ᫨ 䠩  ,
      REPLACE ᮧ .

 APP[END]
       ᮤন    㪠  䠩.

   ࠭ ᮤন  SQL,  SAVE  ப  -
  ⮩ (/)   䠩.

 ਬ: ⮡ ࠭ ᮤন   䠩  DEPTSALPRT  -
           SQL, :

                    SQL> SAVE DEPTSALPRT

          ⮡ ࠭ ᮤন   䠩  DEPTSALPRT  -
           OLD, :

                    SQL> SAVE DEPTSALPRT.OLD
     
  ⠪: , .
@/
/@
SET
     
 SET ⥬_६ 祭
 

                                   -- 161 --



  SET ࠨ 㦥 SQL*PLUS  ⥪饣 ᥠ:
      * ⠭ ਭ 뢮  NUMBER
      * ⠭ ਭ 뢮  LONG
      * ࠧ蠥/頥   ⮫殢
      * ⠭ ⢮ ப  ࠭
       

 ⥬_६    ᫥ 祭:

                    ARRAY[SIZE] {20 | n}
                    AUTO[COMMIT] {OFF | ON | IMM[EDIATE]}
                    BLO[CKTERMINATOR] {. | c}
                    CMDS[EP] {; | c | OFF | ON}
                    COM[PATIBILITY] {V5 | V6}
                    CON[CAT] {. | c | OFF | ON}
                    COPYC[OMMIT] {0 | n}
                    CRT crt
                    DEF[INE] {& | c | OFF | ON}
                    ECHO {OFF | ON}
                    EMBEDDED {OFF | ON}
                    ESC[APE] {\ | c | OFF | ON}
                    FEED[BACK] {6 | n | OFF | ON}
                    FLU[SH] {OFF | ON}
                    HEA[DING] {OFF | ON}
                    HEADS[EP] {| | c | OFF | ON}
                    LIN[ESIZE] {80 | n}
                    LONG {80 | n}
                    MAXD[ATA] n
                    NEWP[AGE] {1 | n}
                    NULL ⥪
                    NUMF[ORMAT] ଠ
                    NUM[WIDTH] {10 | n}
                    PAGES[IZE] {14 | n}
                    PAU[SE] {OFF | ON | ⥪}
                    RECSEP {WR[APPED] | EA[CH] | OFF}
                    RECSEPCHAR {_ | c}
                    SCAN {OFF | ON}
                    SHOW[MODE] {OFF | ON}
                    SPA[CE] {1 | n}
                    SQLC[ASE] {MIX[ED] | LO[WER] | UP[PER]}
                    SQLCO[NTINUE] {>  | ⥪}
                    SQLN[UMBER] {OFF | ON}
                    SQLPRE[FIX] {# | c}
                    SQLP[ROMPT] {SQL> | ⥪}
                    SQLT[ERMINATOR] {; | c | OFF | ON}
                    SUF[FIX] {SQL | ⥪}
                    TAB {OFF | ON}
                    TERM[OUT] {OFF | ON}
                    TI[ME] {OFF | ON}
                    TIMI[NG] {OFF | ON}
                    TRIM[OUT] {OFF | ON}
                    UND[ERLINE] {- | c | OFF | ON}
                    VER[IFY] {OFF | ON}
                    WRA[P] {OFF | ON}

 ARRAY[SIZE] {20 | n}
      ⠭ ⢮   ப   <뢠  ⮬>,   
      SQL*PLUS 롨ࠥ     ࠧ.  ⨬ 祭   1  

                                   -- 162 --



      5000. 襥  ᫮ 蠥 䥪⨢ ᮢ  ᮢ,
      롨  ᥩ,   ॡ     樮
      ⥬. ARRAYSIZE    믮 権 SQL*PLUS.
 
 AUTO[COMMIT] {OFF | ON | IMM[EDIATE]}
       ६ ஢ ⫮    . ON -
      ⠢ SQL  ந    ࠧ  ᫥ -
         SQL   PL/SQL. OFF ⬥ ⮬-
      ᪮ ࠭,          ਤ  ᠬ⥫쭮  ࠭
       (ਬ,   SQL COMMIT). IMMEDIATE- ⭠
      樨 ON.

 BLO[CKTERMINATOR] {. | c}
      ⠭ 䠢⭮-஢ ᨬ,   ᯮ㥬    
       PL/SQL. ⮡ 믮 ,   ᯮ짮 
      RUN  /.

