



      II                          ࠢ筨


      6                           ࠢ筨 


    ᮤন ᠭ  SQL*PLUS  䠢⭮ 浪.
ᯮ   ⮫쪮  ⢥ ࠢ筨.  ᠭ
  ᫥ ⥩:

           뢠 ᭮ 祭 

⠪      뢠,   .   1, 
                ᮮ⢥騥  ᯮ㥬  ᠭ
               .

ନ  ࠧ     뢠 㭪   ନ  ࠧ

樨   ।⠢ ⥫ ଠ  ⮬  ࠡ⠥ 
               ᯮ .

ਬ        ਢ   ᪮쪮 ਬ஢ ᯮ짮 .

। ᠭ  ਢ  ⠡,  ன ᫥ 
⪮ ᠭ  SQL*PLUS.


     騩 祭  SQL*PLUS
   ᠭ

@         믮 㪠  䠩.

/         믮 ⥪  SQL   PL/SQL   SQL.

ACCEPT    ⠥ ப  ன⢠      㪠
          ६ 짮⥫.

APPEND     㪠 ⥪   ⥪饩 ப .

BREAK     ।    㤥 ந ଠ஢  ,
           뢮 ⥪騥 । 뢠.

BTITLE    頥  ଠ 㪠     ࠭
          ,  뢮 ⥪饥 ᠭ BTITLE.

CHANGE     ⥪ ⥪饩 ப .

CLEAR     뢠  頥 ⥪饥 祭  ⠭  㪠
          権, ⠪  BREAKS  COLUMNS.

COLUMN     ਡ 뢮  㪠 .  , 뢠
          ⥪騥 ⠭ 뢮     .

COMPUTE     ⠥ ⮣ ப, ᯮ ࠧ
          ⠭ ᫥,  㯯 롨ࠥ ᥩ. ,
          뢠  ᠭ COMPUTE.


                                    -- 67 --



CONNECT   砥 㪠 짮⥫  ORACLE.

COPY           ⠡ 쭮  㤠 .

DEFINE    । ६ 짮⥫  ᢠ  CHAR-祭.
          , 뢠 祭  ⨯    ६.

DEL        ⥪ ப  .

DESCRIBE  뢠 ᠭ   㪠 ⠡, ।⠢
          (view),  ᨭ.

DISCONNECT     ந ⫮     ⪫砥 ⥪饣
          짮⥫  ORACLE,    SQL*PLUS.

EDIT      㦠 ⥪⮢ ।   㪠 䠩  ᮤন
           SQL.

   ᠭ

EXIT      ந  ⫮   , 蠥 SQL*PLUS, 
          頥 ࠢ .

GET       㦠 䠩   .

HOST      믮  樮 ⥬  室  SQL*PLUS.

INPUT        ᪮쪮  ப ᫥ ⥪饩 ப
           .

LIST      뢮   ᪮쪮 ப .

PAUSE     뢮  ப  ப  㪠 ⥪⮬, ⥬ 
          ⨥ 짮⥫ [Return].  , 뢮   ப 
           [Return].

PROMPT    뫠 㪠 ᮮ饭   ப  ࠭.

REMARK    稭 ਩   䠩.

RUN       뢮  믮 ⥪  SQL   PL/SQL  
          SQL.

RUNFORM   뢠 ਫ SQL*FORMS  SQL*PLUS.

SAVE      ࠭ ᮤন   䠩 .

SET       ࠨ 㦥 SQL*PLUS  ⥪饣 ᥠ.

SHOW      뢮 祭 ⥬ ६ SQL*PLUS.

SPOOL     ࠭ १  䠩 ,  ,筮, 뫠  䠩 
          ਭ.  뢮 ⥪騩  ਧ樨.

SQLPLUS   ᪠ SQL*PLUS  .

START     믮 㪠  䠩.


                                    -- 68 --



TIMING    뢠 ६   饬 ६ 믮, 뢮
          ⥪騩  ६ ,  뢮 ⢮
          ⨢ ६ ⥩.

TTITLE    頥  ଠ 㪠   砫  ࠭
          ,  뢮 ⥪饥 ᠭ TTITLE.

UNDEFINE   㪠 ६ 짮⥫.

WHENEVER   SQL*PLUS, ᫨  SQL   PL/SQL SQLERROR
           訡.
















































                                    -- 69 --




        @("at")           ᪠ 㪠  䠩.

     ⠪ @ _䠩[.ext]

ନ  ࠧ   _䠩[.ext]     ।⠢  䠩, 
                             믮. ᫨   ext
                              (७), SQL*PLUS  㬮砭 筮
                              ᯮ ७ SQL.  ଠ樥 
                               ७  㬮砭, ᬮ
                              ६ SUFFIX  SET   .

樨        䠩  ,  
               筮  ࠪ⨢ ( SQL  SQL*PLUS).

                   START,   
               । ࠬ.

     ਬ   ⮡ 믮  䠩 PRINTRPT  ७ SQL,
               :

               SQL> @PRINTRPT

              ⮡ 믮  䠩 WKRPT  ७ QRY, :

               SQL> @WKRPT.QRY

































                                    -- 70 --



/ (  ࠢ)

           믮  SQL   PL/SQL   SQL.

     ⠪ /

樨        ᫥  ᪠
                ᫥ ᪠  ஬ ப, 뤠  ⢥
               த    PL/SQL.

                    RUN,   
               뢮   ࠭   .

               믮  SQL   PL/SQL, ᯮ "/", 
                 ⥪饩 ப  , ᫨   
                ᮤন 訡.  砥 ⢮ 訡 SQL*PLUS
               ⠢ 㪠⥫ ⥪饩 ப  ப  訡.

     ਬ   ⮡ ᬮ ,   㤥 믮, 
                뢥 ᮤন :

               SQL> LIST
                 1* SELECT ENAME, JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME =
               'JAMES'

                 "/" ᫥  ᪠, ⮡ 믮
                :

               SQL> /

                襯ਢ  SQL*PLUS  ᫥饥:

               ENAME     JOB
               --------- ---------
               JAMES         CLERK
























                                    -- 71 --




        ACCEPT

           ⠥ ப  ன⢠   ࠭   㪠
          짮⥫ ६.

⠪ ACC[EPT] ६ [NUM[BER]|CHAR][PROMPT ⥪ | NOPR[OMT]] [HIDE]

ନ  ࠧ  ६    ६,  ன   ࠭
                              祭. ᫨ ६  ,
                              SQL*PLUS ᮧ .

               NUM[BER]       ࠭稢 ⨯  ६ ⨯
                              NUMBER. ᫨ ⢥  ᮮ⢥ ⨯ ,
                              ACCEPT 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡 
                              蠥.

               CHAR           ࠭稢 ⨯  ६ ⨯ CHAR.
                              ᫨ ⢥  ᮮ⢥ ⨯ , ACCEPT
                              뤠 ᮮ饭  訡  蠥.
               PROMPT ⥪   뢮 ⥪  ࠭  ਥ 祭
                              ६  짮⥫.

               NOPR[OMPT]     ய᪠ ப     뢮
                              ᪠.

               HIDE           頥   .