 CMDS[EP] {; | c | OFF | ON}
      ⠭ 䠢⭮-஢ ᨬ,  ᯮ㥬  ࠧ-
       ᪮쪨  SQL*PLUS,     ப. ON/OFF
      ࠧ蠥/頥 ᯮ짮  ᪮쪨    -
      ; ON ⮬᪨ ⠭   ⮩ (;)    ⢥
      ᨬ ࠧ⥫ .

 COM[PATIBILITY] {V5 | V6}
      , ࠭   SQL*PLUS   COMMIT    ROLLBACK  
       SQL.    V5  ࠭ COMMIT  ROLLBACK    SQL; V6-
      ; ⠭ COMPATIBILITY  V5,  ᫨    믮
       䠩,  ࠧࠡ⠭  ⮩ ᨨ ORACLE; ... V6- 
      ⮩ ᨨ ORACLE.   ᠭ  COMMIT  ROLLBACK 
      "ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL".

 CON[CAT] {. | c | OFF | ON}
      ⠭ ᨬ,    ᯮ짮  ࠧ
       ⠭筮 ६  㣮 ⥪, ᫨  ਬ몠-
          ६.  ᫨      COMCAT  ON,   
      SQL*PLUS ⠭ 祭 ᨬ  㬮砭, .. .

 COPYC[OMMIT] {0 | n}
       ⢮ ⮢,  ᫥    COPY  ந
         .   COPY ந  ப  楫
        ࠧ,    ᪮ n ⮢ ப. ⨬ -
      祭  0  5000.    ६ ARRAYSIZE. -
         COPYCOMMIT  0,   COPY ந    ⮫쪮
      ᫥ 砭 樨 ஢.

 CRT crt
       CRT-䠩   㬮砭,   ᯮ㥬    SQL*PLUS
      RUNFORM. ⮡ ⠭ ࢮ砫쭮  crt,  SET CRT
      "".
         -crt  맮 :

               SQL> RUNFORM -c NEW _
      

               SQL> SET CRT NEW
               SQL> RUNFORM _


                                   -- 163 --



       ஬ ᯮᮡ, SQL*PLUS  -crt ⮬,  맮
          -crt  祭  ᥠ.

 DEF[INE] {& | c | OFF | ON}
      ⠭ ᨬ  "c",   ᯮ㥬  䨪 ⠭筮
      ६. ON/OFF 砥/몫砥    ⠭筮
      ६  祭.  ⠭ DEFINE  ON  OFF ८।-
       祭 ⠭ ६ SCAN.
      
 ECHO {OFF | ON}
         頥 뢮 믮塞    䠩,
      饭  START. ON ࠧ蠥 뢮 ; OFF--
      .

 EMBEDDED {OFF | ON}
      OFF 砥,     㤥 稭    砫  
      ࠭.  ON- 㤥 稭    ࠭.

 ESC[APE] {\ | c | OFF | ON}
      "c" । ESCAPE-ᨬ. OFF ⬥  ᨬ. ON ࠧ-
       ESCAPE-ᨬ.

      ᫨ ESCAPE-ᨬ ।,     ᯮ짮, ਬ,
      । ᨬ,    DEFINE,  祭 ⮣,
       ⠪ ᨬ   ᨬ.

 FEED[BACK] {6 | n | OFF | ON}
      뢮 ⢮ ᥩ ࠭     롮  n
      ᥩ. ON/OFF  砥/몫砥  .  ⠭ ON n
      ⠭  1. ⠭ n  0 ࠢ筠 ⠭ OFF.

 FLU[SH] {OFF | ON}
      ,   뫠 १  ன⢮ 뢮 짮-
      . OFF ࠧ蠥 樮 ⥬  뢮. ON 頥
      ਧ. OFF  ᫥ ਬ   䠩 ࠡ
       ࠪ⨢ (..,    室  뢮 ᮮ-
           䠩).   権 /
      뢮, ⥬ ॥ ࠡ⠥ ணࠬ.
      
 HEA[DING] {OFF | ON}
      ࠢ    ⮫殢.  ON ⠢ SQL 
        ; OFF- 頥;

 HEADS[EP] {| | c | OFF | ON}
      ⠭ ᨬ ࠧ⥫ .  ᯮ짮 -
       ᨬ   COLUMN    ଠ BTITLE  TTITLE 
      ࠧ   ᪮쪮 ப.  ON/OFF /몫
      ࠧ⥫.   ࠧ⥫  몫祭, SQL*PLUS -
      ਭ ᨬ-ࠧ⥫   ᨬ.

 LIN[ESIZE] {80 | n}
      ⠭  ப.   ஫  業஢-
        ࠢ ⥪ ࠢ  BTITLE  TTITLE. ⨬ -
      祭  1  500.