     ਬ   ⮡ 뢥 ᪠ "Salary: "   ⢥ 
               NUMBER-६ SALARY, :

               SQL> ACCEPT salary NUMBER PROMPT 'Salary: '

⮡ 뢥 ᪠ "Password: "   ⢥  CHAR-६ PSWD
    , :

               SQL> ACCEPT pswd CHAR PROMPT 'Password: ' HIDE






















                                    -- 72 --




        APPEND

            㪠 ⥪   ⥪饩 ப .

     ⠪ A[PPEND] ⥪

ନ  ࠧ   ⥪  ,    . ᫨  
                         ⤥ ⥪  । ᨬ ஡,
                           ஡  APPEND  ⥪⮬.

     ਬ   ⮡  ஡    DEPT  ன ப
               , ᭠砫 室 ᤥ  ⥪饩:

               SQL> 2
                 2* FROM EMP,

               ⥬  APPEND:

               SQL> APPEND  DEPT
               SQL> 2
                 2* FROM EMP, DEPT

                   ஡  APPEND  DEPT.
                ࠧ APPEND  ⥪; ன ஡ 
                塞 ᨬ.

               ⮡    ⮩, :

               SQL> APPEND ;;

               SQL*PLUS     ⮩  ⥪饩 ப, 
                    APPEND.


























                                    -- 73 --




        BREAK

           ।    ଠ஢ 㤥  :

          *  뢮 㡫஢ 祭  㪠 
          * ய ப   祭 
          *  塞 祭   稭   
              (  COMPUTE)  뢠 ⥪騥
            BREAK-।

     ⠪ BRE[AK] [ON - [⢨ [⢨]]] ...
     :

               - 室 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

                              {column | expr | ROW | REPORT}

               ⢨       室 ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪:

                              [SKI[P] n | [SKI[P]] PAGE]
                              [NODUP[LICATES] | DUP[LICATES]]


ନ  ࠧ     ON  [⢨ [⢨]]
              । ⢨  SQL*PLUS,  室 ந
               뢠  㪠  (뢠 
              뢠).  뢠 ந室     稭:

              *  祭   ࠦ
              * 砭 뢮 
              *  

                ᪠ ⢨, "BREAK ON " 頥
                  㡫஢ 祭    砥  
                 ,  ஬ SQL*PLUS ந ᫥,
                 ।   ᮮ⢥饩  COMPUTE.

                㪠 "ON "   ᪮쪮 ࠧ. ᫨ 
              㪠 ࠧ ON ᪮쪮 ࠧ,    砥:

              SQL> BREAK ON DEPTNO SKIP PAGE ON JOB
              SKIP 1 -
              > ON SAL SKIP 1

              ᭠砫 ࠧ ON ᬠਢ ᠬ 譥 뢠 (
               砥 ON DEPTNO)   ᠬ ᫥ । ࠧ ON -
              ᬠਢ ᠬ ७ 뢠 (  砥 ON SAL).

              SQL*PLUS  뢠   뢮   㪠
              , 稭  ᠬ 譥 뢠  ᠬ ७
               뢠    浪.   砥,
              SQL*PLUS   祭  DEPTNO, ⥬  JOB, ⥬
               SAL.





                                    -- 74 --



             ⥬, SQL*PLUS 믮 ⢨ 稭  ⢨ 㪠
     ᠬ ७ 뢠  ⠪ ࠡ⪠   ⭮ 浪
     ᠬ 譥 뢠 (  砥  SKIP 1  ON SAL  SKIP
    PAGE  ON DEPTNO).  SQL*PLUS 믮  ⢨ ᭨ ,
     ⢨   ,  ன ந諮 뢠.

           ᫨, ਬ,  뢮 ᫥⥫쭮 ᥩ 
     祭  JOB,  祭 DEPTNO  SAL  , 
      SQL*PLUS ய  ப । ⥬    (
      ப-  १ SKIP 1  ࠧ ON SAL,  㣠 ப- 
      १ SKIP 1  ࠧ ON JOB).

      ᥣ  ᯮ짮 "ON ",   ⠪ ᯮ짮
      ࠧ ORDER BY   SQL SELECT. 筮, , ᯮ㥬 
       BREAK,    ⮩  ᫥⥫쭮  ࠧ
      ORDER BY (   㪠  ORDER BY 易⥫쭮 
      ⢮   BREAK).  ।頥 ᫥
      뢠  襬 .

               襯ਢ  BREAK, ᫥  SELECT
               ᫥騥 (᫥) १:

              SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, JOB, SAL, ENAME
                2  FROM EMP
                3  ORDER BY DEPTNO, JOB, SAL, ENAME;

          DEPTNO     ࠭, 
       ⮩ ࠭     JOB   
      㯯.   㯯 ᨩ (job), ࠡ⭨  
       (SAL) ꥤ  㯯. 뢠   ENAME 
      ਢ    ⢨, ..      
      BREAK.

         ON expr [⢨ [⢨]]

        室 ந   祭 ࠦ.  ᫨
      ⢨, "BREAK ON expr"  뢮 㡫஢
   祭 expr     ,  SQL*PLUS ந 
    ᫥  ᮮ⢥饩  COMPUTE.

         ᯮ짮  ࠦ   ᪮쪮  ⠡
    , ᢮     SELECT    COLUMN.
   ᫨  ᯮ ࠦ (expr)   BREAK,   
    ࠦ 筮 ⠪,      SELECT.  ᫨
   ࠦ  SELECT ࠢ a+b, ਬ,    ᯮ짮 b+a 
   (a+b)   BREAK  뫪   ࠦ   SELECT.

       ,  ਫ   "ON ", ⠪ ਬ  "ON expr".

         ON ROW [⢨ [⢨]]

       । ⢨  SQL*PLUS,   ந, 
    SQL SELECT 頥 .  ROW-뢠 ⠭  
   娨 뢠, ᨬ  ⮣,  ࠧ ON ROW   
   BREAK.    ᥣ  ⢨  ᯮ짮 
   뢠.



                                    -- 75 --



    ON REPORT ⬥砥   ,  SQL*PLUS ந ᫥
    ।   ᮮ⢥饩  COMPUTE.  ᯮ BREAK ON
    REPORT ᮢ⭮  COMPUTE    㬬.

    REPORT-뢠 ⠭  設 娨 뢠, ᨬ 
    ⮣,    㪠   BREAK.

                     ᬮਬ ᯨ᮪  ⢨:

    SKI[P] n       ய᪠ n ப । 뢮   
                   뢠.

    [SKI[P]] PAGE  室   ࠭ । 뢮  
                    뢠.

    NODUP[LICATES] ⠥ ஡  祭  뢠, 
                   祭  ࠢ 祭   ।饩
                   .

    DUP[LICATES]   ⠥ 祭  뢠   ࠭
                   .

      ⥪ ᠭ 뢠 室   BREAK 
    ࠬ஢.

樨      BREAK,   , 
               ।.

ਬ    祭 ,  뢮 㡫஢ 祭
       ᨩ (job), 뢮 ।  (SAL)  ⠢ 
       ப,   祭 JOB,  ⥫쭮 ⠥ 㬬
         ⠢    ப,   祭
       DEPTNO,    ᫥騥 . ( ਬ 롨
       ⮫쪮 ⤥ 10  30  ᨨ   த).