                                   -- 164 --



 LONG {80|n}
      ⠭ ᨬ  LONG-祭  뢮  -
      . ⨬  祭  1  32767. 祭 ६ LONG
        , 祬 MAXDATA.

 MAXD[ATA] n
      ⠭ ᨬ ਭ ப,    SQL*PLUS  
      ࠡ뢠. ᨬ쭮  祭  㬮砭  n  
      ⨯ 樮 ⥬.  㪮⢮  ⠭ ORACLE 
      㪮⢮ 짮⥫  襩 ,    -
       .

 NEWP[AGE] {1 | n}
      ⠭ ⢮    ப,   ⠥  砫
       ࠭  孨 .  祭,  ࠢ , -
      ⠢ SQL*PLUS  뢮  ࠭栬 ᨬ ॢ  
       ࠭  設⢥ ⨯ ନ.

 NULL ⥪
      ⠭ ⥪,    SQL*PLUS ⮡ࠦ  ।⠢
      ⮩ 稭.  NULL  㪠 "⥪" 㦤 SQL*PLUS -
       ஡   (  㬮砭).   ᯮ  ࠧ NULL 
      COLUMN    祭  ண ⮫.
      
 NUMF[ORMAT] ଠ
      ⠭ ଠ, ᯮ㥬  㬮砭  뢮  ࠭
      ᫮ ⮢ .   ᫮ ଠ    "ଠ".
      ᠭ ଠ⮢ ᬮ  ᠭ ࠧ FORMAT  COLUMN.
     
 NUM[WIDTH] {10 | n}
      ⠭ ਭ, ᯮ㥬  㬮砭  뢮 ᥫ.

 PAGES[IZE] {14 | n}
      ⠭ ⢮  ப    殬 ࠭.
         11   54 ( NEWPAGE=6).   ⠭-
       PAGESIZE  0,  ⮡   ,  뢠 -
      , 砫   ப   ଠ   ଠ஢-
      .

 PAU[SE] {OFF | ON | ⥪}
       ࠢ ஫஢  ନ  ६ 믮
      .      [Return]  [Clear] ᫥  .
      ON ⠢ SQL*PLUS ᮧ  । 뢮  ࠭-
       .      । ᮮ饭 SQL*PLUS  ६ .
        ஡ 室    窨.   
      ᯮ짮 ନ    escape  ᫥⥫쭮    
      PAUSE; ..  뢥 ᮮ饭  ᭮ ०  ..

 RECSEP {WR[APPED] | EA[CH] | OFF}  RECSEPCHAR  { |c}
      뢮  ⠥ ࠧ⥫ ᥩ.  ⥫ ᥩ -
      ⮨   ப,   ன ᨬ  "c"    LINESIZE
      ࠧ. RECSEPCHAR  뢠 ᨬ ࠧ ᥩ.  㬮砭-
       ஡.

      RECSEP ᮮ頥 SQL*PLUS,  室 ࠦ ࠧ -
      ᥩ. ਬ, ᫨ RECSEP WRAPPED,  SQL*PLUS 뢥 ࠧ⥫
      ᥩ ⮫쪮 ᫥ ᢥ⮩ ப; ᫨ RECSEP EACH,   ࠧ-


                                   -- 165 --



      ⥫ 㤥   뢮  ᫥  .  ᫨  ⠭
      RECSEP  OFF,   SQL*PLUS  㤥 뢮 ᨬ ࠧ⥫ -
      ᥩ.

 SCAN {OFF | ON}
      OFF 頥 ࠡ ⠭ ६    ࠬ஢;  ON-
      ࠧ蠥.

 SHOW[MODE] {OFF | ON}
      ࠢ 뢮 ண    祭  ⥬  ६
      SQL*PLUS,      SET.

 SPA[CE] {1 | n}
      ⠭ ⢮ ஡  ⮫栬  뢮.  -
      ᨬ쭮 祭 n ࠢ 10.

 SQLC[ASE] {MIX[ED] | LO[WER] | UP[PER]}
      ॢ ॣ  SQL   PL/SQL  ।  믮.
      SQL*PLUS ॢ  ⥪ ,  ࠫ  窠,
      ᫥騬 ࠧ:

               * 孨 ॣ, ᫨ SQLCASE=UPPER
               *  ॣ, ᫨ SQLCASE=LOWER
               *  , ᫨ SQLCASE=MIXED

       SQLCASE   ᮤন  SQL.

 SQLCO[NTINUE] {>  | ⥪}
      ⠭ ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ,  뢮  ⢥
      ᪠  த  ப SQL*PLUS (  த-
       ᯮ ᨬ ७ "-").

 SQLN[UMBER] {OFF | ON}
      ON ⠭,    ன  ᫥ ப    SQL
      ᪠ 㤥  ப. OFF   ᪠ -
      १ SQLPROMPT.

 SQLPRE[FIX] {# | c}
      ⠭ ᨬ 䨪 SQL.    ६,   뢮 -
       SQL*PLUS  ᪠ SQL>,     ⤥쭮  ப,
      ன । ᨬ 䨪 SQL,    SQL.  SQL
      㤥 믮  SQL, ᨬ  ⮣,   -
       SQL*PLUS.

 SQLP[ROMPT] {SQL> | ⥪}
      ⠭  ᪠ SQL*PLUS.

 SQLT[ERMINATOR] {; | c | OFF | ON}
      ⠭ ᨬ,   ᯮ騩   襭  SQL.
      OFF 砥,   ⬥  ᨬ  砭    SQL;
      짮⥫ 稢  SQL,   ⮩ ப. ON -
      ⠭ ᨬ 砭  祭  㬮砭 (;).

 SUF[FIX] {SQL | ⥪}
      ⠭ ᯮ饥    㬮砭 ७  䠩,
      ஥ SQL*PLUS ᯮ  ,  뫠騥    
      䠩. SUFFIX    ७ 䠩  뢮 ( -
      樨).

                                   -- 166 --



 TAB {OFF | ON}
      OFF ⠢  SQL*PLUS ᯮ짮 ᨬ ⠡樨  ଠ-
      ஢   室 .  ON ⠢ SQL*PLUS ᯮ짮-
        ⮣ ஡. 祭  TAB  㬮砭  -
      ⥬-ᨬ.

       SHOW TAB  ⮣,  ⮡ ᬮ 祭   㬮砭
       襩 ⥬.

 TERM[OUT] {OFF | ON}
      OFF 頥 ⮡ࠦ 室 ,  㥬 ,
      믮騬  䠩,  १ 祣 뢮   -
        뢮 ࠭.  ON ࠧ蠥 ࠦ  室  .
      TERMOUT OFF    뢮   ࠪ⨢.

 TI[ME] {OFF | ON}
      ON ⠢ SQL*PLUS ⮡ࠦ ⥪饥 ६  ।    -
       ᪠. OFF 頥 뢮 ६.

 TIMI[NG] {OFF | ON}
      ࠢ 뢮 ६ ⨪.  ON 뢮 ६  -
      ⨪   믮  SQL   PL/SQL. OFF -
      頥 뢮.  ଠ  SET TIMING ON ᬮ   㪮⢥  
      ⠭ 짮⥫   㪮⢥ 짮⥫  襩 ॠ-
      樮 ⥬.

 TRIM[OUT] {OFF | ON}
      ।,   뢮  SQL*PLUS   ஡   
      ப. ON  㤠 ஡    ப,  ࠪ-
      ⨪  ⢨  ORACLE १  ன⢠.  OFF
      ࠧ蠥 ⮡ࠦ  ஡.  TRIMOUT ON  ਢ易
       ୮ 뢮;  , ᫨  ⠭ SET TAB ON.

 UND[ERLINE] {- | c | OFF | ON}
      "c" ⠭ ᨬ, ᯮ騩  ન -
       ⮫殢   SQL*PLUS.  ON/OFF 砥/몫砥 -
      , ᬮ  祭 "c".

 VER[IFY] {OFF | ON}
      ON ⠢  SQL*PLUS  뢮 ⥪  ப   ᫥
      饭 㪠⥫ ⠢塞 ६ ⢨⥫묨 -
      稭. OFF ⬥ 뢮.

 WRA[P] {OFF | ON}
      OFF ᥪ ⮡ࠦ  , ᫨    -
      ਭ ⥪饩  ப.  ON ࠧ蠥 ⠬  "७"
       ᫥ ப.

      ᯮ ࠧ WRAPPED  TRUNCATED  COLUMN,  ⮡  ⬥-
       ⠭ WRAP  ᠭ ⮫殢.

 SQL*PLUS ন ⥬ ६ ( ⠪ 뢠 ६-
   SET),   ࠨ 㦥 SQL*PLUS  -
  ᥠ.     祭  SET  ᬮ  ⥪-
 騥 祭  SHOW.




                                   -- 167 --



 砭: SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY   SQL; ᬮ -
            筮 㪮⢮   SQL.
             
 ਬ: ᬮਬ  ᪮쪮 ਬ஢ ᯮ짮 ६ 
          SET.