          SQL> BREAK ON DEPTNO SKIP 1 ON JOB SKIP 1
          DUPLICATES
          SQL> COMPUTE SUM OF SAL ON DEPTNO
          SQL> COMPUTE AVG OF SAL ON JOB
          SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, JOB, ENAME, SAL FROM EMP
            2  WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','SALESMAN')
            3  AND DEPTNO IN (10,30)
            4  ORDER BY DEPTNO, JOB;

           稬 ᫥饥:

          DEPTNO     JOB        ENAME            SAL
          ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
                  10 CLERK      MILLER           1300
                     **********            ----------
                     avg                         1300

          **********                       ----------
          sum                                    1300

                  30 CLERK      JAMES            1045
                     **********            ----------
                     avg                         1045

                                    -- 76 --



                     SALESMAN   ALLEN            1760
                     SALESMAN   MARTIN           1375
                     SALESMAN   TURNER           1650
                     SALESMAN   WARD             1375
                     **********            ----------
                     avg                         1540

          **********                       ----------
          sum                                    7205


















































                                    -- 77 --




        BTITLE

           頥  ଠ     
               ࠭ ,  뢠 ⥪騥 । BTITLE.

               砭:   ᠭ ண ଠ BTITLE ᬮ 
               ਫ F ( ଠ BTITLE).

     ⠪ BTI[TLE] [printspec [⥪ | ६] ...] | [OFF | ON]

ନ  ࠧ      ᠭ  TTITLE.

樨   SQL*PLUS ।  ଠ BTITLE, ᫨ ࠢ쭠
               ᯥ䨪 ଠ (printspec) ᫥ ।⢥ 
                 (LEFT,SKIP,COL,  ..).

                ଠ樥   ஢ ࠭  
               頩  ᠭ  TTITLE.

     ਬ   ⮡ ⠭   "CORPORATE PLANING
               DEPARTMENT" ࠢ    ࠢ, :

               SQL> BTITLE LEFT 'CORPORATE PLANING DEPARTMENT' -
               > RIGHT '11 MAR 1988'

               ⮡ ⠭   "CONFIDENTIAL"   50
                 १ 6 ஡, :

               SQL> BTITLE COL 50 'CONFIDENTIAL' TAB 6 '11 MAR
               88'




























                                    -- 78 --




        CHANGE            ⥪ ⥪饩 ୮ ப.

     ⠪ C[HANGE] sepchar ஥ [sepchar [ [sepchar]]]

ନ  ࠧ     sepchar
    ।⠢  䠢⭮-஢ ᨬ ⠪  "/"  "!".
 ᯮ ᨬ ࠧ⥫,      ஬   
 ⥪.  ᪠ ஡  CHANGE   sepchar.

       ,    .  CHANGE  ࠧ砥 ॣ
              ᪥ 㪠 ⥪.  ਬ:

             CHANGE /aq/aw

              ࢮ  "aq", "AQ", "aQ", "Aq"    
             "aw". SQL*PLUS ⠢ ⥪ ⠪,     
             .

             ᫨ ஬ ⥪ । "...",   CHANGE
               ⥪  砫 ப  ᪮ ⥪
             ( ᠬ ⥪). ᫨ "..."  ᫥ ண ⥪,
              CHANGE   ⥪   ப. ᫨ "..."
              ,  CHANGE   ப 
             ࢮ   ன  ࠬ "".

         騩 "" ⥪.  ᫨    ࠬ
              ன  ⨩ ࠧ⥫, CHANGE 㤠  ⥪ 
             ⥪饩 ୮ ப.

樨
    CHANGE    ⥪    ⥪饩 ୮ ப.
 뢮   ࠭ ⥪ ப 砥 窮 (*).

 ⠪  ᯮ짮 CHANGE   ப,  ਢ 
ORACLE-訡. SQL*PLUS ⠭ 㪠⥫ ⥪饩 ப  ப,
ᮤঠ 訡, ⮬   ஢ .

⮡  ப ,     ப    
 ⥪. ᫨  㪠  , 祬 ⢮ ப  , 
SQL*PLUS   ⥪   . ᫨  㪠  ப ࠢ-
 ,  ⥪   砫  ( ப  
1).  ਬ ⨬,  ⥪ ୠ ப ᮤন ᫥騩 ⥪:

     4* WHERE JOB IN
     ('CLERK','SECRETARY','RECEPTIONIST')

      ᫥ :

     SQL> C /RECEPTIONIST/GUARD/

     ப  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

     4* WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','SECRETARY','GUARD')

       ᫥ :

     SQL> C /'CLERK',.../'CLERK')/

                                    -- 79 --



     ப  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

     4* WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK')

       ᫥ :

     SQL> C /(...)/('COOK','BULTER')/

     ப  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

     4* WHERE JOB IN ('COOK','BULTER')

        ᮤন  ப, ᯮ  ப.
      

     SQL> 2 FROM EMP e1

     砥,   ୠ ப 頥  祭:

     FROM EMP e1

     砭    ப  ᫥饣 ⥪, 㤥  
                ப ᬮ  ,  ⥪  .   ࠧ,

     SQL> 2 c/old/new

        ப ⠪ ࠧ:

     SQL> c/old/new






























                                    -- 80 --




        CLEAR           뢠  頥 ⥪饥 祭 
                               ⠭ 㪠 ࠬ஢.

     ⠪ CL[EAR] 
                 ।⠢   ᫥ ࠧ:

               BRE[AKS]
               BUFF[ER]
               COL[UMNS]
               COMP[UTES]
               SCR[EEN]
               SQL
               TIMI[NG]

ନ  ࠧ     BRE[AKS]   ᠭ 뢠, ஥
                    ⠭  BREAK.

     BUFF[ER]  ᪠ . CLEAR BUFFER 筠 CLEAR SQL, ᫨  
               ᯮ ᪮쪮 ஢ ( SET BUFFER  ਫ F).

     COL[UMNS] 뢠 ਡ 뢮  , ⠭
                  COLUMN,   ⠭  㬮砭.  
                 ਡ⮢ 뢮  , ᯮ ࠧ CLEAR
                  COLUMN

     COMP[UTES]    ᠭ COMPUTE ⠭  COMPUTE.

     SCR[EEN]  ⪠ ࠭.

     SQL       ⪠  SQL. CLEAR SQL 筠 CLEAR BUFFER, ᫨ 
                ᯮ ᪮쪮 ஢ ( SET BUFFER  ਫ F).

     TIMI[NG]    ⥩ ஭஢, ᮧ 
                 TIMING.

     ਬ   ⮡   뢠, :

               SQL> CLEAR BREAKS

               ⮡   ᠭ , :

               SQL> CLEAR COLUMNS
















                                    -- 81 --




        COLUMN

    । ਡ 뢮   㪠 , ⠪ :
                    * ⥪   
                    * ࠢ  
                    * ଠ   NUMBER
                    * ᢥ⪠     뢮

                뢠 ⥪騥 ਡ 뢮    
               .