 COMPATIBILITY:
          ⮡ 믮  䠩,  SALARY.SQL, ᮧ  -
          ᨨ 5 ORACLE, :

                    SQL> SET COMPATIBILITY V5
                    SQL> START SALARY

          ᫥ 믮 䠩, ⠭ ० 樨  V6:

                    SQL> SET COMPATIBILITY V6

                 SET COMPATIBILITY V5  砫 -
           䠩,  ⠭     䠩-
           SET COMPATIBILITY V6.

 ESCAPE:
          ᫨   escape-ᨬ ࠢ "!", 

                    SQL> ACCEPT v1 PROMPT 'Enter !&1:'

          뢥 ᫥ ᪠:

                    Enter &1:

 HEADING:
            뢮  ⮫殢  , :

                    SQL> SET HEADING OFF

          ᫨  ᫥ ⮣ 믮 SQL  SELECT,

                    SQL> SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM EMP
                      2  WHERE JOB = 'CLERK';

            ᫥騥 १:

                    ADAMS          1100
                    JAMES           950
                    MILLER    1300

          
 LONG:
          ⮡ ⠭ ᨬ  ਭ  뢮    㥬
          LONG-祭 ࠢ 500, :

                    SQL> SET LONG 500

          LONG-  ᢥ  뢮  ନ; SQL*PLUS -
           १   500 ᨬ.




                                   -- 168 --



 SQLCONTINUE:
          ⮡ ⠭  ᪠  த  SQL*PLUS ࠢ
          ᪫⥫쭮   ஡, :

                    SQL> SET SQLCONTINUE '! '

          SQL*PLUS 㤥 뤠  ᪠   ப-த:

                    SQL> TTITLE 'YEARLY INCOME' -
                    ! RIGHT SQL.PNO SKIP 2 -
                    ! CENTER 'PC DIVISION'
                    SQL>

 SUFFIX:
          ⮡ ⠭ ७   䠩    㬮砭
          ࠢ UFI, :

                    SQL> SET SUFFIX UFI

          ᫨  

                    SQL> GET EXAMPLE

           SQL*PLUS 㤥 ᪠ 䠩 EXAMPLE.UFI  EXAMPLE.SQL

  ⠪: , .
@/
/@
SHOW
 
 SHO[W] 
 
  SHOW 뢮 祭 ⥬ ६ SQL*PLUS.

     ᫥ ࠧ:

                    ⥬_६
                    ALL
                    BTI[TLE]
                    LNO
                    PNO
                    REL[EASE]
                    SPOO[L]
                    SQLCODE
                    TTI[TLE]
                    USER
 
 ⥬_६
       ⥬, ⠭  SET.

      
 ALL
      뢮 ⠭   権 SHOW.

 BTI[TLE]
      뢠 ⥪饥 । BTITLE.



                                   -- 169 --



 LNO
      뢠 ⥪騩  ப (  ⥪饩 ࠭  -
        ਧ 뢮).

 PNO
      뢠 ⥪騩  ࠭.

 REL[EASE]
      뢠   ॠ樨  ORACLE  RDBMS,       ࠡ⠥
      SQL*PLUS.

 SPOO[L]
      뢠,   ⥪騩 뢮 ਧ.

 SQLCODE
      뢠 祭 SQL.SQLCODE (  ᫥  믮
      )

 TTI[TLE]
      뢠 ⥪饥 । TTITLE.

 USER
      뢠  짮⥫,     稫  SQL*PLUS.

     
 ⮡ ᬮ ⥪饥 祭 LINESIZE, :

                    SQL> SHOW LINESIZE

 ᫨ ⥪饥 祭 ६ ࠢ 80, SQL*PLUS 뤠 ᫥饥:

                    linesize 80
      
  ⠪: , .
@/
/@
SPOOL
               
 SPO[OL] [_䠩[.७] | OFF | OUT
      
  SPOOL ࠭ १ ᮢ  䠩 樮 ⥬
 , 筮,   뫠  䠩  ਭ.   뢠  ⥪饥
 ﭨ ਧ樨.


 _䠩[.७]
        䠩,   㤥 ந ਧ ⮡-
       室 .  ᫨   㪠 ७,  SPOOL  -
       ७     㬮砭 (LST  LIS  設⢥ -
      ⥬).

 OFF
      ⠢ SQL ⠭ ਧ.

 OUT
      ⠭ ਧ  뫠 䠩  ਭ.



                                   -- 170 --



  SPOOL  ࠬ஢,  ⮡ 뢥 ⥪饥 ﭨ ਧ-
 樨.

 ⮡ ஢  뢮 㥬    䠩 
 ⮡ࠦ   ࠭,  ᯮ SET TERMOUT OFF. SET TERMOUT OFF
    뢮 ,  ࠪ⨢.

 ਬ: ⮡    ⮡ࠦ   䠩   DIARY,
          :

                    SQL> SPOOL DIARY

          ⮡   ᯥ 䠩, :

                    SQL> SPOOL OUT
      
  ⠪: , .
@/
/@
SQLPLUS
               
 SQLPLUS [[-S[ILENT]] [室] []] | -?
 
  SALPLUS    SQL*PLUS ( ᫥ ⥬ ਣ-
 ).

 :
 室
      ॡ ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:
       
        _짮⥫[/஫][@ᯥ䨪_] | / | /NOLOG

 
          䠩  㬥.  SQL*PLUS -
       㬥  䠩 筮    START.   ࠧ
      ""   ᫥饬 ଠ:

         @_䠩[.] [1 2 ...]

 ᫨     㪠 logon   start,  SQL*PLUS ࠧ㬥,  
 ࢠ ப  䠩 ᮤন ࠢ logon. ᫨   -
   logon  start,  SQL*PLUS 뤠 ᪠     -
 ஫ 짮⥫.

 _짮⥫[/஫]
         ஫ 짮⥫,      
       ORACLE.  ᫨  ⨫  ࠬ,  SQL*PLUS    
       .    ᫨     (/)    
      [Return]  ᪠ user_name,  SQL*PLUS  , ᯮ
      logon  㬮砭 ( "/" ).

      ᫨   ⨫ ⮫쪮 ஫,  SQL*PLUS    .
        ஫ ᫥ ᪠ ⮡ࠦ  ࠭.

      ।⠢ logon  㬮砭 (ops$).      ᯥ-
      䨪_, ᫨   ᯮ logon  㬮砭.  㬮砭
      logon SQL*PLUS ⠥  , ᯮ  짮-
       OPS$,  ""     樮 ⥬.

                                   -- 171 --



 /NOLOG
      ⠢ ⮢ SQL*PLUS,    ந  ॣ
       ORACLE. । 믮  , 室 믮 -
       CONNECT  ࠢ logon, ⮡   ORACLE.

 ᯥ䨪_
      ⮨  SQL*NET-ப 祭.  ⠪  ப -
        ⨯ ⮪ 裡 襣 ORACLE.  ⥫ -
       ᬮ   㪮⢥  SQL*NET    -
       .

 -S[ILENT]
         ଠ樮    訢騥 ᮮ饭 SQL*PLUS,
        ᪠ 'SQL >'    ணࠬ,   
      筮 ⮡ࠦ  ६ ᪠ SQL*PLUS.  ᯮ 
      ⮣, ⮡  ᤥ 맮 SQL*PLUS 㣨  ணࠬ  
       짮⥫.

 -?
      ⠢ SQL*PLUS ࠧ  ⥪饩 ᨨ,   ⥬  -
       ࠢ   樮 ⥬.     ࠧ
      ஡.

 
 SQL*PLUS  ࠨ   䠩 ࠬ஢ (profile),  ᮧ-
  ஬ .  SQL*PLUS 믮   䠩,
  짮⥫   ᪠  SQL*PLUS  ⠭   ORACLE.
  䠩 ࠬ஢   ࠨ ।  㬮砭  
  짮⥫  ⥬; 짮⥫   㯠  -
  䠩 ࠬ஢.   䠩   ⨯ 樮 -
 ⥬. ஡      䠩 ࠬ஢ ᬮ  㪮⢥  ⠭
 ORACLE.
  
 SQL*PLUS ⠪ ন 䠩 ࠬ஢ 짮⥫ (User Profile),
 믮塞 ᫥  䠩 ࠬ஢.  SQL*PLUS  䠩  -
  LOGIN.SQL  襬 ⥪饬 ४ਨ.  ᫨  SQL*PLUS    㦨
 ⮣ 䠩   ,   SQL*PLUS 㤥 ᪠  䠩  ४
   .   樮 ⥬  ন -
  -᪠.    ᫨ SQL*PLUS  㦨 LOGIN-䠩,   뢥
 ।०襥 ᮮ饭  த  ॣ樨.

 ਬ:  ᪠ SQL*PLUS   SCOTT  ஫ TIGER, :

                    SQLPLUS SCOTT/TIGER

          ⮡ ᤥ   ᠬ     POLICY    㬮砭,
          :

                    SQLPLUS SCOTT/TIGER@POLICY

          ⮡     SQL*PLUS  믮  䠩
          STARTUP.SQL, :

                    SQLPLUS SCOTT/TIGER @STARTUP
      
  ⠪: 㤠 , , .
@/
/@

                                   -- 172 --



START
               
 STA[RT] _䠩[.] [1 2 ...]
 