     ⠪ COL[UMN] [{|expr} [ ...]]

                    ᫥ ࠧ:

               ALI[AS] 
               CLE[AR] | DEF[AULT]
               COLOR {color | color_६}
               FOLD_A[FTER] n
               FOLD_B[EFORE] n
               FOR[MAT] ଠ
               HEA[DING] ⥪
               JUS[TIFY] {L[EFT] | C[ENTER] | C[ENTRE] | R[IGHT]]
               LIKE {expr | }
               LINEAPP {LIKE | MARK | BOTH}
               NEWL[INE]
               NEW_V[ALUE] ६
               NOPRI[NT] | PRI[NT]
               NUL[L] ᨬ
               OLD_V[ALUE] ६
               ON | OFF
               PATTERN {pattern_number | pattern_६}
               WRA[PPED] | WOR[D_WRAPPED] | TRU[NCATED]

ନ  ࠧ       ⥪ ਡ⮢ 뢮 ⮫쪮  
                  ࠦ  COLUMN   
                ࠦ. ⮡ ⮡ࠧ ਡ 뢮  
               ,  COLUMN  ࠬ஢.


               ᬮਬ ᫥騩 祭 ᠭ ନ
                ࠧ:

               { | expr}       (筮, 
                              )   SQL SELECT,  
                              뫠  COLUMN. ᫨  ᯮ
                              ࠦ (expr)   COLUMN, 
                              室    ⠪  , 
                                   SELECT. ᫨
                              ࠦ   SELECT ࠢ a+b, ਬ,
                                 ᯮ짮 b+a  (a+b) 
                               COLUMN  뫪  ࠦ 
                               SELECT.

                              ᫨  롨ࠥ  
                              묨   ࠧ
                              ⠡,  COLUMN 

                                    -- 82 --



                                 ⮫.  ,
                               COLUMN   ENAME
                                  
                               ENAME,   
                              뫠  祭 
                              ᥠ. COLUMN 
                              ।饥  ⠡ 
                               SELECT.

                              ⮡ ଠ஢ 
                              ࠧ, ᢮ 㭨
                                  
                              SELECT ( ᯮ ࠧ ALIAS
                               COLUMN)   
                              COLUMN   .

               ALI[AS]   ᢠ 㪠  , 
                               ᯮ짮  뫪   
                               BREAK,COMPUTE,COLUMN.

               CLE[AR]        뢠 ਡ 뢮   
                              祭  㬮砭.

               COLOR {color | color_६} 뢠  "SQL*graph
                              User's Guide".


               FOLD_A[FTER] n ⠢  ⪨ ᫥ 
                                 ᫥   
                              .    n; 祭 n 
                                ଠ.

               FOLD_B[EFORE] n     ⠢  ⪨  
                                    
                              .   n; 祭 n 
                                ଠ.  FOLD_BEFORE n  ⠪ 
                              䥪,   NEWLINE.


               FOR[MAT] ଠ     砥 ଠ 뢮  㪠
                              . 䨪 ଠ ..  ⥪⮢
                              ⠭⮩ (⠪  A10  $9,999),  
                              ६.

                               㬮砭 ਭ CHAR-
                               ⠪,   ।
                                 ࠢ  
                               (롨ࠥ ᨬ쭮).
                               㬮砭 ਭ LONG-
                              ࠢ 祭 ६ SET LONG.
                              ⮡  ਭ CHAR  LONG
                              , ᯮ FORMAT An.
                              ᫨  㪠 ਭ  祬
                              ,  SQL*PLUS ०
                              .




                                    -- 83 --



                              SQL*PLUS ଠ CHAR-
                              ࠢ  . ᫨ 祭
                               頥  ⢥  
                              ਭ,  SQL*PLUS ᢮稢 
                              ᥪ ப ᨬ, 
                              ᨬ  ⠭ SET WRAP.

                               㬮砭 ਭ
                              䮬஢ DATE- 
                              SQL  A9. ⮡  ଠ
                              DATE-, ᯮ
                              SQL-㭪 TO_CHAR  襩
                              SQL- SELECT.

                                ᯮ TO_CHAR,
                              ORACLE ⮬᪨ 
                               祭 ப , ⠪
                               SQL*PLUS ⮬᪨ ਭ
                               ࠢ 80 ᨬ. ⥬
                                ᯮ짮 
                              SQL*PLUS COLUMN  ⠭
                              ਭ . ⮡ 
                              ਭ DATE-  n,
                              ᯮ FORMAT An. ᫨ 
                              㪠 ਭ  祬
                              ,  SQL*PLUS ०
                              . ஡  㭪樨
                              TO_CHAR ᬮ  "SQL Language
                              User's Guide"  "SQL Language
                              Reference Manual".

                              砭: 㣨 SQL-᫥
                               ਢ   䥪⠬;
                               ⠪ 砥 ᯮ SQL*PLUS
                               COLUMN   ਭ
                              .

                              ਭ NUMBER-  㬮砭
                              ࠢ 祭 SET NUMWIDTH. ⮡
                               ਭ, ᯮ FORMAT
                               ࠬ஬    ⠡
                              6-1  ᫥饩 ࠭.

 6-1         ࠬ  ਬ    ᠭ
᫮ ଠ

               9         9999       ਭ 뢮 ।⢮
                                   ⢠  .

               0         0999      뢮  㫥.
                         9990      뢮   ஡,  祭
                                   ࠢ .

               $         $9999          । ᫮ 뢮  .

               B         B9999           㫥 祭 ஡.

               MI        9999MI    뢮 "-" ᫥ ਤ⥫쭮 ᫠.

                                    -- 84 --



               PR        9999PR    뢮 ਤ⥫쭮 ᫠  㣫
                                   ᪮
                  9,999     뢮 ⮩  㪠 樨.  窠

                         99.99    ࠢ  㪠 筮 窥.

               V         999V99     ᫮  10n,  n- 
                                   ⢮ "9" ᫥ "V".

               EEEE      9.999EEEE 뢮  ᯮ樠쭮 ଠ (ଠ
                                    ᮤঠ  "E")

               DATE      DATE      뢮 ᫮    ଠ MM/DD/YY;
                                   ᯮ  ଠ 
                                   NUMBER-, ࠭ ᪨ .

     SQL*PLUS ଠ NUMBER- ࠢ  ࠢ. ਭ 
     롨ࠥ ࠢ  ਭ    ଠ  
     ஡   (롨ࠥ 襥).  SQL*PLUS   १
      NUMBER-. ᫨ ਭ, ⢥  , 
     墠⠥  뢮 ᫠,  SQL*PLUS 뢮 窨 (*), 
       ९.

       ᫮ ଠ⮢ SQL*PLUS 㣫 ᫠  㪠
     ⢠  .   ଠ  ,  㬮砭 ਭ
     ᫮    ६ NUMWIDTH (  SET  
     ).


HEA[DING] ⥪    ।  . ᫨   ᯮ
                   ࠧ HEADING,    㬮砭 
                      ࠦ. ᫨ ⥪ ᮤন ஡ 
                    㭪樨,       
                    窨.  ᨬ HEADSEP ( 㬮砭 '|')
                   稭  ப.  ਬ,

                    COLUMN ENAME HEADING 'Employee|Name'

                     -ப . 
                   ६ HEADSEP  SET  
                   .