  START 믮 㪠  䠩.


 _䠩[.]
        䠩,     믮.   䠩 -
      ন  ,    믮 ࠪ⨢.

      ᫨   㪠 ७,  SQL*PLUS ᯮ  ७  
      㬮砭 (筮  SQL).   ଠ樥   ७ 
      㬮砭   ᠭ ६  SUFFIX    SET  
       .

           START _䠩.ext,  SQL*PLUS 㤥 ᪠ 
      䠩  ⥪饬 ४ਨ.  ᫨ SQL*PLUS  㦨  䠩,
           ४,      樮-
       ⥬.   樮 ⥬    ন
       -᪠.

 [1 2 ...]
      । 㬥,  ।  䠩. ᫨  
         㬥⮢, SQL*PLUS ⠢  祭  -
      ࠬ (&1,&2, ...)  䠩.  㬥 頥 &1,
      ன 頥 &2,  ..

       START  ᢠ  ࠬࠬ 祭 㬥⮢; ᫨ 
       ᭮   䠩   ᥠ,    -
        祭   㬥,   ᯮ짮 -
       祭.
       
  @ ( "at") ࠡ⠥ 筮 START,     -
 । ࠬ.

 ਬ:     PROMOTE.SQL,  ᯮ㥬  ᮤ⢨ 㦠-
          騬,  ᮤঠ ᫥ :

                    SELECT * FROM EMP
                    WHERE MGR=&1 AND JOB=&2 AND SAL>&3;

          ⮡ 믮   䠩, :

                    SQL> START PROMOTE 7280 CLERK 950

          ⥬ SQL*PLUS 믮 ᫥ :

                    SELECT * FROM EMP
                    WHERE MGR=7280 AND JOB='CLERK' AND SAL>950;
      
  ⠪: @, define, , .
@/
/@
TIMING
               
 TIMI[NG] [START ⥪ | SHOW | STOP]
  

                                   -- 173 --



  TIMING  뢠   ஭஢  饬 ६ -
  ,  뢮  ⥪饩  ஭஢  
  ,  뢮 ⢮ ⨢ ⥩ ஭஢.


 START ⥪
      ⠭ 
      ஭஢ 
       ⥪   .     
      ⨢  ஭஢, ।⢮  ⥫-
       ,      ⠭ ।  ஭஢.
      ᫥ 饭  ஭஢ ⠭  ⥪饩.

 SHOW
      뢮  ⥪饩  ஭஢   .

 STOP
      뢮  ⥪饩  ஭஢      ,
      ⥬ 㤠  .  ᫨   ⨢ 
      ஭஢,    , ᮧ ᠬ ᫥, 
        㭨⮦,  ⠭ ⥪饩.  ᯮ ࠧ TIMING 
       CLEAR  㤠  ⨢ ⥩.

       ⮡ࠦ ⢠ ⨢ ⥩ ஭஢  -
       TIMING  ࠬ஢.

   ᯮ짮     䥪⨢
     PL/SQL.

  ஡ﬨ   㪮  ⠭  ORACLE    㪮-
  짮⥫    襩 樮 ⥬.   
 SET TIMING ON,  ⮡ࠦ ⥪饣 ६ ᫥  믮
    PL/SQL.

 ਬ:  ᮧ  ஭஢   SQL_AREA,  -
          :
      
                    SQL> TIMING START SQL_AREA

           뢮  ⥪饩  ஭஢  -
           , :
      
                    SQL> TIMING SHOW

           뢮  ⥪饩  ஭஢  -
           ,  㭨⮦   :

                    SQL> TIMING STOP
      
  ⠪: clear, show, set, start, , .
@/
/@
TTITLE
               
 TTI[TLE]  [ଠ [⥪ | ६] ...] |
 
  TTITLE  頥  ଠ 㪠   
 ࠭ ,  뢮 ⥪饥 । TTITLE.

                                   -- 174 --



 砭: ᠭ ண ଠ TTITLE,  ᮢ⨬   UFI  (।-
            ⢥ SQL*PLUS), ᬮ TTITLE( ଠ)  ਫ-
             F.

 [OFF | ON]
       ଠ ⮨    ᪮쪨 ᫥ ࠧ,  ᯮ-
      㥬  ࠧ饭  ଠ஢ ⥪:

                    COL n
                    S[KIP] [n]
                    TAB n
                    LE[FT]
                    CE[NTER]
                    R[IGHT]
                    BOLD
                    FORMAT ᨬ

 ᫨   㪠 ࠧ printspec । ⥪⮬,  TTITLE ࠢ ⥪
 .   뢮 ⥪饣 । TTITLE,   TTITLE  -
 ஢.

 ᠭ  ନ  ࠧ ⢨⥫쭮    BTITLE.

 ⥪
       ⥪ .   室    -
      窨, ᫨     ᫮.

 ६
       짮⥫ ६    ᫥  ⥬
      ६:
          * SQL.LNO (⥪騩  ப)
          * SQL.PNO (⥪騩  ࠭)
          * SQL.RELEASE (⥪騩  ॠ樨 ORACLE)
          * SQL.SQLCODE (⥪騩  訡)
          * SQL.USER (⥪饥  짮⥫)

      ⮡ 뢥    祭, ᯮ ᮮ⢥饥 
       .  ଠ஢ ६ ࠧ FORMAT.

 OFF
      몫砥  (頥  뢮)     ᠭ.

 ON
      砥  (ࠧ蠥  뢮).    ᠫ 孨
      , SQL*PLUS ⮬᪨ ⠭ TTITLE  ON.

 COL n
      ६饭  ⮫ n ⥪饩 ப. ""   ⥪-
       砥  ,   ⮫ ⠡.

 S[KIP] [n]
      ய n ப; ᫨  ⨫ n, ய᪠  ப; ᫨
      n=0,    砫 ⥪饩 ப.

 TAB n
      ய n ⮫殢 (६饭 ,  ᫨   ਤ⥫-
       ᫮).  ""   ⥪ 砥   ,
        ⮫ ⠡.

                                   -- 175 --



 LE[FT]
      ࠢ 
 CE[NTER]
      ࠢ  業
 
 R[IGHT]
      ࠢ ࠢ
 
      LEFT, CENTER   RIGHT ᯮ 祭 SET LINESIZE  ᫥-
       樨,   室  .

 BOLD
      ⠥  㦨 ⮬.  SQL*PLUS 뢠 㦨
        ନ ७        ᫥⥫
      ப.

 FORMAT ᨬ
        ଠ,   । ଠ    ᫥
      ⮢ .   ଠ   ᨬ쭮 ⠭⮩,
      ⠪  10  $999-   ६. ஡   ᬮ-
       COLUMN FORMAT.

      ᫨ ⨯    ଠ  ᮮ⢥ ⨯  -
      , ࠧ FORMAT  뢠 ﭨ   .

      ᫨  ᮮ⢥ᢨ 㦥,  SQL*PLUS ⠥ ᫮
      祭, ᯮ   ଠ  㬮砭  ᫮ 祭 
      ଠ  ࠧ SET NUMFORMAT.   ⨯ DATE 뢮 
      ଠ  㬮砭.

 SQL*PLUS   TTITLE    ଠ,  ᫨ ⨬ ࠧ
 printspec (LEFT,  SKIP,  COL,   ..) ᫥ ।⢥  
 .     ᠭ COLUMN NEW_VALUE   ⮫殢   
 孥 .

    ᯮ짮    ⢮  ⠭     ६   
 printspec. SQL*PLUS    㤥 뢮 ⠭  ६  㪠
  浪,  樮  ଠ  ⠭  ६ 
 ᮮ⢥ᢨ  ।饩 ࠧ printspec.

 ਬ: ⮡ । 孨 : " " ࠢ
          ,   業  ࠢ  ࠭,  뢥 " -
          " 㦨 ⮬  業 ᫥饩 ப, :

                    SQL> TTITLE LEFT ' ' CENTER '11 Mar
                    88' -
                    > RIGHT ':' FORMAT 999 SQL.PNO SKIP CENTER
                    BOLD -
                    > ' '

           १ 㤥 ᫥騩 :

                            11 Mar 88
                    :   1
                                         

          ⮡  뢮     ᠭ, -
          :

                                   -- 176 --



                    SQL> TTITLE OFF
      
  ⠪: btitle, set, , .
@/
/@
UNDEFINE

 UNDEF[INE] ६
 
  UNDEFINE 㭨⮦ ६ 짮⥫,    ᮧ
  ( DEFINE)    (  㬥⮢  START).

 ६
       ६ 짮⥫,    㤠.

 ਬ:  㤠 ६   POS, :

                    SQL> UNDEFINE POS
      
  ⠪: define, start, @, , .
@/






































                                   -- 177 --