JUS[TIFY] {L[EFT] | C[ENTER] | C[ENTRE] | R[IGHT]}
                    ࠢ . ᫨   ᯮ ࠧ
                   JUSTIFY, NUMBER- ࠢ ࠢ,  㣨-
                   .

LIKE {expr | }  ਡ 뢮 㣮   ࠦ
                   (ਡ ன 㦥  㣮  COLUMN). LIKE
                    ⮫쪮  ਡ,     ⥪饩
                    COLUMN.

LINEAPP {LINE | MARK | BOTH}
                   뢠  "SQL*Graph User's Guide".

NEWL[INE]           뢮 祭  稭   ப. NEWLINE
                    ⠪  䥪,   FOLD_BEFORE n.


                                    -- 85 --



NEW_V[ALUE] ६   । ६,   頥 祭
                   .    뫠   ६  
                   TTITLE.  ᯮ NEW_VALUE  뢮 祭 
                      孥 .    
                     BREAK-  ⢨ SKIP PAGE.

                    NEW_VALUE   祭 ᭮/⠫
                   ⮢,       
                    ࠭.  ᭮/⠫ ⮢  
                   ⠪     ࠧ ORDER BY.  
                   ਬ   ᠭ  .

NOPRI[NT] | PRI[NT] ࠢ   (   ࠭
                    祭). NOPRINT 몫砥  .
                    PRINT 砥  .

NUL[L] ᨬ       ࠢ 뢮 ⥪   祭 .
                    ᫨   ᯮ ࠧ NULL   COLUMN,
                   SQL*PLUS 뢮 ஡-  ⥪,    
                   NULL, ᯮ  SET- ⠬,  砥 
                   祭   .  (SET NULL  ⥪,
                   뢮    祭  , ᫨ 
                    ⬥  ⭮  ࠧ NULL 
                   COLUMN.)

OLD_V[ALUE] ६   । ६,   頥 祭
                   .    뫠   ६  
                   BTITLE.  ᯮ OLD_VALUE  뢮 祭 
                       .    
                     BREAK-  ⢨ SKIP PAGE.

                    OLD_VALUE   祭 ᭮/⠫
                   ⮢,       
                    ࠭.  ᭮/⠫ ⮢  
                   ⠪     ࠧ ORDER BY.
                   ஡  뢮 祭   孨 
                   ᬮ COLUMN NEW_VALUE.  ᠭ TTITLE ᬮ  ⮬
                     뫠  ६  .  ON | OFF
                   ࠢ ﭨ ਡ⮢ 뢮  . OFF
                   ⪫砥 ਡ  ,     ᠭ
                   ਡ⮢. ON ⠭-  ਡ  ०
                   .  PATTERN {pattern_number | pattern_variable}
                   뢠  SQL*Graph User's Guide

WRA[PPED] | WOR[D_WRAPPED] | TRU[NCATED]
                    ।,  SQL*PLUS 㤥   CHAR-ப,
                     ᫨誮 ப  .  WRAPPED ᢮稢
                     ப  ᫥ .  WORD_WRAPPED 㭪
                    筠 WRAPPED,   ᢥ⪥ ᫮ ७ 
                     ப .  TRUNCATED  뢮 १
                     ப.

樨       ⢮  COLUMN   
 ᪮쪨 .  ⠭ ਡ    
 ᥠ,     ⪫ ਡ ࠧ OFF.  ࠧ, 
 COLUMN,   , ࠢ ਡ⠬   ⢠ 
 SELECT.   ࠧ        ᫮
 ࠧ. ,  ᫮  COLUMN       ⮩ 

                                    -- 86 --



 ,   ࠧ  ਬ ᮢ⭮.  ᫨  ᪮쪮 
 COLUMN ਬ     ࠧ  ⮩  , ࠢ
 ⢫   ᫥.

ਬ   ⮡ ᤥ  ENAME ਭ  20 ᨬ  -
           EMPLOEYY NAME, :

          SQL> COLUMN ENAME FORMAT A20 HEADING 'EMPLOYEE |NAME'

          ⮡ ଠ஢  SAL ⠪ ࠧ,   뢮
        ஢, 㣫﫠  業⮢, ᯮ짮  
       ࠧ ,  뢮 $0.00,  ᫮ ࠢ ,  
       :

          SQL> COLUMN SAL FORMAT $9,999,990.99

          ⮡ ᢮  NET  ᮤঠ饩  ࠦ,
       뢥 १  ଠ ஢,  뢥 <NULL>  
       祭,   :

          SQL> COLUMN SAL+COMM+BONUS-EXPENSES-INS-TAX ALIAS  NET
          SQL> COLUMN NET FORMAT $9,999,999.99 NULL '<NULL>'

          ⨬,    ਬ ᯥ䨪  ࠧ  
       . ࢠ ।  NET,   ᯮ NET 
        ଠ.   ⨬,   ࢮ    
        ࠦ 筮 ⠪ ,   㤥 ᯮ짮   
       SELECT. , SQL*PLUS   ᠭ  .

           ⮡ 'ᢥ'  祭   REMARKS, 
        :

          SQL> COLUMN REMARKS FORMAT A20 WRAP

          ਬ:

          CUSTOMER   DATE      QUANTITY  REMARKS
          ---------- --------- ----------------------------
          123       25-AUG-86    144 This order must be s hipped by air
                                 freigh t to ORD.

          ᫨   WRAP  WORD_WRAP, REMARKS 㤥 룫拉
       ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          CUSTOMER   DATE      QUANTITY  REMARKS
          ---------- --------- --------- --------------------
          123       25-AUG-86    144 This order must be shipped by air
                                 freight to ORD.

          ᫨  㪠 TRUNCATE, REMARKS 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          CUSTOMER   DATE      QUANTITY  REMARKS
          ---------- --------- --------- --------------------
          123       25-AUG-86    144 This order must be s





                                    -- 87 --



           ⮣, ⮡ ᯥ ⥪    
       ᨨ  孥 ,  ᫥饥. ( ᮧ
       ६  ⥪饩 ⮩  襬 LOGIN 䠩 ᬠਢ  "뢮
       ⥪饩   " ⥬ "।   ࠧ୮⥩
       ࠭"   4.)

          SQL> COLUMN JOB NOPRINT NEW_VALUE JOBVAR
          SQL> COLUMN TODAY NOPRINT NEW_VALUE DATEVAR
          SQL> BREAK ON JOB SKIP PAGE ON TODAY
          SQL> TTITLE CENTER 'Job Report' RIGHT DATEVAR SKIP
          2 -
          > LEFT 'Job:     ' JOBVAR SKIP 2
          SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'MM/DD/YY') TODAY/
            2  ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, DEPTNO
            3  FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','SALESMAN')
            4  ORDER BY JOB, ENAME;

           2-࠭  㤥 룫拉  ᫥饬
       :  Job Report 05/01/88 Job:    CLERK

          ENAME           MGR HIREDATE         SAL    DEPTNO
          --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------
          ADAMS          7788 14-JAN-87       1100        20
          JAMES          7698 03-DEC-81        950        30
          MILLER         7782 23-JAN-82       1300        10
          SMITH          7902 17-DEC-80        900        20

                              Job Report 05/01/88 Job:    SALESMAN

          ENAME           MGR HIREDATE         SAL    DEPTNO
          --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------
          ALLEN          7698 20-FEB-81       1600        30
          MARTIN         7698 28-SEP-81       1250        30
          TURNER         7698 08-SEP-81       1500        30
          WARD           7698 22-FEB-81       1250        30
























                                    -- 88 --



        COMPUTE

             ⠥ ⮣, ᯮ ⠭ ᫥
                ⢮ ࠭ ᥩ. , 뢠 
               । COMPUTE.

     ⠪ COMP[UTE] [㭪 ...
                        OF {expr |  | } ...
                        ON {expr |  |  | REPORT | ROW}]

ନ  ࠧ     㭪 ...           㭪権 ⠡ 6-2:

 6-2    㭪                          ࠬ
COMPUTE 㭪樨

               AVG       । 㫥 祭 NUMBER

               COU[NT]   稪 㫥 祭          ⨯

               MAX[IMUM] ᨬ쭮 祭 NUMBER,CHAR

               MIN[IMUM] 쭮 祭 NUMBER,CHAR

               NUM[BER]  稪 ᥩ                     ⨯

               STD       ।筮 ⪫ NUMBER 㫥
                                                              祭

               SUM       㬬 㫥 祭      NUMBER
               VAR[IANSE]     ᯥ 㫥 祭 NUMBER
                              ᫨  㪠   㭪樨, ࠧ
                               ஡.


               OF {expr |  | } ...
   ।   ࠦ, ஥   ᯮ짮 
᫥.   ⠪      SELECT, 
SQL*PLUS ந   COMPUTE.

   ᫨   , ⮡ 塞 祭  㪠 
﫮  ࠭,    ࠧ NOPRINT  COLUMN.
ᯮ ஡  ࠧ ᪮쪨 ࠦ,   ᮢ
 ࠧ OF.

   ⮡ ᫠  SELECT  ࠦ  㭪  ࠧ OF, 
뫪  ࠦ  㭪  窨.      
窨  .


               ON {expr |  |  | REPORT | ROW}
   । ᮡ⨥, ஥ SQL*PLUS 㤥 ᯮ짮  뢠.
COMPUTE 뢮 塞 祭  稭 ୮ ᫥, 
ந室  ᮡ⨥ (⠪,   祭 ࠦ, ᫥
롮ન  ,  稢 ).

   ᫨ ᪮쪮  COMPUTE 뫠        ࠧ
ON,   ⮫쪮 ᫥  COMPUTE.


                                    -- 89 --



   ⮡ ᫠  SELECT  ࠦ  㭪  ࠧ ON, 
뫪  ࠦ  㭪  窨.      
窨  .

   ⮡ 뢥  ᠭ COMPUTE,  COMPUTE  ࠬ஢.

樨    ஢ ᫥ 室, ⮡ 믮﫨
               ᫥騥 ᫮:

               * ࠦ, ,   ,   
                 뫠  ࠧ ON,      SELECT.

               * ࠦ, ,   ,    뫠-
                 ࠧ ON,     ᫥  BREAK.

               * ᫨   ROW  REPORT  ࠧ ON, ⠪
                 室  ROW  REPORT  ᫥  BREAK.

               *    ࠦ, ,  ᮢ , -
                     ࠧ OF, 室   
                 SELECT.

ਬ   ⮡ ᫨ ஬ 㬬   ᨩ
               "clerk","analyst","salesman", :

               SQL> BREAK ON JOB SKIP 1
               SQL> COMPUTE SUM OF SAL ON JOB
               SQL> SELECT JOB, ENAME, SAL
                 2  FROM EMP
                 3  WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK','ANALYST','SALESMA')
                 4  OREDER BY JOB, SAL;

                 ᫥騥 १:

               JOB       EMANE             SAL
               --------- ---------- ----------
               ANALYST   SCOTT            3000
                         FORD             3000
               *********            ----------
               sum                    6000

               CLERK     SMITH             800
                         JAMES             950
                         ADAMS            1100
                         MILLER           1300
               *********            ----------
               sum                    4150

               SALESMAN  WARD             1250
                         MARTIN           1250
                         TURNER           1500
                         ALLEN            1600
                         WILSON           3000
               *********            ----------
               sum                    8600

               ⮡ ᫨ ।  ᨬ   ⤥
               த殢, :

                                    -- 90 --



               SQL> BREAK ON DNAME SKIP 1
               SQL> COMPUTE AVG MAX OF SAL ON DNAME
               SQL> SELECT DNAME, ENAME, SAL
                 2  FROM DEPT, EMP
                 3  WHERE DEPT.DEPTNO=EMP.DEPTNO
                 4  AND DNAME IN ('ACCOUNTING','SALESMAN')
                 5  ORDER BY DNAME;

                 ᫥騥 १:

               DNAME              ENAME            SAL
               --------------- ----------- -----------
               ACCONTING     CLARK           2450
                             KING            5000
                             MILLER               1300
               ***************             -----------
               avg                      2916.66667
               maximum                       5000

               SALESMAN      ALLEN           1600
                             WARD            1250
                             MARTIN               1250
                             TURNER               1500
                             JAMES            950
                             BLAKE           2850

               ***************             -----------
               avg                      1566.66667
               maximum                       2850






























                                    -- 91 --



        CONNECT            砥 㪠 짮⥫  ORACLE.

     ⠪ CONN[ECT] [logon]
               :

               logon               뢠  ᫥饬 ଠ:

               username[/஫][@database_specification] | /

ନ  ࠧ     username[/஫]    ஫ 짮⥫, 
              묨     ORACLE. ᫨  ⨫
              username  ஫, SQL*PLUS 뤠 ᪠   . ᫨
                  (/)    [Return]  ⢥
               ᪠   username, SQL*PLUS ,
              ᯮ 祭  㬮砭 ( "/" ).

               ᫨  ⨫ ⮫쪮 ஫, SQL*PLUS 뤠 ᪠ 
               ஫.  ६  ஫ ᫥ ᪠, SQL*PLUS
               뢮   ࠭.

               ।⠢ 㬠稢 (ops$) 室  ⥬.   
               database_specification, ᫨  ᯮ 室 
              ⥬  㬮砭.  室  ⥬  㬮砭,
              SQL*PLUS ⠥ ஢, ᯮ  짮⥫
              OPS$name,  name-    짮⥫  樮
              ⥬.

database_specification
               ⮨  SQL*NET-ப 祭.  ᨭ⠪  
              襣 SQL*NET ⮪.   ଠ樥 ᬮ ᮮ⢥-
              饥 㪮⢮  SQL*NET     (
              ). SQL*PLUS  뤠 ᪠   ᯥ䨪樨 , 
               ᯮ    㬮砭, ᫨    
              ࠬ.

樨   CONNECT 뢠 ந    
       (蠥 ⥪ ࠭), 稢 ᥠ 襩 ࠡ 
       ORACLE   믮 ॣ  㪠  짮⥫.

ਬ   ⮡ ॣ஢   SCOTT  ஫ TIGER   
          㬮砭  DECnet-㧫 "corp", :

          SQL> CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER@d:corp

          ⮡ ॣ஢   SCOTT  ᫥騬 ᮬ
          ஫, :

          SQL> CONNECT SCOTT











                                    -- 92 --



        COPY                ⠡ 쭮 
                      㤠 .

     ⠪ COPY [FROM username[/஫][@database_specification] |
               TO username[/஫][@database_specification]]
               {APPEND | CREATE | INSERT | REPLACE} 楫_⠡
               [(, ,  ...)] USING 

ନ  ࠧ     username[/஫]
                  ஫ 짮⥫    
               ଠ樥.  ࠧ FROM । 筨 ଠ樨; ࠧ
               TO । . ᫨   㪠 ஫  FROM 
               TO, SQL*PLUS ॡ  . SQL*PLUS  뢮
                ஫.

database_specification
               ⮨   裡    SQL*NET-ப 祭. 
               ࠧ FROM  ࠬ   筨;  ࠧ TO
                ࠬ   .  ⠪ ࠬ
                 襣 SQL*NET-⮪ 裡.  ⥫쭮
               ଠ樨  SQL*NET "㪮⢮ 짮⥫ SQL*NET" 
                 .  SQL*PLUS  뤠 ᪠  
               ᯥ䨪樨 ,   ᯮ    㬮砭, ᫨
                   ࠬ.

楫_⠡      ⠡,    ᮧ   
                       .

(, ,  ...)
                   楫 ⠡.   
                  窨, ᫨  ᮤঠ ᨬ 
               ॣ  ஡.

               ᫨   ,    
               ᮮ⢥᢮ ࠬ 롨ࠥ . ᫨   
               ,  㥬     ,   
               ⠡-筨, ᫨ COPY ᮧ ⠡-.


USING     SQL- ( SELECT)  ஬ ।
              㥬   .

FROM username[/஫][@database_specification]
                , ஫, ,  ᮤঠ 㥬 .
               ᫨  ⨫ ࠧ FROM,  㬮砭 筨 
               ,  ன 祭 SQL*PLUS (..,   ன
                 ).  ᫨   ஢  㣮
               ,   易⥫쭮  ࠧ FROM.

TO username[/஫][@database_specification]
                 ᮤঠ ⠡-. ᫨  ⨫ ࠧ
               TO,   㬮砭 ࠧ㬥 ,  ன 祭
               SQL*PLUS (.. ,  ன   ).  ᫨ 
                ஢   ,   易⥫쭮 
               ࠧ TO.

APPEND         ⠢ ப    ⠡-, ᫨  
               . ᫨ ⠡-  , COPY ᮧ .

                                    -- 93 --



CREATE         ⠢ ப    ⠡- ᫥ ⮣, 
               㤥 ᮧ. ᫨ ⠡- 㦥 , 㤥
              祭 訡.

INSERT         ⠢ ப    ⠡-, ᫨  -
              . ᫨ ⠡-  , 㤥 祭 訡.

REPLACE        頥   ⠡-  ⠢ ப 
                 ⠡-, ᫨  .  ᫨
               ⠡-  , COPY ᮧ .

樨   ६ LONG  SET ࠭稢  㥬
               LONG-. ᫨  LONG- ᮤঠ 
               , 祬 祭 ६ LONG, COPY ० 
               .

               SQL*PLUS     ᫥  ᯥ譮
               ஢. ᫨  ᢮ ६ COPYCOMMIT
               ⥫쭮 祭 n ( 祬 0),  
                ࠧ ᫥ ஢ n ⮢ ᥩ. ( 
               । ⥬ ६ ARRAYSIZE).

     ਬ      ⠡ EMP   HQ  ⠡ 
                WESTEMP   WEST. ᫨ WESTEMP 㦥 ,
               SQL*PLUS   ᮤন.   ⠡ EMP  WESTEMP
                 .

               SQL> COPY FROM SCOTT/TIGER@HQ TO JOHN/CHROME@WEST
               -
               > REPLACE WESTEMP -
               > USING SELECT * FROM EMP

                  ࠭   ⠡ EMP
                 HQ  ,  ன 祭 SQL*PLUS. SQL*PLUS
               ᮧ SALESMAN  ஢. SQL*PLUS  ⮫쪮
                EMPNO  ENAME,      EMPNO 
               SALESMAN.

               SQL> COPY FROM SCOTT/TIGER@HQ -
               > CREATE SALESMAN (EMPNO,SALESMAN) -
               > USING SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP -
               > WHERE JOB='SALESMAN'

















                                    -- 94 --



        DEFINE
                     । ६ 짮⥫  ᢠ 
               CHAR-祭. , 뢠 祭  ⨯   
               ६.

     ⠪ DEF[INE] [६] | [६ = ⥪]

ନ  ࠧ   ६    짮⥫ ६, 
                               祭   ᬮ  ।.

               ⥪            ᨬ쭮 祭, ᢠ
                               ६. ᫨ ⥪ ᮤন ஡ 
                                㭪樨,    
                               窨.

               ६ = ⥪ । ६ 짮⥫ 
                              ᢠ  ᨬ쭮 祭.

               ⮡ ᬮ 祭  ⨯ ६,  DEFINE 
                ६. ⮡ ᬮ 祭  ⨯ 
               ६,  DEFINE  ࠬ஢.

樨   DEFINE-६ ࠭ ᢮ 祭,   ந
                 ᫥ ᮡ⨩:

       *     DEFINE   ६
       *    UNDEFINE   ६
       *    ACCEPT   ६
       *    ६  ࠧ NEW_VALUE  OLD_VALUE 
         COLUMN  ᯮ짮    SELECT.
       *  諨  SQL*PLUS

     直 ࠧ,   믮 ࠭    䠩,
     SQL*PLUS ⠢ 祭 ६   ⠭筮
     ६, 뫠饩   ६ ( ଥ &६ 
     &&६).    ᪠   ⠪ ६ 
      ᥠ,    㭨⮦   UNDEFINE.

     ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ६, ।  DEFINE, ࠢ 240.

     ⨬,    ᯮ짮 DEFINE  । ६
     _EDITOR,    ⥬ ।, ᪠ 
      EDIT.

     ᫨  ࠧ頥 祭 ६, ।塞 DEFINE, 
     ᪮쪨 ப (ᯮ  SQL*PLUS ᨬ த),
     SQL*PLUS   ᨬ த   ⪨  ஡
      ⮣ ६.  ਬ, SQL*PLUS   :

     SQL> DEFINE TEXT = 'ONE-
     > TWO-
     > THREE'

     :

     SQL> DEFINE TEXT = 'ONE TWO THREE'

ਬ   ⮡ ᢮ 祭 MANAGER ६ POS, :

                                    -- 95 --



          SQL> DEFINE POS = MANAGER

          ᫨  믮 ,  ᮤন 뫪  &POS,
       SQL*PLUS ⠢ 祭 MANAGER  &POS    
       ᪠   祭 POS.

          ⮡ ᢮ ᨬ쭮 祭 20 ६ DEPTNO, :

          SQL> DEFINE DEPTNO = 20

           20, SQL*PLUS ᢮ ᨬ쭮 祭 DEPTNO,
       饥    2  0.

            ᠭ DEPTNO, :

          SQL> DEFINE DEPTNO
          DEFINE DEPTNO         = "20" (CHAR)










































                                    -- 96 --



        DEL            ⥪  ப.

     ⠪ DEL

樨   饩 ⠭ ᫥ ப.  㤠 ᪮쪨
               ᫥⥫ ப,  DEL ᪮쪮 ࠧ.

     ਬ   ।,  SQL ᮤন ᫥騩 :

               1  SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO
               2  FROM EMP
               3  WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN'
               4* ORDER BY DEPTNO

               ⮡ ᤥ ப  WHERE ⥪饩,   :

               SQL> LIST 3
               3* WHERE JOB = 'SALESMAN'

               ⮡ 㤠 ࠧ WHERE, :

               SQL> DEL

                 SQL ᮤন ᫥騥 ப:

               1  SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO
               2  FROM EMP
               3* ORDER BY DEPTNO































                                    -- 97 --



        DESCRIBE
           뢠 ᠭ   㪠 ⠡, 
               (view),  ᨭ.

     ⠪ DESC[RIBE] [user.]ꥪ[@database_link_name]

ନ  ࠧ     user       짮⥫,   ꥪ⮬.
                         ᫨ user 饭, SQL ।,   
                          ꥪ.  ꥪ     ⠡, ,
                          ᨭ,  ᠭ   뢥.

               database_link_name
                         ⮨   裡 ,   
                         ꥪ.  ଠ樥     頩 
                         "㪮⢮ 짮⥫   SQL" 
                         "ࠢ筮 㪮⢮   SQL".

樨     ⮫ ᠭ ᮤন:
                *  
                * ࠧ襭  㫥 祭 (NULL  NOT NULL)
                * ⨯ 
                * 筮  ( ⢮  ᫥ ⮩, 
                  ᫮ ⮫殢)

     ਬ   ⮡  ᠭ ⠡ EMP, :

               SQL> DESCRIBE EMP

               DESCRIBE  ᫥ ଠ:

               Name                      Null?       Type
               ------------------------- --------    ------------
               EMPNO                      NOT NULL
               NUMBER(4)
               ENAME                                CHAR(10)
               JOB                                  CHAR(9)
               MGR                                  NUMBER(4)
               HIREDATE                        DATE
               SAL                             NUMBER(7,2)
               COMM                            NUMBER(7,2)
               DEPTNO                          NUMBER(2)


















                                    -- 98 --



        DISCONNECT
--------         ⥪騥      稢 
               ᥠ ࠡ  ORACLE,   蠥 ࠡ  SQL*PLUS.

     ⠪ DISC[ONNECT]

樨   ᯮ DISCONNECT   䠩, ⮡ 
               짮⥫   ,    ⪫
               짮⥫  ORACLE,  ⮡ 짮⥫  
               SQL*PLUS. ᯮ EXIT  QUIT  ⪫祭  ORACLE 
               । ࠢ 樮 ⥬.

     ਬ     䠩  稭   CONNECT 
               稢  DISCONNECT,   :

               SQL> GET MYFILE
                 1  CONNECT ...
                    .
                    .
                15* DISCONNECT







































                                    -- 99 --



        EDIT
           뢠 ⥬ ⥪⮢ ।  ।஢
               㪠 䠩  ᮤন .

     ⠪ EDIT [_䠩[.७]]

ନ  ࠧ     _䠩[.७]
        䠩,    ।஢ (筮  䠩).
      ᫨ ७ 䠩 饭,  ७ .SQL .   ଠ樥
        ७  㬮砭 ᬮ ६ SUFFIX 
      SET   .
               ⮡ ⪮४஢ ᮤন SQL  ⥬
               ⥪⮢ ।஬,  EDIT   䠩.

樨
   ६ 짮⥫ _EDITOR ᮤন  ⥪⮢ ।
뢠    EDIT.  祭 ६ _EDITOR 
.  ଠ   짮⥫᪨ ६ ᬮ  DEFINE.
᫨ ६ _EDITOR  , EDIT ⠥ 맢 ⥬ ⥪⮢
।  㬮砭.
EDIT 頥 ᮤন   䠩 AFIEDT  ७ BUF ( ⥪騩
४਩)  뢠 ⥪⮢ ।   䠩. EDIT 頥
ᮮ饭  訡, ᫨     䠩   .

     ਬ   ⮡ ।஢ 䠩 REPORT  ७ SQL, ᯮ
               ⥪⮢ । 樮 ⥬, :

               SQL> EDIT REPORT































                                   -- 100 --



        EXIT             ⫮   , 蠥
                      SQL*PLUS,  । ࠢ 樮 ⥬.

     ⠪ {EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | ६]

ନ  ࠧ     {EXIT | QUIT}  QUIT-  ᨭ EXIT.
      n               楫  .
      ६     । 짮⥫  ⥬ ६,
                    ⠪  SQL.SQLCODE.  'EXIT ६' 室  
                     ࠢ 祭  ६.
      SUCCESS        ଠ 室.
      FAILURE        室    㪠뢠饬  ᡮ.
      WARNING        室    㪠뢠饬  ।०.
      EXIT  ࠬ஢ 室  SQL*PLUS  祭 SUCCESS

樨
   EXIT   㪠    樮 ⥬. 
  믮  䠩 SQL*PLUS  ⭮ ० 
ॠ஢  ।ᬮ७ ᮡ.  ᮡ 㦥 ᮡ 
 .  㪮⢮  ⠭ ORACLE  㪮⢮ 짮⥫ 
襩 樮 ⥬.

祢 ᫮ SUCCESS,FAILURE,WARNING  祭 騥  ⨯ . 
 ⥬ FAILURE  WARNING   ࠧ.

砭:  SUCCESS,FAILURE,WARNING   १ࢨ஢묨 ᫮.

 ଠ樥  室  ᫮ 頩  ᠭ WHENEVER SQLERROR (
ਢ    ).
     ਬ    ਢ 室   訡 ᫥ 믮
                  PL/SQL:
               SQL> EXIT SQL.SQLCODE


        GET           㦠 䠩 樮 ⥬  ⥪騩 .
--------
     ⠪ GET _䠩[.ext] [LIS[T] | NOL[IST]]

ନ  ࠧ     _䠩[.ext]
     㦠 䠩 (筮  䠩). ᫨ ७ 䠩
 㪠, ᯮ ७  㬮砭 .SQL .  ଠ  
७  㬮砭 ᬮ ᠭ  SET ६ SUFFIX  
.
               LIS[T          뢮 ᮤন 䠩.
               NOL[IST]       頥 뢮.
ਬ   ⮡ 㧨 䠩 YEARENDRPT  ७ SQL  , :
               SQL> GET YEARENDRPT












                                   -- 101 --
